Chapter 4 (3)

Question 1

The field of _______ ____ is the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgements that help them, interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future

Answer 1

social cogniton

Question 2

the ________ princeple says that if we want to know how a person will react in given situation, we must understand how they interpret it

Answer 2

construal

Question 3

Understanding others depends on _________ _______

sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from ________ _______

Answer 3

Understanding others depends on accurate information

sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from physical appearance

Question 4

what are snap judgements

Answer 4

We judge people quickly, without knowing anything about them

Question 5

Experiment: Showing ppl faces

Showed ppl faces and had them rate how trustworth, competent, likeable, aggressive or attractive they were

restults? what were the indep vars (2) and the dep var

Answer 5

indep vars
1 - given unlimited time to judge faces
2 - judged after seeing face for only a secong

dep var - judgements made

results - they corresponded really well
Shows that judgements are made instantaneously

Question 6

Experiment: Showing ppl faces

Used computer model to generate faces representative combinations of the two dimensions described and graphed em

what did they find?

Answer 6

baby-faced faces seen as trustworthy and non-dominant

faces with small eyes, small forehead, prominent chin, etc, judged as strong, competent and dominant

Question 7

How accurate are snap judgements?

Answer 7

“Only a kernel of truth. But they do provide a kernel”

There is often SOME validity but you cannot put confidence in snap judgements

Question 8

can we trust first hand information

Answer 8

no, can also be deceptive

Question 9

_________ ________ is an example of misleading firsthand information

Eg. at a meeting, nobody likes an idea, but everyone assumes everyone else does, so no one speaks up, and the idea is accepted even though it’s not genuinely supported.

Answer 9

pluralistic ignorance

Question 10

define pluralistic ignorance

Answer 10

when everyone in a group privately disagrees with a situation but believes that everyone else in the group supports it

Question 11

_______-______ _________ is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others

Answer 11

Self-fulfilling prophecy is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others

Question 12

experiment: teachers and self-fufilling prophecy

(“blooming students”)

explain

Answer 12

reasearchers told teacher’s that students in their class would “bloom” in the next year acc to an IQ test

they were actually randomly selected

the expectation that the students would do better made them actually do better bc student/teacher interractions changed

Question 13

misleading secondhand information:

ppl who transmit info often have an ________ _______ - a desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviours

Answer 13

ideological agenda

Question 14

People _______ certain details and ______ others according to their ideological agenda

Answer 14

People accentuate certain details and hide others according to their ideological agenda

Question 15

misleading second hand informaiton is most commonly distorted for the purpose of _________

Answer 15

entertainment

Question 16

____-____ ______ can lead people to believe they are more at risk of victimisation than they actually are

Answer 16

bad-news bias

Question 17

giave an example of bad-new bias

Answer 17

kristina lol

if you watch a lot of murder shows you’ll think you’re more at risk of being murdered

Question 18

_____ and even ______ information is presented can effect ppls judgements

Answer 18

how and even when

Question 19

what are the two types of order effects? explain them

Answer 19

primacy effect - information presented first exerts the most influence

recency effect - information presented last exerts the most influence

Question 20

the _______ effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)

for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the _____ words are positive, you will more likely to like them

Answer 20

the primacy effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)

for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the first words are positive, you will more likely to like them

Question 21

order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of _______ effect

Answer 21

order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of framing effect

Question 22

define the framing effect

Answer 22

the influence on judgement resulting from the way information is presented, such as order or wording

Question 23

why are order effects considered a type of “pure” framing effect

Answer 23

the frame of reference is changed by reordering the info, even though the content stays the same

Question 24

_______ framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience

Answer 24

spin framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience

Question 25

spin framing involves changing the _______, not just the order, of what is presented

Answer 25

spin framing involves changing the content, not just the order, of what is presented

Question 26

give an example of spin framing

Answer 26

the decision to change the name "war department" to "defense department" is an example of describing ppl as "illegal alins" instead of "undocumented workers" to created unfavourable impressions

Question 27

everything has a good or a bad side, so anything can be _____ ______ as good or bad to influence ppls judgments

Answer 27

spin framed

Question 28

in framing, why does information framed negatively elicit a stronger response

Answer 28

because negative attention attracts more attention and has a greater psychological impact

Question 29

according to __________ ______ theory, the temporal framing of an event (whther its soon or in the future) influences how we think of it

Answer 29

according to construal level theory, the temporal level from which people view event has important and predicatble implications for how they contruse them

Question 30

explain how construal level theory works

Answer 30

when an event is far in the future, we think of it in broad, abstract terms when an event is close at hand, we think aboit t in more concrete terms

Question 31

give an example of construal level theory

Answer 31

next week you'll go to joe kools, but right now you're on your 6th jager bomb next month you'll help kristina move, but later this afternoon you'll be hanging up her curtains you take a heavy course load because you contruse it as furthering your education, but when the time comes it is experienced (construed) as spending time in the library and hard work

Question 32

experiment: ahtletes testing how practicing the day of a match affect performance some told to determine wether practicing the day before a match makes players more likely to win, others trying to find our wether practicing the day before males players more likely to lose both groups looked at information that supported their hypothesis what is this an example of

Answer 32

confirmation bias

Question 33

define confirmation bias

Answer 33

the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it

Question 34

how do we truly test a proposition and avoid confirmation bias

Answer 34

some evidence will exist tosupport even the most outlandish propositions, so we must seek out evidence against it as well as the evidence for it

