Social Psych Flashcards
Group dynamics
KURT LEWIN
The influences of the group upon the individual, the individual upon the group, and the social environment upon both groups and individuals;
Formulated B=F (p, e) behavior is a function of the person and his environment
Kurt LEWIN
1880-1947
Group dynamics
Considered the father of modern social psychology
Social group
People with whom we share a common goal and purpose
With whom there is mutual interaction and influence
Individualistic culture
Focuses upon individual behavior, needs, goals, rights,
“Me,me,me” (the state exists for me) ex. U.S. Freedom vs License (law)
Collective culture
Focuses upon the community’s needs
“We,we,we” (I exist for the state) ex. Japan loyalty vs conformity (morals)
Norm
A rule or measurement of behavior, good and bad, within a particular social group
Role
A set of expectations with regards to behavior in society
In-group
Group with which a person associates
In group bias
Tendency to favor ones own group
Out group
The “others”
Groups with which a person does not associate
Out-group bias
Tendency to have a negative perception of people and groups not part of a person’s in-group
Social loafing
Group project (1 person does all the work)
Deindividuation
In a group and lose sense of value and sense of self/ get caught up in the crowd do things that the group does that u might not life
Social facilitation
Performance improves in front of ppl
Social impairment
Performance worsens in front of ppl
Group polarization
Individual attitudes are intensified when in a group of like-minded individuals
Both neg and positive attitudes and action
….on a scale of 1-10, how well do I like waffles: me alone 5 vs me waffle inc. 9
Group think
A set aside personal opinion or Diffrence In order to maintain group cohesiveness
Does not guarantee the best solution or decisions
Ex. Scary movies thing
Minority influence
When an individual opinions influences the groups decisions
Bystander effect
A lack of individual response to help when in the presence of a group
Diffusion of responsibility
an individual’s sense of personal responsibility increases and decreases in proportion to the size of the group present
Altruism
Self-less attitude
Concern for the welfare of another
Attributions
Focuses upon why ppl behave the way they do
Attribution theory
Ppl explain behavior by dispositional and situational factors
Dispositional factors
Personal factors such as character and intelligence
Personal reactions and response (internal)
To overemphasize
Situational factors
Environmental factors: fundamental attribution error
To under emphasized
Self-serving bias
How to explain why I do what I do
To take the credit (dispositional) I succeed cuz of my character
Displace the blame (situational)
fundamental attribution error
Overestimate dispositional factor
Underestimate situational factors in the behavior of others
Self-fulfilling prophecy
ROSENTHAL & JACOBSON
When individual expectations of others determine how they are treated
Programs the very behaviors that were expected
Actor-observer bias
Tendency to evaluate others in terms of dispositional factors and ourselves in terms of situational factors
Just-world hypothesis
Ppl get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Persuasion
Techniques to get ppl to comply
Foot-in-the-door
If I can get u interested in a less expensive car, I will show you some more expensive ones
Door-in-the-face
If I start by showing you some expensive car then a less expensive car will seem more reasonable
That’s not all
Additional benefits are added to persuade regarding one original, or major item
If u buy this car I will throw in a 2 yr of free oil change and…..
Bait and switch
After an attractive offer or item is agreed to, additional demands are made
Social psychology
study of the influence of social groups upon the attitude and behaviors of individuals
Conformity
Everyone else is doing it……
Compliance
Engaging in a particular behavior at someone else’s request
Social proof
Where ppl assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation
Attractiveness
When a pretty or Handsome person is associated with an idea or product
Scarcity
Get them while they last! only one at this price! we might not get anymore! They might not last long
Authority
One famous or persons of authority lend their name in the opinion to an idea or item
Ex. President Obama recommends this car
Consistency
“Chevy guy”, “ford guy”
We tend to behave in a manner consistent with previous behaviors
Ex. Orlando Bloom drives this car
Physical attractiveness
The perception of the physical traits of an individual as pleasing or beautiful
Judgment of the attractiveness of physical change is partly universal to all human cultures
-partly dependent on cultural or era
- partly biological
- partly individual opinion
Proximity
Geographical closeness and constant exposure to person can lead to friendship
Similarity
Race, culture, and values similar to one’s own can exert a psychological influence of attraction
Reciprocity of feeling
Pepole tend to like ppl who like them
Mere exposure effect
“You’ll get use to me” given time and exposure
Familiarity can breed contempt
Attitude
The interactive influence of an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior
determines the way he responds to someone or something
-mere exposure effect
- elaboration likelihood model
Central route of persuasion
Involves critical analysis, reflection, and assessment
effects relatively permanent night attitudes
try to change attitude into the way you think
Peripheral route of persuasion
External factors influence/determine attitudes, If only temporary
Appeal to feelings
Normative social influence
The desire to gain social approval which affects behavior
Informational social influence
The acceptance of the opinions of others
Cognitive dissonance
Experience of conflicting thoughts and/or emotions and/or behaviors
also when behavior conflicts with personal values
Ex. Guilt,
Pre-justice
A negative generally uninformed, attitude toward, or opinion of anything or anyone “different”
Discrimination
Negative, pre-justice behaviors toward anything or anyone different
Stereotypes
Social mindsets or mental schemas, usually negative, about a person or group
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of ones social group or culture
In-group/ out group biases
Out group homogeneity
Tendency to stereotype member of an out group
they are all alike…..
Scapegoat theory
Corporate projection or displacement, in the Freudian sense, onto members of an outgroup
Blaming innocent ppl in an out group for displacement
Aggression
Behavior intended to cause harm to self, others, or property
- instrumental
- hostile
Instrumental aggression
Aggressive behavior is a means to a greater goal
Hostile aggression
Aggressive behavior is an end in itself
to take one’s anger out on what one considers the cause of irritation
Obedience to authority
STANLEY MILGRAM
In the aftermath of nazi war crimes, MILGRAM conducted experiments to show how ordinary people if the influenced to inflict harm upon others
Conformity/ social influence
SOLOMON ASCH Demonstrated how peoples decision and judgments to be overruled by a majority influence
Diffusion or responsibility
Following the soul and murder of kitty genovese, LATANE and DARLEY re-created situations to show the bystander effect
Subordinate goal/ contact theory
Muzafer SHERIF showed how antagonistic groups can work together when confronted with a common problem for which they must find a solution
Self-fulfilling prophecy
ROSENTHAL and JACOBSON
Social roles
ZIMBARDO disastrous STANFORD PRISON STUDY
demonstrated how quickly members of a group could conform, For ill or good, to social role
Ppl displaced in these roles, actually took position of these charters till the point where it had to be shut down 2 week later because the “guard” treated the person as an actual prisoners
Pre-justice/discrimination
Brown eyes,/blue eyes “experiment” by third-grade teacher Jane Elliott
Jigsaw classroom
Technique used to interrogate opposing groups by making the whole group, in a learning situation, depend upon the expertise of each smaller “expert” group
