Social Influence Flashcards

Question

Results of Asch’s study

Answer 1

-on average in the critical trials about 32-36% of the participants conformed to the clearly wrong majority. -over the 12 trials, 75% of participants conformed at least once. In the control group, less than 1% of participants gave the wrong answer

Answer 2

As h interviewed participants after to see why they conformed and they answered that they went along with the group in order to “fit in” and not be ridiculed, even though they knew their answer was wrong. Therefore, Asch’s study showed compliance in terms of agreeing publically but not privately. This also shows NSI as participants conformed to fit in rather than be right.

Answer 3

Group size - Asch looked at the number of people in a group and see if this affected conformity rates. He found that there was little conformity with one or two confederates but when there was a majority of three confederates, conformity rates went up to 30%. However after this, conformity rates didn’t change so group size is only significant up to a point. Campbell and Fairey (1989) said group size will have an effect depending on the type of judgement being made. If the task is ambiguous, then conformity is like to happen in order to be right. If the task is unambiguous, then conformity occurs to “fit in”. Unanimity of the majority- when everyone in the group agreed with the same answer, the participant would also agree even if it was wrong. However, if one confederate gave the right answer, conformity levels dropped from 33% to 5.5%. If one confederate gave the wrong answer, then conformity levels dropped to 9% suggesting that you only need one person to the break unanimity for conformity rates to drop. Task difficulty -in one variation, Asch made the difficulty of the task much more difficult by making the line lengths more similar. In these circumstances, conformity rates increased. Lucas et al (206) also did a similar type of experiment with math problems and found when the question was more difficult, more people conformed. However, participants with higher self efficacy remained more independant than those of low self efficacy.

Answer 4

-Asch’s study may be a child of its time. Perrin and spencer (1980) repeated Asch’s study on engineering students and found only one student conformed in a total of 396 trials, therefore showing that conformity does not always occur. It could be possible that the engineering had higher self efficacy than Asch’s study. Nevertheless, society has changed greatly since 1950 and people could be less conformist today. As Asch’s study is not consistent across time, it lacks temporal validity Artificial situation and task- all participants knew they were in a study and therefore shows demand characteristics. Also the line task is not something that is done in day to day life. Furthermore, Fiske (2014) argues that Asch’s groups were not very groups since they do not resembles groups we are in everyday. Therefore we cannot generalise the findings to everyday situations so we can argue that Asch’s study lacked ecological validity. Limited application to findings - the participants were all male so we do not know of findings apply to women. Neto (1995) suggest that women are more likely to conform as they are more concerned about social relationships. Also Bond and Smith (1996) pointed out that all participants were from the US, which is an individualistic culture. When the experiment was carried out in a more collectivist culture like China, conformity rates were higher. As Asch’s study can only be applied to US males, it lacks population validity. Ethical issues- the main issue was deception as confederates were used and participants were unaware of this. As confederates gave the clear wrong answer in 12/18 trials, the deception could lead to psychological harm for the real participant as they would be confused why everyone was giving the wrong answer. However , Asch could be justified as he did debrief participants after the experiment.

Answer 5

Social roles are the parts people play in society. These are accompanied by expectations associated with each role eg caring obedient etc.

Answer 6

Zimbardo et al (1974)

Answer 7

To see whether people will conform to new social roles. In this circumstance to the role of guard and prisoner.

Answer 8

-zimbardo converted basement of Stanford university psychology department into a mock prison -advertised asking for volunteers to participate in a study of the psychological effects of prison life -more than 70 applicants answered the ad and were given diagnostic interviews and personality tests to eliminate candidates with psychological problems -24 male college students took part and were paid $5 a day to participate. -participants were randomly assigned either the role of a prisoner or guard. There were 10 prisoners and 11 guards and two reserves. -guards worked 8 hour shifts and prisoners stayed in rooms of three. There was also a solitary confinement for misbehaving prisoners. -prisoners were arrested in their own homes without warning and taken to the police station. -then they were blindfolded and driven to the mock prison where they were stripped naked, deloused and had personal possessions removed and locked away. -they were given prison clothes and bedding and were only referred to by a number -their clothes were a smock with their number on it but no undergarments and they had a tight nylon cap to cover their hair and a locked chain around one ankle. -guards were dressed in khaki uniforms and given reflective sunglasses to avoid eye contact with prisoners. They wore a whistle and carried a billy club. -no physical violence was permitted -zimbardo plaued a dual role as a researcher and a superintendent

Answer 9

-zimbardo found that both prisoners and guards quickly identified with their social roles. -within days, prisoners rebelled but this was quickly crushed by the guards who grew increasingly abusive towards the prisoners. -the guards dehumanised the prisoners waking them in the night and making them clean toilets with their bare hands. -five prisoners were released early due to their adverse reactions -though it was set to run for 2 weeks, it was called off on day 6.

