Development Flashcards
Nature versus nurture
Genetic, development is innate(DNA)
Or
environmental factors (parents, friends, fam, society)
Or both
Continuity v.s. discontinuity
Development as a seamless process (infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) rising up
Or
A sequence of distinct and separate stages
(Infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) stairs
Stability vs change
From birth do we have core personality traits that endure throughout development
Or
Change as a product of development throughout life
Cross-sectional
Different populations at the same time
Ex. Studying substance use habits of 9, 10, 11, 12 graders simultaneously
Cohort effect
People who are approximately the same age and share a cultural experience
Limits ability to do a comparison study
Ex. Studying 9th in substance is difficult to compare to 12th graders because culture and perspective
Longitudinal
Same population over a period of time and how they evolve
Ex. Studied ninth graders in substance habits and followed through high school
Critical period
Younger you are, the more critical the impact
If development not supported, might inhabit or prevent later development
Ex. Three month old ->no food for three days they die VS no food for three days extremely hungry
Sensitive period
If development not supported, might render later development more difficult
Ex. Can’t teach an old dog new tricks
Prenatal development
Fertilization to birth
Conception :union of sperm and ovum
Zygote development
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Age of viability
Zygote development
Cell differentiation
Muscles?
neurons?
blood?
Embryonic period
2 weeks to 2 months
Organ development begins
Cell differentiation
Fetal period
9 week to birth
Age of viability
Integration of organ systems
And teratogens
Age of viability
Point at which a premature baby has a 50% chance of surviving outside the room
Teratogens
Toxic substances
Can cause birth defects or even terminate pregnancy
Psychoactive drugs
infectious disease
environmental toxins
Psychoactive drugs
Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
Cocaine: “unattached” syndrome (can’t emotionally bonded with anyone;angry)
Infectious diseases
Measles
chickenpox
HIV/AIDS
Environmental toxins
Flint river= lead & unpurified water
Neonatal development
Birth to 1 month Plasticity Optimum Survival Reflexs Habituation Language/ motor development
Optimum plasticity
Development of nervous system; brain cells & wires itself
Myelination
Synaptogenesis
Pruning
Lateralization
Reflex expression
Survival instincts of a newborn babies
Ex
Rooting: moving head when cheek gets touched; searching for a nipple
sucking
swallowing
grasping: closing hand tightly when palm is stimulated
Moro (startle): arching back, flinging arms outward when startled by a loud noise
Habituation
Stimulus desensitization and discrimination INDICATES REMEMBERING/ LEARNING
Childhood development
Characterized by dynamic increase in neural networking and corresponding cognitive development
Adolescence
A time of significant physiological change/ growth
Transitional period beginning with puberty
fertility
Development indicating puberty
Primary sex characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics
Menarche
Primary sex characteristics
Reproductive organs
Ovaries
Testes
Corresponding sex organs
Secondary sex characteristics
Non-reproductive, physical features associated with being an adult man or woman
Menarche
First menstrual period
Developmental psychology
The field of psychology would studies the physical, cognitive and social changes, from conception to death
Cognitive development
Development of memory, language, higher thinking skills, problem-solving
Jean Piaget
Swiss biologist and studies little kids
Theory of cognitive development: nature and discontinuity approach
Jean piagets core insights
- Children think differently than adults
- the “pre-logical” of similar aged children is fairly consistent
- children develop higher cognitive skills progressively through stages @ a similar pace
- cognitive development is an innate drive to make sense of the world through schemas, assimilation, & accommodation
Schema
Framework of basic info
Birds= things that fly
Assimilation
Incorporation of new ideas into a schema
Birds: things that fly -> robin/bat/ plane
Accommodation
Modification of a schema to fit new ideas
Birds: things that lay eggs and have feathers
Piagets Stages of cognitive development
Innate and discontinuous
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Sensorimotor
- Birth to 2 years
- Reflexes (understanding the world by grasping, mouthing)
- circular reactions
- object permanence: sense of objectivity; out of sight; out of mind (peek-a-boo)
Pre operational
2-7 years Language development (world symbols)
Egocentrism:
Animism
Artificialism
Egocentrism:
procevies world from own perspective and inability to empathize
What I sense is what everyone else senses causing inability to know what someone else is sensing knowing and intending
Animism
Everything is alive; pretend play, imagination
Artificialism
All things are made by ppl
Concrete operational
7-12 years old
Logic and conservation (reversibility)
Decentering: growing from egocentrism
Conservation: form vs substance
Formal operational
12+ years old
Hypothetical thinking
Abstract conception
Lev Vygotsky
Russian.
-cognition is continuous product of social environment
-Language development is key to cog development
“Learning” occurs when someone can do something without assistance= ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
Moral development
Ability to know right from wrong; act ethically
Piagets 2 stage theory:
Heteronomynous (pre operational)
Autonomous (concrete- formal operational)
Lawrence kohlbergs theory
Pre convention level: avoid punishment
Conventional level: conformity; law and order (illegal stuff)
Post conventional level: social contract; community welfare universal principles; social conscience
Carol Gillian’s “ethic of care”
Applies kohlbergs theory to women
Caring is a cardinal value in women’s ethical scale
Bonding
Process of forming attachment
Attachment theories
How child/parent bond affects development (HARLOW & AINSWORTH)
Harry HARLOW
Attachment experiments with monkeys
- shows importance of physical comforting in healthy physical and social development
Mary AINSWORTH
Strange situation experiment with human babies
Secure attachment: more adaptive and productive personal qualities (baby cries when mom leaves)
Insecure: results of neglect (child mad at mother when mom returned)
Social referencing
Obtaining info, direction by observing others
Diana BAUMRIND 4 parenting styles
Authoritarian: strictly enforced ruled
Authoritative: reasonable/ realistic rules; encourages communication; expect responsible behavior
Permissive: few rules; expect kid to learn from their mistakes
Uninvolved
Eriksons theory of psychosocial development
Reflecting a crisis brought about by an interaction between cog and social changes
Attitudes can be modified or reserved; depending upon subsequent experience
Trust vs mistrust
(Infancy-1 year)
Dependent upon the attitude of the parent
Development an attitude that the world is secure, stable, and predictable or not
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler;1-3)
Toddlers are allowed to explore their world and gain a sense of independence
Or
Controlled, criticized, or overly protective
Initiative vs guilt
Preschool (3-6)
Child seeks role-play and use their imagination
If
Censored or made to be guilty they will lack necessary skills for successful adulthood
Industry vs inferiority
School age 6-12
Characterized by rules, hw, extra curricular activities, social interaction
Parents encourage and support
Or
Criticize, hover, and/or blame others
Ego identity vs role confusion
Adolescene; 12-mid 20s
Develop meaningful personal identity
Know who one is
Develop ability to deal with adults challenges
Intimacy vs isolation and
Experience meaningful relationship
To find someone with whom to share life (start dam)
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood
Provide for fam
Vs
Living selfishly
Ego integrity vs despair
Late adulthood
Look back at life with sense of accomplishment
Vs
Attitude of regret and “what if” resulting in despair
Elizabeth KUBLER-ROSS
studies of the dying process 5 stages: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
