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2720 - Social Psychology > Social Cognition & Social Attribution (3) > Flashcards

Social Cognition & Social Attribution (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

________ - a judgement about what caused someone to behave in a certain way

A

attribution

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2
Q

example: why did earl give his wife flowers

Possibility 1 - _______ attribution
Because he a romantic dude

Possibility 2 - ________ attribution
Because they had just had a fight (the situation called for it)

A

Possibility 1 - internal/dispositional
attribution

Possibility 2 - external/situational attribution

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3
Q

The ________ model states that we make causal judgements by determining weather behav correlates with a person, situation or a combination of them

A

covariation

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4
Q

the covariation model explains how we use social perception to attribute behavior to _______ or _______ factors

A

to internal or external factors

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5
Q

the covariation model:

1 - _______ information - do other people react the same way in this situation

2 - ___________ information - does this person act the same way in other situations

A

1 - consensus information - do other people react the same way in this situation

2 - distinctiveness information - does this person act the same why in other situations

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6
Q

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

give an example of high and low consensus information

A

high consensus: manager might be underpressure

low consensus: manager might just be a hot head

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7
Q

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

give an example of high and low distinctiveness information

A

low distinctiveness: Manager yells at employees every day

high distinctiveness: Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day

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8
Q

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

with high consensus, ________ attribution can be made
(maybe manager is under pressure)

with low consensus, ________ attribution can be made
(manager might just be a hot head)

A

with high consensus, situational attribution can be made

with low consensus, dispositional attribution can be made

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9
Q

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

with low distinctiveness, __________ attribution can be made
(Manager yells at employees every day)

with high distinctiveness, _________ attribution can be made
(Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day)

A

with low distinctiveness, dispositional attribution can be made
(Manager yells at employees every day)

with high distinctiveness, situational attribution can be made
(Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day)

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10
Q

Example: In a comedy show, if most of the audience laughs at a joke, ________ information is high

A

consensus

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11
Q

Example: If a person only gets nervous during public speaking but not in other situations, __________ information is high

A

distinctiveness

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12
Q

covariation model:

if there is high distinctiveness or high consensus a _______ atrribution can be made

if there is low distinctiveness or low consensus a _______ atrribution can be made

A

situational

dispositonal

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13
Q

the covariation model is relevant for inferring behaviour of ______ ______

ie. people we interact with often and can apply this information to

A

familliar targets

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14
Q

The ______ ______ model is applied when we only have one instance of behaviour (stranger)

A

The causal schema model is applied when we only have one instance of behaviour (stranger)

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15
Q

In the causal schema model, people infer whether ______ inluences are sufficient to explain ________

A

People infer whether situational influences are sufficient to explain the behaviour

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16
Q

the causal schema model:

________ principle - inferring whether situational influences are sufficient to explain behaviour, and disregarding an internal cause

A

Discounting principle - inferring whether situational influences are sufficient to explain behaviour, and disregarding an internal cause

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17
Q

causal schema model:

Eg. kendrick makes a large charitable donation

how would the discounting princeple be applied

A

infer a situational cause (good PR, tax break)

discount likelihood of internal cause (that hes philanthropic, caring person)

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18
Q

The causal schema model:

_________ principle - If a situational cause exists that should have inhibited the behaviour, we enhance the importance of an internal cause

A

augmentation princeple

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19
Q

The causal schema model:

kristina bakes cookies for her boss, but you assume its just cause she wanted a raise

what does this exemplify

A

Discounting principle

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20
Q

The causal schema model:

Eg, homeless person makes donation to charity

We infer they must be exceptionally generous person because his situation doesn’t call for this action

what princeple have we applied

A

augmentation

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21
Q

what is the problem with the causal schema model

A

fundamental attribution error

We tend to overestimate dispositional (internal) causes of a person’s behaviour, or fail to adequately take into account situational (external) constraints on his/hers behaviour

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22
Q

give an example of the fundemental attribution error

A

Eg. assuming that the actor who plays sheldon is smart asf anf a nerd, even though we KNOW they are following a script

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23
Q

Experiment: mock quiz show (FAE)

P’s randomly assigned to generate 10 questions (host), answer 10 questions (contestants), or watch the quiz show (audience)

results?