Question 35

there is another type of confirmation bias when we want a given proporition to be true; motivated confirmation bias

Answer 35

actively looking for supporting evidence to our beliefs or preferences and actively rejecting away evidence that contradicts them

Question 36

differentiate between bottom-up and top-down peocessing

Answer 36

bottom-up = conclusions drawn based on the stimuli encountered in their environment "data driven" mental processing top-down = filters and interprets bottom-up stimuli in the light of preexisting knowledge and expection "theory driven" mental processing

Question 37

in top-down processing, the meaning of stimuli is not passively recorded, it is actively ______

Answer 37

construed

Question 38

_______ are mental structures that organise knowledge about the social world (people, social roles, events) “Building blocks of the mind”

Answer 38

schemas

Question 39

shemas are primairily used in ___-____ processing of social cognition

Answer 39

top-down

Question 40

schemas affect our judgements by: directing our ________ structuring our _______ and influencing our _________

Answer 40

directing our attention structuring our memories and inluencing our interpretations/contruals

Question 41

attention is ________ the knowledge we bring to a given situation enables us to dicrect our attention to what's most important and ginore everything else

Answer 41

selective

Question 42

because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our ________, and because of that, they also influence how we _______ information

Answer 42

because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our memory, and because of that, they also influence how we construe information`

Question 43

shcemas influence what 3 things

Answer 43

attention memory contruals

Question 44

in a study, stimulus is flashed on a screen too quickly for the P consciously perceive them the stimulus subliminally influenced their behaviour this is an example of ______, where the stimulus is the _____

Answer 44

this is an example of priming, where the stimulus is the prime

Question 45

______, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing ______ in an individual's mind

Answer 45

Priming, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing schemas in an individual's mind

Question 46

the most common determinant of schema activation is ______ _____ this can be done through _____

Answer 46

recent activation priming

Question 47

sometimes schema activation is a matter of ______ if someone uses the schema frequently is may become chronically acessible

Answer 47

habit

Question 48

schemas are also sometimes applied due to one's _______ of what might happen

Answer 48

expections

Question 49

expections influence information processing by _______ your schema, and then the schema is readily applied at the slighted hint that is applicable

Answer 49

priming

Question 50

what two systems do we have for processing information

Answer 50

intuitive system and rational system

Question 51

2 systems that process information ________ system - rapid, associative processes ________ system - slower, rule-based processes

Answer 51

intuitive system - rapid, associative processes rational system - slower, rule-based processes

Question 52

intuitive system and rational system differentiate between their functions

Answer 52

intuitive responses: automatic rapid performs many of it's operations simoutaneously associative processes rational responses: slower more controlled rule-based reasoning performs operations one at a time

Question 53

imagine you're driving and instinctively hit the brakes to avoid a sudden obstacle on the road. Which system is at play?

Answer 53

Intuitive system

Question 54

evaluating job candidates based on their qualifications and experience. Which system is typically used in this scenario?

Answer 54

Rational system

Question 55

coins flip and the first 5 are heads intutive impluse make you expect the next one to be heads too, then you might change your mind after thinking a little longer, your rational system kicks in and you realize its still 50/50 odds what is this an example of

Answer 55

heuristics

Question 56

_______ are intutive mental operation, perfomred quickly and automatically, that provide efficient, sometimes innacurate, answers to common problems of judgement

Answer 56

heuristics

Question 57

heuristics can be relied on t or f

Answer 57

false they are based on intuitive processes which can be misleading

Question 58

the rely on the _______ heuristic when making judgements based on the ease with which examples or information comes to mind

Answer 58

availibility

Question 59

we use the _________ heuristic when we judge how similar that thing is to our conception of the typical member of the category judge based on stariotypes

Answer 59

representativeness

Question 60

When someone judges whether a person belongs to a certain profession based on their appearance and behaviors, which heuristic are they employing?

Answer 60

Representativeness heuristic

Question 61

When people estimate the likelihood of a particular event based on how easily they can recall similar instances, which heuristic are they using?

Answer 61

Availability heuristic.

Question 62

thinking that kansas has more tornados than nebraska (when they have the same amout) is and example of which kinf of heuristic

Answer 62

availability cause you think of the wizard of Oz

Question 63

married couples were asked to to rate how responsible they were for housework and other daily activities results? what heuristic does this reflect?

Answer 63

BOTH respondents gave themselves more credit the sum of their respective percentages surpassed 100% this is an example of the avalibity heuristic - you think of your hard work before others'

Question 64

the term _______ refers to the ease (or difficulty) associated with information processing

Answer 64

fluency

Question 65

give an example of something easy to process (fluent) and hard (dislfuent)

Answer 65

fluent - being able to see an image clearly disfluent - an irregular word (like imbroglio) is harder to processes

Question 66

fluency effect behaviour for example, if you are processing something that is ______ you might be more careful and lsow in your judgements

Answer 66

disfluent

Question 67

the ________ heuristic is when people make judgements based of the steriotypes associated with the people in their category

Answer 67

representativeness

Question 68

_____-_____ inforation - how many members of the category in question are there relative to the members of all other categories

Answer 68

base-rate information

Question 69

you use the respresentativeness heuristic to assume someone is a respublican _____-_____ information would be how many republicans exist in the local population

Answer 69

base-rate information

Question 70

the representativeness hauristic and the availibility heuristic operate toether to create an _______ _______ which is the belief that two variables are correlated when they in fact are not

Answer 70

illusory correlation