Answer 10

One strength of the SPE study is that zimbardo and his colleagues had some control over the variables eg, zimbardo chose the most emotionally stable males. Furthermore each participant was randomly assigned to either prisoner or guard meaning there was no experimenter bias. This increases the internal validity of the study as the variables were controlled. Good application- from 2003-2004 USA military police committed serious human rights violations against Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad. Zimbardo argues that the same conformity to social role effect that was evident in his Trudy was also present in Abu Ghraib. Zimbardo believed that the guards were victims of the situational factors and this is what caused them to abuse the prisoners alongside the ability to misuse the power as guard.

Answer 11

Lack of research support - Reicher and Haslam (2006) replicated the SPE and was broadcast on BBC TV. Their findings were very different to zimbardo’s. The prisoners were the ones who eventually took control over the mock prison and subjected the guards to a campaign of harassment and disobedience. The researchers used social identity theory to explain this outcome. Ethical issues - one major issue was zimbardo’s dual roles in the study. On one occasion a student asked zimbardo to leave the study. Zimbardo responded to him as a superintendent worried about the running of his prison rather than as a reasearcher with responsibility towards his participants. Another ethical issue was the lack of informed consent of the “prisoners’ as they did not know they were going to be arrested in their own homes. This could have caused psychological distress. However debriefing sessions took place after weeks and months and years to make sure all participants were okay. Zimbardo argues that the benefits gained about our understanding of human behaviour and how we can improve society should out balance the distress caused by the study.

Answer 12

Obedience is a form of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order. The person issuing the command is usually someone of authority, who has the power to punish when obedient behaviour is not forthcoming.

Answer 13

Milgram (1963)

Answer 14

To investigate the level of obedience participants would show when an authority figure tells them to administer electric shocks to another human being. To test the “Germans are different” hypothesis and prove that the holocaust was due to the dispositional factors of the soldiers

Answer 15

-milgram selected participants by advertising for male participants to take part in a study at Yale university. This is known as volunteer sampling method. -there were 40 male participants and were paid $4 per hour and were told that the study was based on memory and learning. -the participant was paired with a confederate and drew lots to find out who would be the “learner” and who would be the “teacher”. The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher. -the learner was asked if he had a condition ans the response was always a “minor heart condition”. -the teacher and researcher went into a room that contained a shock generator and a row of switches marked from 15 -450 volts. -if the learner got the answer wrong, they would get shocked however the participant did not know this was fake. -at 180 volts the learner shouted that he could not stand the pain, at 300 volts he begged to be released, and after 315 volts there was silence. -if the participant asked advice from the experimenter for example “should I continue”, the experimenter would give encouragement to continue with a sequence of prods. -the prods were said from prod 1 to prod 4. After prod 4, the experiment was terminated. The scientists tone of voice was firm but not impolite.

Answer 16

Prod 1: “please continue” or “please go on” Prod 2: “the experiment requires you to continue” Prod 3: “it is absolutely essential that you continue” Prod 4: “you have no other choice, you must go on”

Answer 17

-milgram predicted that 2% of participants would shock to the highest voltage. Psychology students predicted that 3% would shock to the highest voltage. -however all participants shocked up to 300 volts and 65% of participants shocked to 450 volts, -during the study many participants showed signs of nervousness and tension. Quite a common sign of tension was tension was nervous laughing fits. On one occasion, a participant has a seizure. -all participants were debriefed at the end and ensured that their behaviour was completely normal. 84% of participants felt glad they participated.

Answer 18

Normal ordinary people will obey authority even if their actions may be detrimental. Thus the hypothesis that the “Germans are different” was not supported.

Answer 19

1) Good external validity -although this study appears to lack external validity due to the lab authority, milgram argued that the lab environment accurately reflected real life authority. His reasearch is also supported by Hofling et al’s (1966) study where 21/22 nurses were willing to exceed maximum dosage of a drug followed by dr smith’s orders over the phone. Despite the nurses not knowing whether if dr smith was genuine.

