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AP Psych > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Storage

A

Retention of encoded info over time aka keeping it in

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2
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info out of storage

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3
Q

Sensory memory

A

Our senses register infinitely more info than we actually process
*holds info from the senses for a max of a few seconds

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4
Q

Iconic memory

A

Memory of visual stimuli

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5
Q

Echoic memory

A

Memory of auditory stimuli

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Retains 7 +/- bits of info
Retains info for 30 seconds
If we don’t do anything with the info we lose it
(George Miller)

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7
Q

Rehearsal

A

Conscious repetition of info to maintain info in stm or encode it for storage

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8
Q

Elaborative reversal

A

Repetition that creates associations (with something we already know) between the new memory and existing memories stored in LTM

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9
Q

Long term memory

A

Relatively permanent storage
Unlimited capacity
Subdivided into explicit and implicit memory

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10
Q

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

A

Location: Frontal lobes and hippocampus
(knowledge, facts, personal experiences)
that one consciously knows and can verbalize
Subdivided into semantic and episodic memory

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11
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of general knowledge or objective facts (math, history)

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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of personally experienced events (Kukuk getting shot when young)

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13
Q

Implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

A

Memory of skill and procedures
Learned from experience without having to refer to the experience
Ex. How to shoot a bball

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14
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations of related things

Ex. Vertebrates and non vertebrates

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15
Q

Prototypes

A

The most typical examples of a concept

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16
Q

Schemas

A 
Framework of basic ideas and preconceptions about 
*pepole
*objects
*events 
(Ex. Beak, wings, tail) 
Based on past experiences
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17
Q

Thalamus

A

Encodes sensory memory into STM

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18
Q

Hippocampus, frontal and temporal lobes

A

Establishing of explicit LTM

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19
Q

Amygdala

A

Processes strong emotionally charged memories

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Processes implicit memory of skills

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21
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting info out of storage; putting together the “pieces” of our memory puzzle

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22
Q

Retrieval cue

A

A trigger to get info from storage (a hint to resemble that info)

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23
Q

Recognition

A

Identification of something as familiar (multiple choice/ matching)

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24
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of info from LTM without any other info or cues (ex. Fill-in-the-blank/ free response) passive memory

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25
Q

Serial position effect

A

Stronger recollection of info at the beginning and the end of a list of words

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26
Q

Primacy effect

A

Stronger recollection of the beginning

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27
Q

Recency effect

A

Stronger recollection of the end

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28
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

Memory Recall is stronger if u are in the room you learned the info

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29
Q

Mood-dependent memory

A

Tendency to recall info based on mood u learned it and if u the same mood when taking the test

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30
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Tendency to recall info if u in the same internal state in which u encoded the I for (ex. Drunk when learning= better on the test of drunk)

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31
Q

Reconstruction

A

Retrieval that distorts incomplete memories

32
Q

Confabulation

A

Info from a different memory (movie where u say something, but from different movie)
Assembling data from different events

33
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into memories of a given event

34
Q

Encoding failure

A

Inability to transform sensory info into short or long term memory
Generally due to lack of attention ( voice, hate, teacher)

35
Q

Interference

A

Learning some items prevents retrieving others, especially when the items are similar

36
Q

Proactive interference

A

Process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer ones

37
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories ( psych class test on old stuff when learning new stuff)

38
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to access the event/ make new LTM due to damage to the hippocampus

39
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss associated with a traumatic event

40
Q

Intelligence

A

Depends upon perspective
ability to reason
Ability to adapt/survive
(DAVID WECHSLER)

41
Q

G factor

A

Developed by CHARLES SPEARMAN

42
Q

Fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

Developed by RAYMOND CATTELL
Fluid: ability to learn new ideas, to think in an abstract way, involves creative thinking and problem-solving(US)

Crystallized: acquired knowledge, experiential knowledge (KUKUK)

43
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

Developed by HOWARD GARDNER

Humans process different cognitive abilities, which underline different notions of intelligence

44
Q

Mathematical intelligence

A 
Logic 
Abstraction 
Reasoning 
Computation 
Critical thinking
45
Q

Linguistic

A

Reading
Writing
Word memorization
Verbalizing

46
Q

Spatial

A

Judgement and Mental visualization

47
Q

Kinesthetic

A

Hand/ eye coordination

Muscular coordination

48
Q

Musical

A

Sensitivity to sound, Rhythm, tones, pitch, and timbre

49
Q

Interpersonal

A

Interaction with others

50
Q

Intrapersonal

A

Self reflection
Self knowledge
Aka honest to self

51
Q

Binet-Simon scale

A

One of the first intelligence test developed by ALFRED BINET tested o his daughter
In response to the French governments request to identify young children with learning disabilities worked with THEODORE SIMON

52
Q

Stanford-Binet “intelligence Quotient” (IQ) test

A

Developed by LEWIS TERMAN

IQ= (mental age/ cranial age) 100

53
Q

Trial and error

A

Guess and check

54
Q

Algorithm

A

Step by step procedure which we arrive at the right answer

55
Q

Heuristic

A

A mental shortcut to solve the problem

Worked in past but not guaranteed to work again

56
Q

Insight learning

A

Sudden appearance or awareness of a solution

57
Q

Mental sets

A

Lack of trying new methods and only apply Methods we have worked in the past because we have always done it this way

58
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Not being able to recognize new uses for an object becaus the common use is so familiar (when a can of Wd-40 not…)

59
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Tendency to estimate probability of certain events (when a plane crashes, all planes are unsafe)

60
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is stated can affect decisions and judgment
(How I ask a question can influence the answer)

61
Q

Confirmation bias

A

I look look for what I want to see….I’m blind to what I don’t want to see
(Teacher biased with choir kids; don’t do HW= must be a choir kid)

62
Q

Belief perseverance

A

He can do no wrong even though he does

63
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

Language learned by imitation

64
Q

Nativist perspective

A

Humans have an innate/ inborn capacity for acquiring language
(Born with )

65
Q

Social interactivist perspective

A

Trigger and modify tendency to communicate.

It’s innate (babies try to talk) they try to do it

66
Q

Babbling

A

Infants Spontaneous production of speech sounds
Distilled and filtered over time
Won’t get u what u want

67
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound in spoken language

Learn basic sounds; language (constant and vows)

68
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of language that has meaning
A word (combination of phonemes making a meaning)
Re-view-er (not a word, by conveys meaning)

69
Q

Holophrase

A

One-word Speech that has meaning

“Doggie”= there is a dog over there

70
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

2 word Speech of a noun and a verb that has meaning

Ex. I see(v) doggie(n)

71
Q

Grammar

A

Rules for language

How words and sounds are combined to communicate

72
Q

Over generalization

A

Literal application of grammatical rules
S, es (plural
Ed(past)
Buts lacks understanding of expectations of rules like foots and runned is wrong

73
Q

Syntax

A

ORDER by which words can be combined to communicate

I run the dog heard (u make sense of it to herd)

74
Q

Semantics

A

Concerns the MEANING of a word, phrase, and sentences

Def. ,context

75
Q

Encoding

A

Getting info in

*requires focused attention and rehearsal

AP Psych (15 decks)

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