A

The contestants did badly

People rated the intelligence of the host as superior to the contestants

hosts rated themselves more equally to contestants

Contestant and audience failed to see that the role of host just made them seem smarter

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24
Q

the ____-_____ model of attribution asserts that internal attributions are made more commonly than external attributions

A

two-step model

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25
Q

why does the two-step model of attribution say that we make internal attribution effortlessly

A

People make internal attribution effortlessly - requires more mental effort to take external causes into account

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26
Q

what is the actor-observer bias

A

the tendency to make external attributions to our own behaviours while making internal attributions for the identical behaviour of others

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27
Q

______ attribution - The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune (associated with karma)

A

Defensive attribution - The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune (associated with karma)

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28
Q

according to devensive attribution, why to we tend to blame victims for their misfortune

A

We want to believe that the world is just and we will be given good things for our efforts and not be vulnerable to bad things despite our good actions

Eg. homeless individual responsible for ending up this way

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29
Q

experiment : attribution in news papers

American news papers placed more emphasis on _______ factors (bad temper, mentally unstable)

Chinese papers placed more emphasis on _______ factors (fired recently, bad relationships)

A

American news papers placed more emphasis on internal factors

Chinese paper placed more emphasis on external factors

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30
Q

experiment : attribution in news papers

Individualistic cultures view behaviour in __________ terms

Collectivist cultures view behaviour in ________ terms

A

Individualistic cultures view behaviour in dispositional terms

Collectivist cultures view behaviour in situational terms

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31
Q

when making attributions for behaviour when are we more likely to use the covariation model? how about the causal schema?

A

we know people we use covariation model to make attribution for behaviour

Strangers or when we have one instance of behaviour, we use causal schema

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32
Q

______ ______ - the process by which information about people/social events is processed and stored

A

social cognition

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33
Q

_________- mental structures that organise knowledge about the social world (people, social roles, events)

A

schemas

34
Q

schemas are prone to ________

A

erros

35
Q

Shemas aids in:

___________ of objects and events (which aids in →)

________ of objects and events (and reacting efficiently)

A

Categorization of objects and events (which aids in →)

Predictability of objects and events (and react efficiently)

36
Q

Shemas guide our social _______

A

behaviour

37
Q

Although it seems like we immediately understand social situations, we really rely on _________ to make sense of them

A

schemas

38
Q

Eg. someone raised in a contained environment going to a sit-down restaurant

how might they behave? what are they lacking?

A

Might smell something good, walk into the kitchen and grab whatever they want

Lacks the schemas related to sit-down restaurant operation

39
Q

_________ - the ease which a schema becomes activated

A

accessibility

40
Q

how is accessibility increased

A

priming

41
Q

explain priming

A

Process of what event activated what schema

produces greater accessibility increasing likelihood that schema will be activated again in the future

42
Q

You see a picture of a fat juicy burger
Later, when deciding what for dinner you’re more likely to go get a burger
The picture _______ you

A

primed

43
Q

how does the punch buggy game involve schemas and priming

A

You learn of the punch buggy game
Primes you to notice them everywhere and give hoes bruises

learning about it (priming) activates schemas that make you notice them everywhere

44
Q

________ bias - Noticing and interpreting information consistent with a schema you hold

A

confirmation

Ie. “we see what we wanna see” and we don’t look for evidence that will contradict our held schema

45
Q

explain consiracies in terms of the confirmation bias

A

We see govvy officials denying something and just say “yeah you’re just saying that so cover it up”

46
Q

Belief: when the moon is full, crimes and admissions to psychiatric institutions increase

explain in terms of confirmation bias

A

Been linked to dogs biting people increase calls to 911, teens going cray cray
Relates to legends about werewolves bruv
No such evidence exists

47
Q

________ _______ - believing that two variables are related to one another when in fact they are not

A

illusory correlation

48
Q

illusionary correlations are often caused by our ________

_______ ________ promotes illusory correlation as we do not see the contradictory information only the supporting information

A

expecations

confirmation bias

49
Q

Eg. believing the full moon related to odd behaviour

explain in terms of the illusonary correlation

A

Might not take into account the nights when the moon is full and less crimes are committed, or the night when moon is not full and a ton of crimes are committed

50
Q

Experiment : Elementary students IQ test (bloomers)

explain

A

Gave students IQ test
Told teachers some of their student were “bloomers”, students were acc randomly selected
At end of year, the student given another IQ test and those who were told to be bloomers had a higher IQ test
Teachers challenged and nurtured the students that were told would do better, which in fact made them better

51
Q

Experiment : Elementary students IQ test (bloomers)

suggests that confirmation bias of teachers can lead to ______-______ _______

A

self-fufilling prophecies

52
Q

what are the Two Methods of Information Processing

A

Automatic processing (System 1 Processing)
Controlled processing (System 2 Processing)

53
Q

describe automatic vs controlled processing

A

auatomatic
- efficient, doesnt require many cognitive resources
- unintentional, often unware of them

controlled
- require more cognitive resources, so might not occur if we are distracted or thinking of something else
- intentional use of judgements we are aware of

