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AP Psych > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature versus nurture

A

Genetic, development is innate(DNA)
Or
environmental factors (parents, friends, fam, society)
Or both

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2
Q

Continuity v.s. discontinuity

A

Development as a seamless process (infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) rising up
Or
A sequence of distinct and separate stages
(Infancy, childhood, adolescent, adulthood) stairs

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3
Q

Stability vs change

A

From birth do we have core personality traits that endure throughout development
Or
Change as a product of development throughout life

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4
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Different populations at the same time

Ex. Studying substance use habits of 9, 10, 11, 12 graders simultaneously

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5
Q

Cohort effect

A

People who are approximately the same age and share a cultural experience
Limits ability to do a comparison study
Ex. Studying 9th in substance is difficult to compare to 12th graders because culture and perspective

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6
Q

Longitudinal

A

Same population over a period of time and how they evolve

Ex. Studied ninth graders in substance habits and followed through high school

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7
Q

Critical period

A

Younger you are, the more critical the impact
If development not supported, might inhabit or prevent later development

Ex. Three month old ->no food for three days they die VS no food for three days extremely hungry

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8
Q

Sensitive period

A

If development not supported, might render later development more difficult
Ex. Can’t teach an old dog new tricks

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9
Q

Prenatal development

A

Fertilization to birth
Conception :union of sperm and ovum

Zygote development
Embryonic period
Fetal period
Age of viability

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10
Q

Zygote development

A

Cell differentiation
Muscles?
neurons?
blood?

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11
Q

Embryonic period

A

2 weeks to 2 months
Organ development begins
Cell differentiation

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12
Q

Fetal period

A

9 week to birth
Age of viability
Integration of organ systems
And teratogens

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13
Q

Age of viability

A

Point at which a premature baby has a 50% chance of surviving outside the room

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14
Q

Teratogens

A

Toxic substances
Can cause birth defects or even terminate pregnancy

Psychoactive drugs
infectious disease
environmental toxins

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15
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)
Cocaine: “unattached” syndrome (can’t emotionally bonded with anyone;angry)

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16
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Measles
chickenpox
HIV/AIDS

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17
Q

Environmental toxins

A

Flint river= lead & unpurified water

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18
Q

Neonatal development

A 
Birth to 1 month 
Plasticity Optimum 
Survival Reflexs
Habituation 
Language/ motor development
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19
Q

Optimum plasticity

A

Development of nervous system; brain cells & wires itself

Myelination
Synaptogenesis
Pruning
Lateralization

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20
Q

Reflex expression

A

Survival instincts of a newborn babies
Ex
Rooting: moving head when cheek gets touched; searching for a nipple
sucking
swallowing
grasping: closing hand tightly when palm is stimulated
Moro (startle): arching back, flinging arms outward when startled by a loud noise

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21
Q

Habituation

A

Stimulus desensitization and discrimination INDICATES REMEMBERING/ LEARNING

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22
Q

Childhood development

A

Characterized by dynamic increase in neural networking and corresponding cognitive development

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23
Q

Adolescence

A

A time of significant physiological change/ growth
Transitional period beginning with puberty
fertility

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24
Q

Development indicating puberty

A

Primary sex characteristics
Secondary sex characteristics
Menarche

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25
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Reproductive organs
Ovaries
Testes
Corresponding sex organs

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26
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non-reproductive, physical features associated with being an adult man or woman

27
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

28
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The field of psychology would studies the physical, cognitive and social changes, from conception to death

29
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development of memory, language, higher thinking skills, problem-solving

30
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Swiss biologist and studies little kids

Theory of cognitive development: nature and discontinuity approach

31
Q

Jean piagets core insights

A
  • Children think differently than adults
  • the “pre-logical” of similar aged children is fairly consistent
  • children develop higher cognitive skills progressively through stages @ a similar pace
  • cognitive development is an innate drive to make sense of the world through schemas, assimilation, & accommodation
32
Q

Schema

A

Framework of basic info

Birds= things that fly

33
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporation of new ideas into a schema