Answer 20

1) Low internal validity - Orne and Holland (1968) argued that participants behaved the way the did because they didn’t believe the set up and that the learner was not actually being shocked. Perry’s (2013) research confirms this as she listened to the tapes of milgram’s participants and many of them expressed doubts on whether the shocks were real or not. 2) Ethical issues - Baumrind (1964) was extremely critical of the ways milgram deceived his participants. For example, milgram made his participants believe that the roles of teacher and learner were chosen at random when in reality the participant was always the teacher. Milgram also made the participants think the shocks were real. Baumrind believed it was seen as a betrayal of trust. However, with the follow up questionares, 84% of participants were happy they participated. 3) the sample is unrepresentative as all of the participants were white American males. Therefore results can not be generalised to women (gender bias) or other cultures (cultural bias). However, this study was replicated on women and similar results were found.

Answer 21

-proximity -location -uniform

Answer 22

In milgrams’s original study, the teacher and learner were in an adjoining room, so the teacher could hear the learner. The obedience rate was 65% In a proximity variation where the teacher and learner were in the same room, the obedience rate dropped to 40% In a touch proximity variation condition, where the learner was forced to put his hand on the “electroshock plate” after getting an answer wrong, obedience levels dropped to 30%. In a remote proximity variation where the scientist gave instructions on a telephone, obedience dropped to 20.5%

Answer 23

In another variation, milgram changed the location of the study from Yale university to a run down building. Obedience levels dropped from 65% to 47.5%.

Answer 24

In the original study, the experimenter wore a “grey” lab coat as a symbol of authority. In another variation where the experimenter had gotten “a phone call” and was replaced by “an ordinary member of the public” in everyday clothes, the obedience levels dropped to 20%.

Answer 25

1) the Agentic state 2) legitimacy of authority

Answer 26

An “agent” can be defined as someone who acts for or in place for another. Milgram argued that people operate in two different ways in social situations: - when acting as independant individuals, people are aware of the consequences of their actions and make decisions knowing they will be held accountable. This is known as the autonomic state - when in agentic state, an individual sees themselves as under the authority of another and therefore not responsible for the actions they take. In this state they carry out an order without question The change from an autonomous state to the agentic state is known as the agentic shift.

Answer 27

Milgram (1974) suggested that this occurs when a person perceives someone else as a figure of authority. They believe this person has authority because of their position in a social hierarchy.

Answer 28

This is due to binding factors. These binding factors include aspects of the situation that allow the person to ignore the damaging effects of their behaviour and thus reduce the “moral strain” they are feeling and shift the responsibility to the victim. This helps them feel calm as they are merely agents following orders.

Answer 29

This theory has research support. Firstly, when milgram debriefed his patients after the Orginal shock experiment, many reported that they knew is was wrong to deliver dangerous electric shocks, but they felt they were expected to obey the experimenter. Blass and Schmitt (2001) showed a film of milgram’s study to some students and asked them who was responsible for harming the learner Mr Wallace. The students blamed the experimenter rather than the participant. The students also indicated that the fact the experimenter was a scientist, at the top of the hierarchy thus had authority - the participants were merely agents following orders.

Answer 30

1) this theory does not explain many other research findings such as why some participants did not obey the authority figure in milgram’s study. It also does not explain why one of the nurses in Hofling’s study did not give the drug prescribed by the doctor who is higher in hierarchy than the nurse whereby the nurse is merely an agent. In the findings of Rank and Jacobson’s study, only 2/18 nurses gave the drug prescribed by the doctor so clearly agentic state theory does not explain why people who are “agents” still do not obey. Another weakness of the “agentic state” explanation is that research evidence has refuted the idea that the behaviour of the nazis can be explained in terms of the agentic state. For example Mandel (1998) explained one incident involving German reserve police where men obeyed orders to shoot civilians in Poland. However, these men were not given any direct orders to do so and were told they could do other duties if they preferred however the police still carried out the shootings.

