Research Methods

Question 1

What is the independant variable ?

Answer 1

This is the variable that the researcher manipulates in order to determine its effect on the dependant variable. An example would be seeing how chocolate effects mood. Chocolate is the independent variable.

Question 2

What is the dependant variable

Answer 2

The variable being measured. An example would be how chocolate affects mood. Mood is the dependant variable.

Question 3

What the control condition?

Answer 3

Where the independant variable is not manipulated. Provides a standard against which the experimental conditions can be compared.

Question 4

What is an extraneous variable

Answer 4

Any variable other than the independant variable that could affect the dependant variable. For example the weather and personal life events.

Question 5

What is a confounding variable ?

Answer 5

This is any variable other than the independent variable that has affect the dependant variable. Examples include noise and light.

Question 6

What is operationalisation?

Answer 6

The variable needs to be defined and stated how it will be measured.

Question 7

What is a laboratory experiment?

Answer 7

This is when an experiment is carried out in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory, allowing the researcher to exert a high level of control over the IV and eliminate any extraneous variables. Participants are randomly allocated to a condition. They are conducted in an artificial setting.

Question 8

Advantages of laboratory experiments

Answer 8

1) one strength is that lab experiments have a high level of control over the IV and conditions. Therefore it is very easy to control any EV and prevent them from confounding variables that could affect data collected

2) the researcher can modify the IV and can establish a cause and effect relationship between the IV and DV.

3) another strength is that it can be easily repeated by other researchers to see if similar results are obtained. If findings are similar, the results are reliable.

Question 9

Disadvantages of laboratory experiments

Answer 9

1) one disadvantage is that demand characteristics might occur within the study. Some participants may behave ina more positive light than normal and this is called social desirability bias.

2) a high level of control over the independant varibake and extraneous variables means the experiment can lack mundane realism. This means the study lacks ecological validity .

Question 10

What is a field experiment

Answer 10

This is an experiment carried out in the real world rather than an artificial setting of a laboratory. The IV is still manipulated by the researcher to see the effect on the dependant variable. An example may be to observe people in the street.

Question 11

Advantages of field experiments

Answer 11

1) one strength is that there is more mundane realism and ecological validity than lab experiments.

2) the researcher can manipulate the independant variable, cause and effect relationship between the independent and the dependant can be established.

3)an advantage is that there is less chance of demand characteristics than a lab experiment. Participants may not even be aware they are in an experiment so they behave more naturally.

Question 12

Disadvantages of field experiments

Answer 12

1) there is less control over extraneous variables when compared to a lab experiment. Therefore, the effect on the dependant variable may not be caused by the independent variable. This means research may not be valid

2) another disadvantage is that there is less control over the sample . Therefore the sample may not be representative of the target population.

3) another disadvantage is that it may be difficult to replicate which means that they might be unreliable especially compared to lab experiments.

Question 13

What is a natural experiment

Answer 13

The researcher takes advantage of a naturally occurring independant variable to see its effect on the dependant variable. A natural experiment is a study that measures variables that aren’t directly manipulated by the researcher for comparing behaviour in a single sex and mixed school.

Question 14

Advantages of natural experiments

Answer 14

1) an advantage of natural experiments is that there is a high level of mundane realism and ecologicaly validity compared to lab experiments.

2) another advantage is that they are useful when it is impossible or unethical to manipulate the independent variable in a lab experiment / field experiment. For example a group of naturally stressed men aged 60-65 who have high stress levels and cholesterol.

Question 15

Disadvantages of natural experiments

Answer 15

1) there is low control over extraneous variables compared to a lab experiment

2) a disadvantage is that they are very difficult to replicate. This means the results may be unreliable and if the experiment was repeated, the same results would be unlikely.

3) a problem of natural experiments is that they are very difficult to determine cause and effect due to low control of variables.

Question 16

What is a quasi experiment ?

Answer 16

They contain a naturally occurring independant variable, however this variable is a difference between people that already exists such as age and gender. The researcher examine the effect of this variable on the dependant variable. They take place in a lab setting. An example would be that males have a higher testosterone level than females in a sample of 50 men and women aged 40-70.

Question 17

Advantages of a quasi experiments

Answer 17

1) a strength is that there is a high level of control. The effects of extraneous variables are minimised. So the experimenter can be more confident that is the independant variable which has affected the dependant variable.

