Chapter 4 (3) Flashcards
The field of _______ ____ is the study of how people think about the social world and arrive at judgements that help them, interpret the past, understand the present, and predict the future
social cogniton
the ________ princeple says that if we want to know how a person will react in given situation, we must understand how they interpret it
construal
Understanding others depends on _________ _______
sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from ________ _______
Understanding others depends on accurate information
sometimes we do so with minimal information, inferring personality from physical appearance
what are snap judgements
We judge people quickly, without knowing anything about them
Experiment: Showing ppl faces
Showed ppl faces and had them rate how trustworth, competent, likeable, aggressive or attractive they were
restults? what were the indep vars (2) and the dep var
indep vars
1 - given unlimited time to judge faces
2 - judged after seeing face for only a secong
dep var - judgements made
results - they corresponded really well
Shows that judgements are made instantaneously
Experiment: Showing ppl faces
Used computer model to generate faces representative combinations of the two dimensions described and graphed em
what did they find?
baby-faced faces seen as trustworthy and non-dominant
faces with small eyes, small forehead, prominent chin, etc, judged as strong, competent and dominant
How accurate are snap judgements?
“Only a kernel of truth. But they do provide a kernel”
There is often SOME validity but you cannot put confidence in snap judgements
can we trust first hand information
no, can also be deceptive
_________ ________ is an example of misleading firsthand information
Eg. at a meeting, nobody likes an idea, but everyone assumes everyone else does, so no one speaks up, and the idea is accepted even though it’s not genuinely supported.
pluralistic ignorance
define pluralistic ignorance
when everyone in a group privately disagrees with a situation but believes that everyone else in the group supports it
_______-______ _________ is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others
Self-fulfilling prophecy is when our expectations lead us to behave in ways that elicit the very behaviour we expect from others
experiment: teachers and self-fufilling prophecy
(“blooming students”)
explain
reasearchers told teacher’s that students in their class would “bloom” in the next year acc to an IQ test
they were actually randomly selected
the expectation that the students would do better made them actually do better bc student/teacher interractions changed
misleading secondhand information:
ppl who transmit info often have an ________ _______ - a desire to foster certain beliefs or behaviours
ideological agenda
People _______ certain details and ______ others according to their ideological agenda
People accentuate certain details and hide others according to their ideological agenda
misleading second hand informaiton is most commonly distorted for the purpose of _________
entertainment
____-____ ______ can lead people to believe they are more at risk of victimisation than they actually are
bad-news bias
giave an example of bad-new bias
kristina lol
if you watch a lot of murder shows you’ll think you’re more at risk of being murdered
_____ and even ______ information is presented can effect ppls judgements
how and even when
what are the two types of order effects? explain them
primacy effect - information presented first exerts the most influence
recency effect - information presented last exerts the most influence
the _______ effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)
for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the _____ words are positive, you will more likely to like them
the primacy effect is more likely to occur if the information presented is ambiguous (open to interpretation)
for example, if decribing somone you dont know and the first words are positive, you will more likely to like them
order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of _______ effect
order effects (primacy and recency) are a type of framing effect
define the framing effect
the influence on judgement resulting from the way information is presented, such as order or wording
why are order effects considered a type of “pure” framing effect
the frame of reference is changed by reordering the info, even though the content stays the same
_______ framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience
spin framing is when information is presented in a way that highlights a specific perspective or viewpoint, with the intent to influence the audience
spin framing involves changing the _______, not just the order, of what is presented
spin framing involves changing the content, not just the order, of what is presented
give an example of spin framing
the decision to change the name “war department” to “defense department” is an example of
describing ppl as “illegal alins” instead of “undocumented workers” to created unfavourable impressions
everything has a good or a bad side, so anything can be _____ ______ as good or bad to influence ppls judgments
spin framed
in framing, why does information framed negatively elicit a stronger response
because negative attention attracts more attention and has a greater psychological impact
according to __________ ______ theory, the temporal framing of an event (whther its soon or in the future) influences how we think of it
according to construal level theory, the temporal level from which people view event has important and predicatble implications for how they contruse them
explain how construal level theory works
when an event is far in the future, we think of it in broad, abstract terms
when an event is close at hand, we think aboit t in more concrete terms
give an example of construal level theory
next week you’ll go to joe kools, but right now you’re on your 6th jager bomb
next month you’ll help kristina move, but later this afternoon you’ll be hanging up her curtains
you take a heavy course load because you contruse it as furthering your education, but when the time comes it is experienced (construed) as spending time in the library and hard work
experiment: ahtletes testing how practicing the day of a match affect performance
some told to determine wether practicing the day before a match makes players more likely to win, others trying to find our wether practicing the day before males players more likely to lose
both groups looked at information that supported their hypothesis