Answer 31

We are taught that we should obey people with legitimate authority because we trust them or because we fear punishment. One of the consequences of this legitimate authority is that some people are granted the power to punish others. For example the police and the courts are allowed to punish criminals. Unfortunately the problem lies in when the legitimate authority becomes destructive. For example when hitler abused his power during the holocaust. Strengthened by symbol of authority eg uniform

Answer 32

We need to have legitimate authority figures in a well-functioning ordered society thus a strength is it explains the functioning of a civilised nation. For example, legitimate authority like police prevent crime and without them society would not function well. Kelman and Hamilton (1989) argue that the My Lai massacre can be understood in terms of the power of the hierarchy of the US army. The massacre took place in 1968 during the Vietnam war where 504 civilians were killed women were raped etc. only one soldier was found guilty and his defence was that he was following orders. This shows how the legitimacy of authority theory works in real life. Bickman (1974) asked confederates to order passersby to pick some litter off the street or move away from a bus stop. The confederates were dressed as either a guard, milkman or just in smart clothes. 90% of people obeyed the guard but only 50% obeyed the civilian. A person in a guard uniform is more likely to be perceived as a legitimate authority figure.

Answer 33

Not all legitimate authority figures should be obeyed. For example, milgram’s study showed that people will obey a legitimate authority figure even if obedience led to harm to another person. In real life, there are people who abused their power. For example Harold shipman was a trusted authority figure and was able to kill over 200 patients without suspicion. This suggests that a balance must be struck between teaching kids to obey authority and encouraging them to question the orders the legitimate authority gives.

Answer 34

Adorno (1950) claims that an individual’s personality characteristics determine their behaviour, not situational influences in the environment. Adorno argued that authoritarian personalities are more likely to obey authority figures.

Answer 35

1) servile towards people of perceived higher status 2) hostile towards people of lower status 3) preoccupied with power 4) inflexible in their beliefs and values 5) conformist and conventional (eg rule following) 6) likely to categorise people as “us” or “them” 7) dogmatic (intolerant of ambiguity)

Answer 36

Adorno thought that people developed these personalities due to receiving extremely harsh discipline from their parents during their upbringing, usually involving physical punishment. This creates feelings of hostility which are directed towards weaker people who cannot fight back. They cannot take their anger out on their parents so they act in a submissive way towards them. This extends to all authority figures.

Answer 37

The F (fascism) scale. Participants are asked to rate how much they agree with certain statements. Adorno tested more than 2000, middle-class white Americans and their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups and found there was a relationship between authoritarian personality and scoring high on f scale.

Answer 38

1) There is research support for a link between being obedient and having an authoritarian personality. For example Elms and Milgram (1966) carried out a follow up study using participants who had taken part in milgram’s study. They selected 20 obedient participants and 20 disobedient partcipants who didn’t shock all the way to 450 volts. They took the MMPI scale and the F scale. There was little difference between the MMPI scale but the obedient participants scored higher on the F scale. Another study was conducted by Miller (1975) who found individuals who scored higher on the F scale were more likely to obey an order to hold some electric wiring whilst completing a test. This shows how they will obey authority even when it means harming themselves. This was also shows by Altemeyer (1981) who asked participants to shock themselves if they made a mistake on a learning task. The partcipants that scored higher on the F scale were more likely to shock themselves again showing a link between authoritarian personality and obedience.

Answer 39

1) it is a limited explanation since it does not explain why the majority of a population in a country such as Germany are very obedient but not all Germans can possess an authoritarian personality. An alternative explanation is the social identity theory which explain obedience whereby the Germans identify with the anti-Semitic nazi state which is a more relevant explanation of obedience than authoritarian personality. 2) it has flawed methodology. For example, Adorno introduced the f-scale questionnaire to measure the obedient personality but there are many problems with the questions. Firstly, all the questions are worded in the same direction so it is easy to get a high score. Moreover all the questions are closed meaning there is no room for explanation. Furthermore, when Adorno interviewed partcipants about their childhood experiences, he already knew their scores so would’ve shown interviewer bias.

Answer 40

Social support Locus of control

Answer 41

Social support is an external factor. People can resist the pressure to conform or obey if they have an ally because it helps individuals build confidence and to remain independant. Individuals who have support of their point of view no longer fear being ridiculed. The pressure to conform is also reduced even if the non conforming individual gives the wrong answer. For example in Asch’s study, conformity rates droppped to 5.5% when dissenter was correct and 9% when the dissenter was incorrect.

