Social Development in Early Childhood I. (Chapter 8)

Question 1

Gender-typing

Answer 1

-Socialization process whereby children learn appropriate gender roles

Question 2

Developmental Patterns

Answer 2

-Age 2: gender awareness and gender identify; gender-related preference in toys
-Age 3: gender stability which leads to gender segregation
-Age 4: gender constancy, awareness of gender roles, gender-typed behavior

Question 3

Gender Stability

Answer 3

-A girl realizes that she will grow up to be a woman and a boy to be a man

Question 4

Gender Constancy

Answer 4

-Awareness that one will always be male or female

Question 5

Gender Differences

Answer 5

-Temperament: inhibitory control may differ between genders
-Verbal Fluency: females tend to excel in verbal fluency
-Spatial Ability: males tend to outperform females in tasks involving spatial ability, like 3-D rotations
-Externalizing Behavior Problems: m>f,
-Internalized Problems: during puberty and later f>m; age 2: no gender differences; age 3-6: increased gender differences
-Preference: toys; playmates
-Gender Typed Behaviors: rigid gender-typed behaviors and preference: m>f

Question 6

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Basic Perspectives

Answer 6

-Humans have inborn biological drives that need redirections
-Personality develops in stages
-Focus on psychosexual development

Question 7

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Answer 7

-Oral (birth-18 moths)
-Anal (18 months- 3 years)
-Phallic (3-6 years): a child becomes attached to parent of other sex and later identifies with same-sex parent
-Latency (6 years-puberty)
-Genital (puberty through adulthood): reemergence of sexual impulses of Phallic stage, channeled into mature adult sexuality

Question 8

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Phallic Stage

Answer 8

Children become attach to the opposite-sex parent
-experience jealous
- incestuous and murderous impulses buried in the unconscious
-cope with guilt and fear by IDENTIFICATION with same-sex parent

Question 9

Problems with Freud’s Theory

Answer 9

-Limited empirical research support
-Multiple interpretations for the same observations

Question 10

Cognitive Approach

Answer 10

-Children understand their gender and use it to shape their behaviors
-Gender Schema

Question 11

Gender Schema

Answer 11

mental network of information about what it means to be male and female in their culture

Question 12

Socialization Approach

Answer 12

children learn gender roles through socialization

Question 13

Socialization Approach Mechanism

Answer 13

-Learn by observing models (e.g., parents, siblings, peers, media)
-Learn through reinforcement (e.g., feedback, teaching, rewards, disapproval)

Question 14

Socialization Approach (Family and Peer Influence)

Answer 14

-Father’s role
boys tend to be more gender-socialized than girls (boys receive more disapproval for opposite-gender roles)
-Sibling influence, especially older siblings impacting younger ones
-Gender segregation: socialization within each gender

Question 15

Socialization Approach (Culture Influences)

Answer 15

-Every society has powerful gender roles and every culture teaches these to the young
-Gender stereotypes (e.g., “boy’s don’t cry”
-tv, books, toys, costumes and customs

Question 16

Biological Approach (Brain Differences)

Answer 16

Corpus Callosum
-structure for left-right brain coordination
-females>males

Question 17

Biological Approach (Hormone Influence)

Answer 17

-Prenatal Sex Hormones: hormones before birth affecting gender development
-Example: male sex hormones on female fetus
-Impact on brain development

Question 18

Biological Approach (Research on Gender Socialization)

Answer 18

Gender Identify and Biological Sex
-sometimes, they match
-but not always in individuals with differing socialization

Question 19

Evolutionary Theory (Natural Selection)

Answer 19

-Process where advantageous traits are passed on through generations

Question 20

Evolutionary Theory (Sexual Selection)

Answer 20

Different roles in reproduction
-females invest more in caring for the offspring
-females can have limited numbers of offsprings
Different selective pressure
-females: choosing mating partners, selected on reproductive potential
-males: compete for females: selected on access to resource

Question 21

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 21

-Sexual selection shapes gender differences
-Impacts biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioral aspects
-Defines roles in family, peer, groups, etc
-Influenced by society’s expectations about males and females

Question 22

Different Perspectives on Gender Development

Answer 22

-Biology influences gender differences
-Experience and socialization also shape gender
-Gender isn’t solely determined by biology

Question 23

Children’s Play Categories

Answer 23

-Unoccupied: no focused play
-Onlooker: watching others play
-Solitary Independent Play
-Parallel Play
-Associative Play: similar play, no common goal
_cooperative or organized supplementary play: play together with a shared gaol and assigned roles

Question 24

Pretend Play

Answer 24

-Emerges by the end of the 2nd year, increases in early childhood, then decreases during elementary school years

Question 25

Self Concept in Early Childhood

Answer 25

-age 4: focus on concrete behaviors, external traits, and relationships
-by age 7: begin to include general traits like being smart or good at sports
-age 3-6: high self-concept and self-esteem; tend to overrate their abilities

Question 26

Self Concept

Answer 26

-Understanding of oneself, describing abilities and traits