what is this an example of
confirmation bias
define confirmation bias
the tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it
how do we truly test a proposition and avoid confirmation bias
some evidence will exist tosupport even the most outlandish propositions,
so we must seek out evidence against it as well as the evidence for it
there is another type of confirmation bias when we want a given proporition to be true;
motivated confirmation bias
actively looking for supporting evidence to our beliefs or preferences and actively rejecting away evidence that contradicts them
differentiate between bottom-up and top-down peocessing
bottom-up = conclusions drawn based on the stimuli encountered in their environment
“data driven” mental processing
top-down = filters and interprets bottom-up stimuli in the light of preexisting knowledge and expection
“theory driven” mental processing
in top-down processing, the meaning of stimuli is not passively recorded, it is actively ______
construed
_______ are mental structures that organise knowledge about the social world (people, social roles, events)
“Building blocks of the mind”
schemas
shemas are primairily used in ___-____ processing of social cognition
top-down
schemas affect our judgements by:
directing our ________
structuring our _______
and influencing our _________
directing our attention
structuring our memories
and inluencing our interpretations/contruals
attention is ________
the knowledge we bring to a given situation enables us to dicrect our attention to what’s most important and ginore everything else
selective
because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our ________, and
because of that, they also influence how we _______ information
because our schemas influence our attention, they also influence our memory, and
because of that, they also influence how we construe information`
shcemas influence what 3 things
attention
memory
contruals
in a study, stimulus is flashed on a screen too quickly for the P consciously perceive them
the stimulus subliminally influenced their behaviour
this is an example of ______, where the stimulus is the _____
this is an example of priming, where the stimulus is the prime
______, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing ______ in an individual’s mind
Priming, through exposure to certain stimuli or information, activates existing schemas in an individual’s mind
the most common determinant of schema activation is ______ _____
this can be done through _____
recent activation
priming
sometimes schema activation is a matter of ______
if someone uses the schema frequently is may become chronically acessible
habit
schemas are also sometimes applied due to one’s _______ of what might happen
expections
expections influence information processing by _______ your schema, and then the schema is readily applied at the slighted hint that is applicable
priming
what two systems do we have for processing information
intuitive system and rational system
2 systems that process information
________ system - rapid, associative processes
________ system - slower, rule-based processes
intuitive system - rapid, associative processes
rational system - slower, rule-based processes
intuitive system and rational system
differentiate between their functions
intuitive responses:
automatic
rapid
performs many of it’s operations simoutaneously
associative processes
rational responses:
slower
more controlled
rule-based reasoning
performs operations one at a time
imagine you’re driving and instinctively hit the brakes to avoid a sudden obstacle on the road. Which system is at play?
Intuitive system
evaluating job candidates based on their qualifications and experience. Which system is typically used in this scenario?
Rational system
coins flip and the first 5 are heads
intutive impluse make you expect the next one to be heads too, then you might change your mind
after thinking a little longer, your rational system kicks in and you realize its still 50/50 odds
what is this an example of
heuristics
_______ are intutive mental operation, perfomred quickly and automatically, that provide efficient, sometimes innacurate, answers to common problems of judgement
heuristics
heuristics can be relied on
t or f
false
they are based on intuitive processes which can be misleading
the rely on the _______ heuristic when making judgements based on the ease with which examples or information comes to mind
availibility
we use the _________ heuristic when we judge how similar that thing is to our conception of the typical member of the category
judge based on stariotypes
representativeness
When someone judges whether a person belongs to a certain profession based on their appearance and behaviors, which heuristic are they employing?
Representativeness heuristic
When people estimate the likelihood of a particular event based on how easily they can recall similar instances, which heuristic are they using?
Availability heuristic.
thinking that kansas has more tornados than nebraska (when they have the same amout) is and example of which kinf of heuristic
availability
cause you think of the wizard of Oz
married couples were asked to to rate how responsible they were for housework and other daily activities
results? what heuristic does this reflect?
BOTH respondents gave themselves more credit
the sum of their respective percentages surpassed 100%
this is an example of the avalibity heuristic - you think of your hard work before others’
the term _______ refers to the ease (or difficulty) associated with information processing
fluency
give an example of something easy to process (fluent) and hard (dislfuent)
fluent - being able to see an image clearly
disfluent - an irregular word (like imbroglio) is harder to processes
fluency effect behaviour
for example, if you are processing something that is ______ you might be more careful and lsow in your judgements
disfluent
the ________ heuristic is when people make judgements based of the steriotypes associated with the people in their category
representativeness
_____-_____ inforation - how many members of the category in question are there relative to the members of all other categories
base-rate information
you use the respresentativeness heuristic to assume someone is a respublican
_____-_____ information would be how many republicans exist in the local population
base-rate information
the representativeness hauristic and the availibility heuristic operate toether to create an _______ _______
which is the belief that two variables are correlated when they in fact are not
illusory correlation