54
Q

Examples:
Seeing stranger and instantly processing their gender, appearance, race, etc

this is _______ processing

A

automatic

55
Q

Examples
Maths problems like 14 x 21 in head
Parking in a narrow space
Comparing three smartphones for overall value

these are examples of ________ processing

A

automatic

56
Q

___________ __________ - the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred, but did not

A

counterfactual thinking

57
Q

identify and describe the two types on counterfactual thinking

A

Upward Counterfactual Thinking - Reflect on how things could have turned out differently/better, especially when one falls short of desired goal

Downward Counterfactual Thinking - reflecting on how things could have turned out worse

58
Q

pros and con of upward counterfactual thinking

A

Can be good cause they provide ideas as to how we can avoid negative outcomes in the future

Not helpful when improvement is not possible and we dwell on how outcome could have been diff

59
Q

pros and con of downward counterfactual thinking

A

Usually evoke positive emotions

not rlly any cons (hah! gotcha)

60
Q

give an example of upward counterfactual thinking

A

Eg. thinking of how friends death could have been prevented
Eg. examining an alternate universe
Eg. if only i had studied harder, i would have passed the test

61
Q

give an example of downward counterfactual thinking

A

Eg. flight got cancelled, but at least I was able to catch the bus home
Eg. I didnt focus well in class, at least i didnt sleep through it

62
Q

Experiment: Olympic medal winners

  • judges saw olympic medalists on podiums, only their faces, not which medal they had won
  • rated their emotional expression

results? what do they suggest about counterfactual thinking

A

Results - gold happy asf obvi, bronze medal winners happier than silver medal winners

  • Second place had more upward counterfactual thinking
  • bronze had more downwards counterfactual thinking
63
Q

system _____ can override system _____

system _____ generates immediate impressions, intuitions, feelings

system ______ decides whether or not to endorse suggestions of system _____ (deliberates)

A

2 can override 1

system 1 generates immediate impressions, intuitions, feelings

system 2 decides whether or not to endorse suggestions of system 1 (deliberates)

64
Q

David’s father has three sons: snap, crackle and?

how might system 1 and 2 engage with this riddle

A

System 1 - would assume pop

System 2 - would deliberate and realise the third son has to be David

65
Q

People act as _____ ______ - conserve mental resources by following simple rules when making judgements

A

cognitive misers

66
Q

when acting as cognitive misers _______ is often used to make mental shortcuts and speed up informaiton processing

A

heuristics

67
Q

Eg. which is more likely to cause death in North America - choking on food or being attacked by a bear?

Our system 1 would guess death by bear because it is reported on the news more

Answer is actually choking on food by a long shot

this is an example of using an ______ heuristic, explain

A

example of using an availibility heuristics

Events that are more available in memory (like fatal bear attacks) are judged as being more likely to occur

68
Q

define availitibity heuristic

A

the tendency to base a judgement on how quickly or easily examples come to mind

69
Q

___________ heuristic - The tendency to assume that someone/something belongs to a certain group if they resembles a prototypical member

A

representativeness

70
Q

when using representativeness heuristics we often fail to take rules of _______ into account

A

probability

71
Q

Eg. which sequence of coin tosses more likely

A - HHHHH
B - HTTHHT

how might the representative heuristic assume A as the correct answer

A

They have the exact same probability (1/64) but at first glance the second sequence seems more likely because it seems more representative of a random sequence

72
Q

________ Heuristic - tendency for our moods, emotional states, and desires to bias perceptions and judgements

A

affect

73
Q

Experiment: Movie’s effects on mood

  • Asked people leaving either a happy or sad movie to evaluate current romantic relationship

how might the affect heuristic explain the results? are they for sure correct?

A

Sad movie - less favourable evaluations

Careful on causality - people already upset about relationship could have gone to see sad movie to relate

74
Q

___________ _____ - the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

A

overconfidence bias

75
Q

How does overconfidence bias show up when taking a quiz?

A

might make you believe you’ll get a perfect score, but then you make more mistakes than you anticipated.

76
Q

_______ _______- the tendency for people to underestimate how long it will take to complete task

A

planning fallacy

77
Q

Experiment: Asked psych student to predict when they would have tasks completed

-predicted, best case scenerio, realistic scenario and worst case scenario for completing project and other things

results? what do they reflect?

A

Actual time results - thesis completed on avg 6 days later than worst case scenario

reflects planning fallacy - underestimating time to complete a task

78
Q

give an example of planning fallacy

A

thinking i had enough time to do the readings for this midterm lol

79
Q

how can we overcome the overconfidence and planning fallacy

A

1 - break task into subcomponents & estimate time requires for each

2 - think of one good reason why judgement might be wrong

80
Q
A

2720 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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