Learning Flashcards
Learning
Permanent Changes in the way I think and act or knowledge due to experience or training vs innate knowledge
Caused by some type of interaction w/ my environment
No innate factors cuz it involves changes through experience
Classical conditioning
IVAN PAVLOV
Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain
Unconditioned response (UR)
The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance
Neutral stimulus (Ns)
Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain
Conditioned response (CR)
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment
Extinction (classical conditioning)
When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished
Generalization
Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
I’m
Higher order conditioning
When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
IVAN PAVLOV
Organisms learn by establishing connections(associationism) between events and or stimuli
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Any stimulus which invokes the natural/reflexive response
Reflexes: Innate responses/reactions to a stimulus
Unlearned ex. Pain
Unconditioned response (UR)
The natural or reflexive response to the unconditioned stimulus
Ex. Avoidance
Neutral stimulus (Ns)
Any event or object which does not evoke any natural response
Ex. Wasp
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A formerly neutral stimulus which after association with an unconditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response
Ex. Wasp stings us giving us pain
Conditioned response (CR)
The learned response to a conditioned stimulus based on our experience with our environment
Extinction (classical conditioning)
When the unconditioned stimulus is separated from the conditioned stimulus
resulting, overtime in the elimination of the conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
For no apparent reason, a conditioned response will re-appear after it has been extinguished
Generalization
Unlearned/neutral stimulus and pair it with a similar stimulus that we had which we been conditioned to generalize
Ex. Look at fly and looks like a wasp so we avoid it
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli
Ex. We see a difference in the fly and the wasp so we don’t avoid it
Higher order conditioning
When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus which results in the same condition response
Ex. Wasp live in a tree and we experience pain, we then learn to associate a tree with The wasp making tree become conditioned stimulus
Regarding making associations
Innate skill
“Quick and dirty” survival mechanism (ex. Wasp=pain)
Does not always reflect cause-and-effect
Can condition disordered, phobic, and /or superstitious behaviors
John Watson
established the behavioral approach to psychology in American
only observable behavior = science
Rejects or ignores mental states or thought processes
Dominant in America (especially education)
Little Albert experiment
Watsons famous experiment
Proved he could condition the behavior of fear in a
Operant learning
B.F. SKINNER
Harvard professor who showed how a behavior is determined by the consequences which follows the behavior
Positive reinforcement
Anything that increases “ADDED” the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Ex. A reward or bonus for good behavior
good grades or praise for academic effort
Negative reinforcement
Anything that is removed that will increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Ex. Getting home before curfew to take away the possibility of being grounded or
I study so the treat of not getting into college goes away
Primary reinforcers
Anything that is a natural, innate, or unlearned reinforce
Ex. Food
Sex
Ex. Donut
Secondary reinforcers
A learned reinforce
reinforcer that is paired with the primary reinforcer
Ex. Go to class so u can get a donut
Token economy
A subject behaves in a particular way in order to earn a token/coupon which may be used to purchase a primary reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
Want to subject is reinforced EVERYTIME he or she provides an appropriate response
Intermittent reinforcement
When A subject is reinforced RANDOMLY
Fixed ratio
When to subject is reinforced after SET number of RESPONSES
Ex. For every 10 coffees I buy I get one free
Fixed interval
When a subject is reinforced after a SET period of TIME
Ex. Every Friday at Starbucks I get 50% off for every coffee I buy
Variable ratio
When a subject is reinforced after a RANDOM number of RESPONSE
Ex. I gamble at a slot machine because, after random number of attempts I might win some money
Variable interval
When a subject is reinforced after RANDOM period of TIME
Ex. Even though the fish are continually biting, I wait because, at some point one will
Shaping
Progressively modeling or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that inclined toward or approximate the desired response
Punishment
Anything that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
Positive punishment
Stoping behavior by administering something adverse
Negative punishment
Stopping behavior by removing something positive
Law of effect
EDWARD THORNDIKE
Columbia university professor
Behavior associated with a desirable consequence is likely to be repeated in the same situation
Observational learning
ALFRED BANDURA
Currently a professor at Stanford
When a subject learns by observing the behaviors of others
BANDURA social-cognitive theory
Learning and the result of observation in modeling
Bobo doll experiment
Lowered inhibitions
Imitated specific behaviors
Increased aggression