Answer 42

- done by Gamson and fireman and Rytina - placed an advert in local newspapers asking for volunteers to take part in a paid group discussion - they were placed in groups of 9 -the discussion was based on taking legal action against a petrol station manager. -they argued that the manager had been sacked as his lifestyle was offensive to the local community. -the manager argued that he had been sacked for speaking up on high petrol prices -this discussion was filmed and at some points the camera man stopped filming and told individuals to side with the oil company. -out of the 33 groups tested by Gamson, 32 rebelled in some way. -25/33 refused to sign the consent form to allow the film being used in court -9 groups threatened legal action against the company (MHRC)

Answer 43

1) there is research to support the idea that social support reduces social influence. For example in asch’s study , one dissenter reduced conformity rates to 5.5%. Similarly in Milgram’s study when the real participant was joined by a disobedient confederate who refused to give shocks, obedience rates dropped to 10%. 2) the social support studies can be applied to real life. Gamson’s study has high ecological validity as the partcipants were unaware they were participating in a psychological study so would not show demand characteristics. The task was also very real to life eg having a discussion about standards of behaviour in the community.

Answer 44

1) the social support explanation is strong for explaining resistance to social influence in a group size below 10 people, as then one dissenter can influence conformity rates. However in the real world, there are group sizes much bigger than that and one dissenter will not have much influence on the majority. Social support is restricted to small group sizes thus more research would be required to see the effects of social support to social influence.

Answer 45

-this refers to a person’s perception of the degree of personal control they have vier their behaviour. -those with external locus of control see their futures resulting largely from factors outside of their control eg luck or fate -those with internal locus of control feel a stronger sense of control over their lives than people with external locus of control. They are also more likely to rely less on the opinion of others and more likely to resist pressure from others, - people with internal locus of control tend to be more confident and more achievement orientated and these traits helps them resist social influence.

Answer 46

1) there is research Support. Oliner and Oliner (1988) interviewed two groups of non-Jewish people who had lived through the holocaust. They compared 406 people who had protected and rescued Jews from nazi germany and 126 people who didn’t. Oliner and Oliner found that the group that rescued the Jews had scores demonstrating internal locus of control. This suggests people with internal LOC are more likely to act. 2) Holland (1967) repeated milgram’s experiment and measured ether participants were internal or external. 37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock. 23% of external did not continue. This shows how people with internal locus of control are more likely to resist to social influence.

Answer 47

1) there is conflicting research. Twenge (2004) analysed data from American obedience studies over a 40 year period. The data showed that over the time span, people have become more resistant to obedience but also show a more external locus of control. This challenges the link between internal locus of control and being resistant to social influence 2) Also how we measure LOC can be questioned. Julian rotter devised a questionare in 1967 where society had very different viewpoints and there had been a world war only 22 years before. It also questions whether this questionare is relevant in today’s world. Therefore Rotter’s questionare that measures a person’s LOC may lack temporal validity.

Answer 48

It is a type of social influence that motivate individuals to reject established majority group norms. This happens through a process of conversion where majority become gradually won over to a minority viewpoint. Minority influence is associated with internalisation because it leads to disagreeing with the majority Research has shown that minorities can be influential provided they adopt the appropriate style of behaviour.

Answer 49

1) consistency 2) commitment 3)flexibility

Answer 50

If the minority is consistent with its opinion/behaviour, show confidence in its beliefs and appears unbiased, the minority become persuasive. This causes others to reassess the situation and consider the issue more carefully.

Answer 51

- conducted by moscovici -he sampled 172 female participants who were told that they were taking part in a colour perception task. - the participants were in groups of 6 and shown 36 slides all varying shades of blue. -the partcipants state out loud the colour of each slide -2/6 partcipants in each group were confederates and in one condition said that all 36 slides were green ans in the other condition said 24 were green and 12 were blue. Findings -he found in a consistent condition, the real participants agreed on 8,2% of the trials but in the inconsistent condition, the real participants only agreed on 1.25% of the trials

Answer 52

-it suggests certainty, confidence and courage in the face of a hostile majority because joining a minority has a greater cost for the individual than staying in the majority . This may make the majority take the minority more seriously or even convert them to the minority position. -the augmentation principle explains how minorities can change the majority because if the minority is doing something risky but show commitment, the majority will pay more interest.

Answer 53

Xie et al (2011) discovered a tipping point where the number of people holding a minority position is sufficient to change majority opinion. Xie found that you need about 10% of the minority population to influence the majority.

