Social Development in Early Childhood II. (Chapter 8)

Question 1

Emotion Regulation

Answer 1

-Ability to control emotional arousal and direct emotional expression in a socially acceptable way, to maintain organized behavior in the presence of strong emotions

Question 2

Emotion Regulation in Early Childhood

Answer 2

-Improves noticeably in early childhood
-Examples: tolerating frustration, delay of gratification
-contributes to children’s social competence

Question 3

Inadequate Emotion Regulation

Answer 3

-Externalizing Problems: experience emotion outside the self (lashing out, impulsive anger)
-Internalizing Problem: inhibiting the expression of emotions (being fearful or withdrawn)

Question 4

Influences on Emotion Regulation Development

Answer 4

-Brain development: prefrontal cortex development
-early stress and maltreatment: impair normal brain development
-sensitive and nurturing parenting: buffers against the negative effect of early stress; fosters adequate emotion regulation in a child
-child’s own temperament: difficult temperament

Question 5

Prosocial Behaviors

Answer 5

Any voluntary behavior intended to help others

Question 6

Aggressive Behaviors

Answer 6

Any voluntary behavior intended to hurt others

Question 7

Types of Aggression

Answer 7

-Instrumental aggression: forceful behavior aimed at getting or keeping an object (most common in early childhood)
-physical aggression
-verbal aggression

Question 8

Direct Relational Aggression

Answer 8

Use of relationship as a mean to hurt others or achieve a goal
-“if you don’t give me the toy, I won’t be your friend anymore”

Question 9

Indirect Social Aggression

Answer 9

Use of social community to hurt others
-spreading rumor, social alienation, social exclusion

Question 10

Social Learning Theory (Learning Aspect)

Answer 10

1. Behavior is learned by observing and imitating models- OBSERVABLE LEARNING
   -children choose models to imitate
2. Behaviors are shared by feedback- REINFORCEMENT
   -children choose model to imitate

Question 11

Social Learning Theory (Cognitive Aspect)

Answer 11

Sense of one’s own capacity to master challenges and achieve goals- SELF EFFICACY

Question 12

Influences on Children’s Aggressive Behaviors

Answer 12

-media
-peer interactions
-parents and parenting
-older sibling

Question 13

Discipline Techniques (Focus on the Positive)

Answer 13

Encouraging desirable behaviors
-reward
-inductive reasoning

Question 14

Discipline Techniques (Focus on the Negative)

Answer 14

Discouraging undesirable behaviors
-pushment
-power assertion (physical or verbal control)
-withdrawal of love (psychological control)

Question 15

Aspects of Physical Punishment Related to Problematic Outcome

Answer 15

-anger of parents
-lack of explanation about the punishment
-emotional consequences: rejection by parent
-inconsistency in carrying out punishment
-using punishment unselectively (frequently use)

Question 16

Influences on Parenting

Answer 16

-Parent depression: less sensitive parenting
-Marital Conflicts: ineffective parenting
-Stressful life events
-Social Support
-Cultural influences

Question 17

Baumrinds’s Model (Parenting Styles)

Answer 17

Dimensions
-Expressions of warmth: level of affection and emotional support shown by parent
-Discipline and control: approach to setting rules and limits for children
-Expectation for maturity: degree of responsibility and independence expected from children
-Quality of communication: effectiveness of parent-child interactions and dialogues

Question 17

Authoritarian

Answer 17

-LOW warmth expression
-STRICT discipline/control
-HIGH maturity expectation
-P>C communication

Question 18

Permissive

Answer 18

-HIGH warmth expression
-RARE discipline/ control
-LOW maturity expectation
-P<-C

Question 19

Authoritative

Answer 19

-HIGH warmth expression
-MODERATE, INDUCTIVE discipline/control
-MODERATE maturity expectation
-P<->C

Question 20

Uninvolved

Answer 20

-LOW warmth expression.
-RARE discipline/control
-LOW maturity expectation
-LITTLE communication

Question 21

Permissive Style/ Child’s Behavior

Answer 21

-Immature
-Lack of self-control

Question 21

Authoritarian Style/ Child’s Behavior

Answer 21

-Conscientious
-Obedient
-Quiet
-Discontent
-Withdrawn
-May rebel in adolescence

Question 22

Authoritative Style/ Child’s Behavior

Answer 22

-Self-controlled
-Content
-Self-reliant

Question 23

Uninvolved Style/ Child’s Behavior

Answer 23

Behavioral disorders