Birds: things that fly -> robin/bat/ plane

34
Q

Accommodation

A

Modification of a schema to fit new ideas

Birds: things that lay eggs and have feathers

35
Q

Piagets Stages of cognitive development

A

Innate and discontinuous

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

36
Q

Sensorimotor

A
  • Birth to 2 years
  • Reflexes (understanding the world by grasping, mouthing)
  • circular reactions
  • object permanence: sense of objectivity; out of sight; out of mind (peek-a-boo)
37
Q

Pre operational

A 
2-7 years 
Language development (world symbols)

Egocentrism:
Animism
Artificialism

38
Q

Egocentrism:

A

procevies world from own perspective and inability to empathize

What I sense is what everyone else senses causing inability to know what someone else is sensing knowing and intending

39
Q

Animism

A

Everything is alive; pretend play, imagination

40
Q

Artificialism

A

All things are made by ppl

41
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-12 years old
Logic and conservation (reversibility)
Decentering: growing from egocentrism
Conservation: form vs substance

42
Q

Formal operational

A

12+ years old
Hypothetical thinking
Abstract conception

43
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Russian.
-cognition is continuous product of social environment
-Language development is key to cog development
“Learning” occurs when someone can do something without assistance= ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

44
Q

Moral development

A

Ability to know right from wrong; act ethically

45
Q

Piagets 2 stage theory:

A

Heteronomynous (pre operational)

Autonomous (concrete- formal operational)

46
Q

Lawrence kohlbergs theory

A

Pre convention level: avoid punishment

Conventional level: conformity; law and order (illegal stuff)

Post conventional level: social contract; community welfare universal principles; social conscience

47
Q

Carol Gillian’s “ethic of care”

A

Applies kohlbergs theory to women

Caring is a cardinal value in women’s ethical scale

48
Q

Bonding

A

Process of forming attachment

49
Q

Attachment theories

A

How child/parent bond affects development (HARLOW & AINSWORTH)

50
Q

Harry HARLOW

A

Attachment experiments with monkeys

- shows importance of physical comforting in healthy physical and social development

51
Q

Mary AINSWORTH

A

Strange situation experiment with human babies

Secure attachment: more adaptive and productive personal qualities (baby cries when mom leaves)

Insecure: results of neglect (child mad at mother when mom returned)

52
Q

Social referencing

A

Obtaining info, direction by observing others

53
Q

Diana BAUMRIND 4 parenting styles

A

Authoritarian: strictly enforced ruled

Authoritative: reasonable/ realistic rules; encourages communication; expect responsible behavior

Permissive: few rules; expect kid to learn from their mistakes

Uninvolved

54
Q

Eriksons theory of psychosocial development

A

Reflecting a crisis brought about by an interaction between cog and social changes

Attitudes can be modified or reserved; depending upon subsequent experience

55
Q

Trust vs mistrust

A

(Infancy-1 year)
Dependent upon the attitude of the parent

Development an attitude that the world is secure, stable, and predictable or not

56
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler;1-3)

A

Toddlers are allowed to explore their world and gain a sense of independence

Or

Controlled, criticized, or overly protective

57
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

Preschool (3-6)
Child seeks role-play and use their imagination

If

Censored or made to be guilty they will lack necessary skills for successful adulthood

58
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

School age 6-12
Characterized by rules, hw, extra curricular activities, social interaction

Parents encourage and support
Or
Criticize, hover, and/or blame others

59
Q

Ego identity vs role confusion

A

Adolescene; 12-mid 20s

Develop meaningful personal identity

Know who one is

Develop ability to deal with adults challenges

60
Q

Intimacy vs isolation and

A

Experience meaningful relationship

To find someone with whom to share life (start dam)

61
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Middle adulthood

Provide for fam
Vs
Living selfishly

62
Q

Ego integrity vs despair

A

Late adulthood

Look back at life with sense of accomplishment
Vs
Attitude of regret and “what if” resulting in despair

63
Q

Elizabeth KUBLER-ROSS

A 
studies of the dying process 
5 stages:
Denial 
Anger 
Bargaining 
Depression 
Acceptance

AP Psych (15 decks)

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