2) a strength is that replication is very likely. Due to strict controls, it is easier to replicate and find whether resist are reliable.

Question 18

Disadvantages of quasi experiments

Answer 18

1) lack of ecological validity because this setting is artificial so the experiment may not be a reflection of real life.

2) demand characteristics could occur because participants could accurately or inaccurately guess the aim of the study and respond according to what they think is being investigated. This can make data collected invalid.

Question 19

What is an observation?

Answer 19

An observation is when a researcher watches or listens to participants engaging in whatever behaviour is being studied.

Question 20

How can psychologists observe participants

Answer 20

1) they can record data- make notes or videos so they have a more accurate permanent record
2) sampling behaviour using event sampling or time sampling (when you observe every 10 minutes or so)

Question 21

What is non participant observation

Answer 21

This is when the researcher does not get directly involved with the interactions of the participants and does not take part in their activities. For example observing participants in the gym and the psychologist stands around and does not engage in any exercise.

Question 22

Advantage and disadvantage of non participant observation

Answer 22

1) an advantage is that the researcher can study a situation in its natural setting without altering conditions so it is less likely for the participant to show demand characteristics.

2) one disadvantage is that it relies solely on observing behaviour. The data collected will be qualitative, interpretive and to some extent limited.

Question 23

What is Participant observation?

Answer 23

This is when the researcher is directly involved with the interactions of the participants and will engage in the activities that the participants are doing, eg doing exercise in a gym.

Question 24

What is one Advantage and disadvantage of participant observation

Answer 24

1) one advantage is that it gives the researcher a better understanding of what is happening which enables the researcher to collect quantitative and qualitative data through surveys and interviews.

2) this can lead to inaccurate and biased data if participants alter their behaviour in response to the researcher’s presence, leading to social desirability bias.

Question 25

What is covert observation

Answer 25

The psychologist goes undercover and does not reveal their identity to participants. The group do not know they are being observed.

Question 26

Advantage and disadvantage of covert observation

Answer 26

1) one advantage is that participants will not show demand characteristics as they are unaware they are being watched, making results more accurate so high ecological validity.

2) it has ethical issues are participants do not know they are part of a study. Debriefing after a study however reduces the ethical issues.

Question 27

What is overt observation

Answer 27

The psychologist reveals their true identity and might also state that they are observing the group.

Question 28

Advantage and disadvantage of overt observation

Answer 28

1) the researcher will find it easier to make notes as they do not hide their identity. It is also ethical because participants can give consent.

2) observer effects can occur as participants change their behaviour when they are being observed leading to invalid results.

Question 29

What is naturalistic observation

Answer 29

A researcher observed participants in their own natural environment and there is no deliberate manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 30

Advantages of naturalistic observation

Answer 30

1) participants are usually unaware they are being observed so there is reduced chance of observer effect and participants are more likely to act naturally, giving valid results.

2) they are useful when the deliberate manipulation of variable would be impractical or unethical.

Question 31

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation

Answer 31

1) it is impossible to have any control over extraneous variables. This means other variables may affect the dependant variable. This could make results invalid.

2) there is risk of observer bias. Due to lack of control, the observer may be subjective and biased when trying to interpret data. This could lead to unreliable results.

Question 32

What is controlled observation

Answer 32

Researcher observed participants in a controlled environment and this allows for manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 33

Advantages of controlled observation

Answer 33

1) cause and effect can be determined because the observation is highly controlled. Therefore psychologists can determine if the independent variable effected the dependant variable.

2) extraneous variables can be controlled for this type of observation. Therefore it means results are more valid as can be more certain the independent variable is having an effect on the dependant variable.

Question 34

Disadvantages of controlled observation

Answer 34

1) low levels of mundane realism and ecological validity because of the Hugh control in the observation. This is likely to reflective and not an accurate reflection of real life.

2) there is a risk of observer bias which means that the researchers own views and opinions can influence the recording of the data which becomes inaccurate .

Question 35

What is observer bias

Answer 35

If the observer knows the aim of the study, they may interpret the behaviours differently to fit the aim. Therefore the data recorded is inaccurate and subjective. Two observers can reduce this effect. They correlate their observations. If a kappa score of +0.8 is gained, results are reliable.

Question 36

What is event sampling

Answer 36

The observer decides in advance what types of behaviour they are interested in and record all occurrences. All other types of behaviour are ignored. Every time the event occurs, the observer makes a note

Question 37

What is time interval sampling

Answer 37

The observer decides in advance that observation will take place only during specified time periods (eg every ten minutes) and records the occurrence of the specific behaviour during that period only.

Question 38

What is a pilot study

Answer 38

It is a preliminary small scale investigation of the procedures to be used in the main study . It is a trial run on a small scale. It helps identify flaws before spending money on the large scale study.

Question 39

Advantage and disadvantage of pilot study

Answer 39

1) saves time and money and ensures that the main study will work

2) the pilot study may not represent what actually happens on a larger scale.

Question 40

What is a self report technique

Answer 40

This is when participants give information about themselves without researcher interference. This can be done in the forms of questionare and interviews.

Question 41

What is a structured interview

Answer 41

All participants are asked the same questions in the same order. This provides quantitative data and usually consists of closed questions that have restricted answers.

Question 42

Advantage and disadvantage of structured interviews

Answer 42

1) structured interviews are usually quite quick as they only consist of closed questions that require a yes or no answer which is less time consuming than an unstructured interview.

2) structured interviews lack qualitative and in depth data. The answers are restrictive and therefore results might be invalid.

Question 43

What is an unstructured interview

Answer 43

An informal in depth conversational exchange between the interviewer and interviewee. Questions are not pre planned. This provides qualitative data and consists of open questions.

Question 44

Advantages and disadvantages of unstructured interview

Answer 44

1) they are useful when investigating sensitive or controversial topics and allows researchers to gain a real understanding of the topic being investigated.

2) there is a risk of social desirability bias. Therefore the results may not be valid.

Question 45

What is a semi structured interview

Answer 45

This type of interview combines a mixture of structured and unstructured techniques producing both quantitative and qualitative data, it consists of both open and closed questions. Some of the questions are pre planned and some the interviewer may ask some other questions he wants to discuss

Question 46

Advantage and disadvantage of semi structured interview

Answer 46

1) with some of the questions being open ended, the interviewer can get a better idea of the interviewees thoughts and feelings on the topic.

2) It’s time-consuming to sit down with respondents and conduct an open-ended interview

Question 47

Advantages of questionare

Answer 47

1) they are quick, easy and relatively cheap compared to interviews. It is possible to collect large amount of data and have a large sample with a questionare

2) questionnaires are very easy to replicate. If the second trial has similar results, the results can be said to be reliable

Question 48

Disadvantages of questionares

Answer 48

1) questionares can be ambiguous and wording may not be clear. If the researcher is not there to explain questions, participants may misunderstand the questions. This could lead to invalid data.

2) questionares can have a low response rate, especially is they are sent by the post and need to be returned.

Question 49

What is a positive correlation

Answer 49

As one variable increases, the other variable also increases as well. For example the number of ince cream sold increases as temperature increases.

Question 50

What is negative correlation

Answer 50

As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. For example, the more time someone spends playing video games, the fewer a grades they get

Question 51

What is the strength of correlations

Answer 51

It goes from +1 to -1
A strong positive correlation will be closer to +1.
0 means no correlation
-1 means strong negative correlation.
The strength of a correlation is known as correlation coefficient

Question 52

Advantages of correlations

Answer 52

1) allows psychologists to establish the strength of the relationship between two variables and measure it precisely.

2) once a correlation has been conducted predictions can be made about one of the variables based on what is known about the other variable.

Question 53

Disadvantages of correlations

Answer 53

1) correlation analysis cannot demonstrate cause and effect, we cannot tell which variable influences the other.

2) even if there is a correlation between two variables, it may be the case that the variables are not actually related but there is a third unknown variable which influence both.

Question 54

Operationalisation of variables

Answer 54

You define the variables in such a way as to make them easier to measure.

Question 55

What is null hypothesis

Answer 55

This states the IV will have no effect on the DV.

Question 56

What is experimental/alternative hypothesis

Answer 56

This predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV

Question 57

What is non directional hypothesis (two tailed)

Answer 57

This does not state the direction of the predicted differences in conditions.

Question 58

What is directional hypothesis (one tailed )

Answer 58

This states the direction of the predicted difference between conditions

Question 59

What is a target population?

Answer 59

This describes the group who the researchers are studying and want to generalise their results to.

Question 60

What is a sample?

Answer 60

A sample is a group that is representative of the target population

Question 61

What is random sampling?

Answer 61

Random sampling is when every member of the target population has the same chance of being selected. This can be done by putting everyone’s name in a hat and picking out how many are needed.

Question 62

Advantages of random sampling

Answer 62

1) if the target population is large and a large sample is drawn, then it is likely the sample will be representative and therefore results can be generalised from the sample to the target population.

2) there is no researcher bias when selecting the sample, this is because the sample have been chosen by chance without any conscious choice from the researcher.

Question 63

Disadvantages of random sampling

Answer 63

1) it is sometimes difficult to get full details of a target population from which to select a sample.

2) not all members of the target population who are selected will be available to take part, making the sample unreliable. Some people may be unwilling to take part which may also reduce sample size.

Question 64

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 64

This is when participants are selected at even intervals from a list. For example make a list of the population and choose every 5th person on that list.

Question 65

Advantages of systematic sampling

Answer 65

1) it is far more simple than random sampling as it only requires a list of the target population and the researcher decides to select every nth person. Random sampling requires a lot more time and effort.

Question 66

Disadvantages of systematic sampling

Answer 66

1) this process of selection can interact with a hidden periodic trait within the population. If the sampling technique coincides with the periodicity of the trait, the sampling will no longer be random.

2) Not all members of the target population who are selected will be willing to take part making the sample unrepresentative.

Question 67

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 67

Stratified sampling means classifying the population into categories and then randomly choosing a sample which consists of participants from each category in the same proportions as they are in the population.

Question 68

Advantage of stratified sampling

Answer 68

The strength of stratified sampling is that all groups within a population are included therefore the sample is representative of the population

Question 69

Disadvantage of stratified sampling

Answer 69

Stratified sampling can be very time consuming as the categories have to be identified and calculated. If you do not have all the details of the target population, you would struggle to conduct a stratified sample

Question 70

What is opportunity sampling

Answer 70

This involves selecting participants who are readily available and willing to take part.

Question 71

Advantage of opportunity sampling

Answer 71

This is the easiest and most practical method of ensuring large samples, especially when compared to stratified sampling which is more time consuming and expensive to carry out.

Question 72

Disadvantage of opportunity sample

Answer 72

1) There is a high chance that the sample will not be representative of the target population as you are just picking the most convenient people.

2) some people may feel obliged to take part in the study even though they do not want to. This is unethical.

Question 73

What is volunteer sampling

Answer 73

This is when people volunteer to take part in a study. The researcher will usually advertise for people to take part in their research.

Question 74

Advantage of volunteer sampling

Answer 74

This method saves the researcher time and effort. The researcher needs to construct some kind of advert and wait for participants to volunteer their time and involvement.

Question 75

Disadvantage of volunteer sampling

Answer 75

A certain type of person tends to volunteer (enthusiastic) and this means it is likely the sample obtained will be unrepresentative of the target population.

Question 76

What is a pilot study

Answer 76

This is an initial run through of the procedures to be used in an investigation. It is possible to save time and money by identifying flaws in the procedure before carrying out the study properly.

Question 77

Advantage of pilot study

Answer 77

It allows the researcher to identify flaws in the method procedure beforehand so they do not waste money carrying out the procedure on a larger scale.

Question 78

Disadvantage of pilot study

Answer 78

It takes time and resources to carry out a pilot study and this can distract the psychologist from the main study.

Question 79

What is the experimental condition

Answer 79

This involves a group of people who are exposed to the independant variable

Question 80

What is the control condition

Answer 80

This group receives no tratement and are used to compare results against the groups that are exposed to the independant variable.

Question 81

What are some controls to use in an experiment

Answer 81

1) randomisation - using chance to control the effects of bias when deciding the order of conditions
2) standardisation - using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions in a study
3) random allocation - ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in one condition or another.

Question 82

What is an independant group’s design

Answer 82

In this design, different participants are used in each of the conditions. Participants are usually randomly allocated to each condition to balance out individual differences. For example, we put 20 participants names’ in a hat. The first one drawn goes to condition 1, the second to condition 2, the third to condition 1 etc.

Question 83

Advantages of independant groups design

Answer 83

1) order effects will not occur as there are different participants in each condition.

2) the chance of demand characteristics are reduced as participants only take part in one condition so have they have less chance of guessing the aim of the study which could affect their behaviour.

Question 84

Disadvantages of independent groups design

Answer 84

1) more participants are needed for this experimental design compared to a repeated measures design. In an independant groups design there are usually 2 or more experimental conditions.

2) there is always a chance that the different results gained between the two conditions are due to individual differences rather than manipulation of the independant variable.

Question 85

What is a repeated measures design?

Answer 85

In the repeated measures design each participant is tested in all conditions of the experiment.

Question 86

Advantages of repeated measures design

Answer 86

1) as the sample people are used in all conditions, there is no individual differences between the conditions. Therefore the study is more valid.

2) half as many participants are needed in this design compared to an independent groups design.

Question 87

Disadvantages of a repeated measures design

Answer 87

1) order effects may affect the results. One way to avoid effects is counterbalancing this is when half the participants do condition A first and condition b second and the other half do B first then A.

2) demand characteristics are more likely to occur because particpants are involved in the study and take part in two conditions.

Question 88

What is a matched pairs design

Answer 88

In a matched pairs design, different participants are used in all of the conditions. However participants in the two groups are matched on characteristics important for the study eg gender, age etc.

Question 89

Advantages of matched pairs design

Answer 89

1) there is less risk of order effect using a matched pairs design as participants only take part in one condition only.

2) individual differences are less likely to occur as the groups have been closely matched on specific characteristics.

Question 90

Disadvantages of matched pairs design

Answer 90

1) twice as many participants are required as compared to a repeated measures design. It may be problematic to locate this many partcipants to take part in the study.

2) the matching process is extremely difficult and time consuming as even two closely matched individuals have different levels of motivation and fatigue at any given time. Therefore individual differences cannot be completely controlled.

Question 91

What is reliability

Answer 91

Reliability refers to the consistency of a research study especially when it is repeated again and the same results are gained on both occasions.

Question 92

What is external reliability

Answer 92

This is whether the results gained are consistent over time. The test-retest method can be used to assess external validity.

Question 93

What is internal reliability

Answer 93

This is whether the test and the results gained are consistent within itself. The split-half technique assesses the internal reliability of questionares. This is when the questionare is split in half and if participants score similarly on both halves, the questionare has internal reliability.

Question 94

What is validity

Answer 94

Validity means that a study is measuring what it intends to measure when referring to the aim of the study

Question 95

Types of validity

Answer 95

External validity - the extent to which findings can be generalised to other settings
Participant validity - the results from the participants can be generalised to the target population
Temporal validity - the results of the study can be geneslsied ti people in today’s contemporary society
Internal validity - this is when the results of a study are a direct result of the manipulation of the independent variable upon the dependant variable.

Question 96

What are the three types of extraneous variables

Answer 96

1) participant variables - these are the characteristics of the participants that may affect the DV eg age, gender etc. choosing an appropriate experimental design eg matched pairs design may ekeiminage this issue.

2) situational variables - factors in the environment where the experiment is conducted that could affect the DV eg temperature time of day etc. you can resolve this using standardisation.

3) experimenter variables- factors to do with the experimenter which can affect the dependant varibake for example personality, appearance etc. Standardised instructions should ensure the experimenter acts in a similar way with all participants.

Question 97

What are investigator effects

Answer 97

Investigators may inadvertently influence the results of their research. If the investigator knows the hypothesis, they may be biased in their interpretation of the results. Observer bias and interviewer effects are a type of investigator effect.

These can be overcome using the double blind technique. This is when neither the participants nor the investigator know the aim of the study.

Question 98

What are demand characteristics

Answer 98

This is when the participants guess the aim of the study so they act in a way to please the experimenter. This is known as social desirability bias.

This can be overcome by the single blind technique. This involves making sure participants do not know the aim of the study so that hopefully this will not influence their behaviour unduly.

Question 99

Who published a code of ethics that must be followed when research is conducted

Answer 99

The British psychological society

Question 100

What is fully informed consent

Answer 100

Participants should agree to taking part in the research and should know the nature and purpose of the research. If under 16, an adult consent must be gained.

Question 101

What is deception

Answer 101

Deception should be avoided. This is when information is deliberately withheld or participants are misled without strong scientific / medical justification

Question 102

What is debriefing

Answer 102

At the end of the study, the researcher should provide detailed information about the research and answer any questions the participants may have.

Question 103

What is right to withdraw

Answer 103

Paryicpjats have the right to leave the study at any time and this must be made clear before the experiment starts

Question 104

What is confidentiality

Answer 104

Any information disclosed during the research process is confidential . Participants should remain anonymous.

Question 105

What is protection of participants from psychological harm

Answer 105

Participants must be protected from things such as distress, ridicule, loss of self esteem. This risk of harm in the research should be no greater than r regular life.

Question 106

What is an ethics committee

Answer 106

University and research departments consist of people that make up an ethics committee. Their task is to approve research proposals in terms of examining whether there are any ethical issues and whether they have been properly resolved.

Question 107

What is presumptive consent

Answer 107

This is where consent is gained from people of a similar background to participants in a study. If they agree to take part in the study then it is assumed that the actual participants would want to take part

Question 108

What is prior general consent

Answer 108

This involves participants agreeing to be deceived without knowing how and when this will occur. You ask for consent beforehand.

Question 109

What is retrospective consent

Answer 109

This involves asking for consent after they have participated in the study. If they do not consent then their data is destroyed.

Question 110

What is a cost-benefit anaylsis

Answer 110

This is when the potential harm of doing research is weighed against the potential gains.

Question 111

What is peer review?

Answer 111

A psychologist completes a piece of research and sends their work to another psychologist working in a similar field so that the work can be independently scrutinised.
The work is considered for publishing, if it is good it can be published.
The peer reviewers report on the quality of the research and their views are considered by the Research panel. Usually a double blind peer review process occurs.

Question 112

Where can Research be published

Answer 112

Academic/psychological journal
Open access

Question 113

What are Academic journals

Answer 113

They Are expensive to buy which means the general public and less well off universities may not have access to these journals or the published research.

Question 114

What is open access

Answer 114

This is where new research can be viewed online by the scientific community and the general public so that anyone can access the research and judge it.
The work deemed to be of good quality can be trusted and will be accepted and published.
Several online Journal pls ask readers to rate articles.

Question 115

What are the main functions of peer review

Answer 115

1) allocation of research funding
2) increases probability of weakness/errors beings identified before being published
3) poor research gives a poor image of the university

Question 116

What is nominal (discrete) data

Answer 116

This is data in seperate categories such as grouping people according to their eye colour.

Question 117

What is ordinal (continuous) data

Answer 117

Data is ordered in some way, for example who scored the highest to lowest in an IQ test

Question 118

What is interval(continuous) data

Answer 118

Data is measured using units of equal intervals such as miles or centimetres. Many psychological studies use their own interval scales (eg How stressed are you from a scale of 1-10).

Question 119

What is quantitative data

Answer 119

Data that represents how much or how many of something. It is measured using numbers of quantities. For example closed questions in surveys.

Question 120

Advantages of quantitative data

Answer 120

1) easier to analyse than qualitative data so comparisons between groups can easily be drawn
2) data is more objective and less open to bias than qualitative data.

Question 121

Disadvantages of quantitative data

Answer 121

1) it lacks validity and means we may not be measuring key variables identified in the aim.
2) lacks meaning and just consists of numbers or yes and no answers. Could be subjective.

Question 122

What is qualitative data

Answer 122

This is data in the form of information which is lengthy and has lots of detail. Examples include open questions in questionares.

Question 123

Advantages of qualitative data

Answer 123

1) can gain lots of detailed data which will help appreciate the complexity of human behaviour.
2) data is high in vailidity and usually measures concepts stated in the aim.

Question 124

Disadvantages of qualitative data

Answer 124

1) data is usually unreliable so if the study was repeated, it is unlikely the results would be the same.
2) you may be quite subjective when you analyse the detail and it may be difficult to generalise and make conclusions

Question 125

What is primary data

Answer 125

This is information observed or collected directly from first hand experience .

Question 126

What is secondary data

Answer 126

This is data that has already been collected but used for another purpose.

Question 127

What is a meta-analysis

Answer 127

This refers to the process of combining results from a number of studies on a particular topic to provide an overall view.

Question 128

What are measures of central tendency

Answer 128

1) mean
2)median
3) mode

Question 129

What are measures of dispersion

Answer 129

1) range
2) standard deviation

Question 130

Reasons for conducting the sign test

Answer 130

1) the data is nominal/ in categories
2) it is a repeated measures design
3) the psychologist aims to look at the difference in outcomes of the two conditions