Answer 54

Mugny (1982) suggests that flexibility is more effective at changing majority opinion than rigidity of arguments. As minorities are generally powerless against majorities, the minority must negotiate rather than enforce their position upon the majority. However if they are too flexible, they can be seen as weak or dogmatic.

Answer 55

-Nemeth (1986) carried out an experiment testing flexibility. - participants in groups of 4 had to agree on compensation to give to a victim of a ski lift accident . -one partcipant in each group was a confederate and there were two conditions -one condition was the minority argued for low rate of compensation and refused to change their position and the second condition was they argued for low rate by compromised by offering a slightly higher rate of compensation. - Nemeth found that in the flexible condition, the majority were more likely to compromise.

Answer 56

1) Nemeth (2010) argues that the dissent in the form of the minority group opens the mind and at a result people search for information, consider more options and make better decisions and are more creative . This helps researchers understand the means of social change that can be linked to minoryt influence. 2) Martin et al (2003) gave participants a particular viewpoint and measured their support. One group heard a minority group agree with the initial group whilst another group heard the majority agree. It was found that partcipants were less willing to change their opinions if they had listened to the minoryt group rather than the majority which shies how minority influence has a more enduring effect.

Answer 57

1) a lack of realism to many of the tasks that were given to participants. For example in Moscovici’s study, judging the colour of slides cannot apply to real life as this is not a talk we do everyday. This is also the case for many other studies so a lack of ecological validity is a issue with research into minority influence. 2) minority influence may not apply to real life situations. Nemeth (2010) argued that it is difficult to convince people of the value of dissent since people only see the minority’s opinion on the surface. People become irritated by this view fearing a lack of harmony and as a result we attempt to belittle the dissenting view to contain it. 3) - Most of the studies into minority influence are based on experiments conducted in laboratories and use artificial tasks which do not reflect the struggle of real minorities. This raises the question of ecological validity. In real-life majorities have more status and power, not just more people, than minority groups.

Answer 58

Social change is when a society changes and adopts new beliefs/ways of behaving which then becomes the norm. It is commonly a result of minority influence as if minorities did not exist we would simply go along with the majority all the time.

Answer 59

One example is attitudes towards homosexuality. Although it was a prisonable offence in the uk until 1967, public attitudes have changed overtime and now most people regard being gay as normal. Eventually new laws have been created to protect the rights of gay people and in 2005, same sex civil partnerships were introduced.

Answer 60

1) drawing attention to the issue 2) consistency of position - minorities are more influential when they express arguments consistently over time 3) deeper processing - people not part of the majority start to pay attention to the minority and perhaps the unjustness of it 4) the augmentation principle - if minority is willing to suffer for their views, they are seen as committed and taken more seriously 5) snowball effect - as the issue spreads more widely, more and more people consider the issue being raised until it reaches a tipping point and social change occurs. 6) social cryptoamnesia - social change has occurred but the source of change becomes disassociated overtime. Eg women nowadays do not think about Emily Pankhurst when voting.

Answer 61

1) once the majority have accepted the minority viewpoint people may conform to this viewpoint due to normative social influence (compliance) or informational social influence (internalisation). 2) governments/lawmakers can bring about social change through power and through the process of obedience. For example changing the law to make gay marriage legal. People will also follow rules to avoid being punished.

Answer 62

1) there is research evidence for the role of NSI in bringing about social change. Nolan (2008) hung messages on the door of houses in San Diego every week for a month. The key messsge was that residents were trying to reduce energy usage. A control group had a message not referring to other residents instead just to save energy. The group that referred to residents had shown a decrease in energy usage. 2) Nemeth (1986) argues that effects of minority influence are likely to be indirect and delayed. They are indirect because the majority are influenced by the matters at hand not the central issues itself. They are delayed because the effects may not be seen for some time. This can be seen as a limitation of minority influence to explain social change because it’s effects are fragile and limited. This also makes it more difficult to measure in a scientific setting because social change does not happen straight away. 3) Bashir et al(2013) found that there may be barriers to social change. He found that participants were less likely to perform in environmentally friendly ways as they did not want to be associated with environmentalists who were stereotyped as tree huggers. Thus social change can only happen when the minoryt influence is not associated with negative stereotypes.

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Social Influence Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM