Chapter 6 (4) Flashcards
when specific attitudes are ______, people are more likely to behave in ways consistent with that attitude
primed
to measure attitudes we can measure it’s ________ - how readily it comes to mind
we do this by measuring their _______ ______ - the time it takes a person to respond to an attitude question
accessibility
response latency
we can also measure attitudes by determining the ________ of the attitude to the per’sons belief system
to do this we measure a variaty of attitude within a domain and caluculate how strongly each one is _______
centrality
linked
_______ _______ measures do no rely on explicit self reports
they are used when someone might be ______ or ______ to report their true opinions or feelings
often used by _______
inplicit attitude measures
unwilling or unable
investigators
effective priming and implicit association tests let researchers tap into ____________ attitudes
implicit/nonconcious
__________ indicators such as heart rate and brain activity can also be used to measure attitudes
physiological
______ was responsible for much of the reasearch done with whether attitudes predict ________
LaPiere
behaviour
true or false
attitudes always predicts behaviour
false
eg. many eastablishments say they wont serve certain races when serveyed (attitude)
when actually faced with wether or not to serve these racial groups, they do (behaviour0
while watching the office, you refrain from commenting on micheal’s hilarious behaviour because you’re afraid of being annoying
what does this suggest about attitudes and behaviour
norms can sometimes stop attitudes from predicting behaviour
experiment: attitudes in romantic relationships
P’s asked to overall evaluate their partners
Some listed reasons why they liked their partner on top of evaluating them
results - a year later, they were surveyed again and those who made general predictions had been more accurate
what could explain tese results?
coming up with (the wrong) reasons for an attitude you have can mislead you about that your attitude actually is
__________ on our attitudes can undermine how well our attitudes guide behaviour
because ______ can lead us to focus on the easiest-to-identify reasons for liking or disliking something
introspection
does intor spection always undermine how well attitudes guide behaviour
NOPE
only when our attitudes are afective - because the true source of our affective attitudes is hard to pin down
introspection on cognitive or behavourial attitudes doesnt have the same effect
highly _____ attitudes do a better job of predicitng _______ behaviours
_______ attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in _______”
highly specific attitudes do a better job of predicitng specific behaviours
general attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in general”
general attitudes often do not reflect hour specific behaviours
eg. if someone is homophobic, they not hold negative attitudes towards all gay people
why?
your general attitude a specific category will not predict your attitude of a specific person unless they fit the prototype
eg. prejudice about gay people wont apply individually unless the person fits the steriotype you hold
attitudes can sometimes influence behaviour but not as strongly as people suspect
however, ________ can strongly infleunce ________
this is made clear in ______ _____ theory
behaviour can strongly influence attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory
_______ coined cognitive dissonance theory
festigner
aversive emtotional state = _______
dissonance
acc to cog diss theory
how does behaviour influence attitudes
dissonance between our attitudes and our behaviour causes aversive emotions
we adjust our attitudes to make them consisntent with our behaviour bc of this
(CDT)
how does CDT affect confidence when making a decision
we express greater confidence in our decisions AFTER we’ve made them compared to BEFORE we have made thme
after we’ve made the decision, we want to rationalize it
t or f
dissonance can take place before a decision is made
TRUE
we can rationalize our behaviour even before it occurs
eg. if you are leaning towards italian food when picking a restaurant, you might rate that italian place better
you pay a high price for something and it turns out to be dissapointing (dissonance)
you then justify what you’ve done by saying “its really not that expensive”
this is ______ ______
effort justification
you are induced to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with your attitudes/beleifs/values (dissonance)
you then change your origional attitude to be consistent with the behaviour you were forced into
this is _______ _______
induced (forced) compliance)
if you are trying to convince someone to do you a favour, why might it better to use the smallest amount of incentive necessary, rather than a large incentive
if incentive for behaviour is just barely sufficient, they will need to rationalise their behaviour (bc of dissonance) and rationalize doing the favour
if the incentive is large, no dissoance will occur and they will not rationalise the effort they had to put in to do the favour
experiment: forbidden toy paradigm
children asked to rank toys, and their second favourite becomes “forbidden” - they couldnt play with it while he left the room for a min
2 conditions:
1 - mild threat - experimentor would be annoyed if they played with it
2 - severe threat - experimentor would be very angry
what condition was expected to experience dissonance
the mild threat codnition was expected to experience dissoance bs the trheat didnt justify not playing with it
serve threat condition wasnt bc the threat did justify not playing with it
experiment: forbidden toy paradigm
how did the kids opinions on the forbidden toy vary based on their conditions
severe threat - opinion on forbidden toy stayed the same or improves
mild threat - opinion changed, they liked it less bc they had rationalised their dissoance when they couldnt play with it
how can CDT explain why mild punishments are more effective and severe ones in dissuading children from certain behaviours
severe ones will stop them from doing something in the moment, but they will still wanna do it later one
mild ones can bring about dissonance from the behaviour to take away temptation all together
according to eliot aronson, inconsistency will create dissonance if it implicates what?
our core sense of self
ie. our sense of good judgement and personal character
we expperience dissonance when we act in ways that are inconsistent with our beleifs and the behaviour
1- was freely ______
2- wasnt sufficiently _______
3- had ________ consequences
4- consequences were ______
1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable
1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable
why do these things all creat cognitive dissonance
because they all threaten people’s sens of themselves as rational, competent, and moral beings
the action was therefore irrational, incompetent and/or immoral
how does self-affirmation ease the need to reduce dissonance
by allowing individuals to focus on their positive qualities and values and reduces the discomfort associated with conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
we know our own attidues by looking at our behaviour and the context in which it occured and inferring what our attidues must be
we dont “just know” our attitudes
this is _____-______ theory
self-perception theory
self-perception theory is similar to _______ ______
people understand themselves and their attitudes in the same way that they understand others and their attidues
social percpetion
“i guess i was humgier than i thought”
how does this example explain social perception theory
you figured out how you felt about something by examining your behaviour
in social-percetion theory, ppl dont _____ their attitudes, rather they figure out what they ____ me
change
must be
self-perception theory holds that no ______ is involed in attitude formation
arousal (aversive arousal)
which has more evidence behind it
CDT or self-perception theory?
CDT
self-perception processes dissonance reduction processes both occur dispite CDT being more accurate
when do self-perception proccesses occur
SP - when behaviour conflicts with attitutes that are weaker
generally, we use whatever _____ we have ______ to figure out our attitudes
generally, we use whatever cues we have available to figure out our attitudes
experiment: ppl told to move their head either up and down, or side to side while judging things
those who nodded, liked it more
those who went side to side liked it less
what is this exemplifying about how we form our attidues
we use what our body is doing as a cue to evaluate our attitude towards things
in able to comprehend how we think and feel about something we nee to _______ it
simulate
ie. to understand that i feel happy i need to smile
how does botox injection effect people abilities to process sentences containing emotions
since they themselves cannot mimic the emotions, the very concepts of sed, angry, and so on, they are harder to access and comprehend
according to ______ ______ theory
people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system they live in as desirable, fair , and legitimate due to ________ dissonance
system justification theory
ideological dissoance
_______ ______ ______ explains how people cope with the crippling anxiety that they will one day innevitably die
how do ppl most commonly deal with this
terror management theory
accroding to TMT how do ppl deal with the thought of their death
(3 ways)
“the denial of death” - maintaining that it’s only the physical body that will die, striving for symbolic immortality
other than relgion, how else do ppl try to acehive “symbolic immortality”
although they will die, many things they value will live one (eg. legacy, kids,
see themselves as apart of the broader culture, wolrdview and set of values
Ie. country, religion, democracy or even sport team will never die
TMT:
if people believe in life after death, they may worry less about achieving a lasting legacy or being remembered
this reduced the need for _____-______
self-esteem
ie. the belief in life after death provides a sense of continued existence, so the desire for earthly recognition and self-esteem is less pressing
