Chapter 2 (1) Flashcards
Experiment: are northern retailers less empathetic?
sent fake jobe applications to buiness owner
applications were good, but explained that the man was convicted of felony manslaughter
what were the variables? results?
independent - type of felony
1. vehicle theft
2. homicide
dependent - degree of responsiveness ranging from none to a sympathetic letter
south more responsive for homicide
equallly responsive for theft
______ ______ - tendency to believe that you could have predicted some outcome that you’ve learnt about - when you couldnt have
hindsight bias
________-________ - when you can’t conduct a study because its unethical, thinking through how you would test an idea, which can lead you to new ideas
thought experiment
________ - a prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances, especially in a research study
hypothesis
______ - set of related propositions intended to describe some phenomenon
theory
theories are supported by ______ data and more _______ than hypotheses
theories are supported by empirical data and more general than hypotheses
name that method of research!
observing some phenomenon at close range
Eg - living with a group of people and studying how they live
participant obversation
name that method of research!
look at census, police records, sports statistics, etc
archival
name that method of research!
either interviews or written questionnaire that ask people questions
One of the most common
surveys
Survey sampling must be _______
a sample that ncludes too many of the same kinds of people is know as a _______ sample
__________ sampling is usually ______, method of sampling that is not random
Survey sampling must be representative
a sample that ncludes too many of the same kinds of people is know as a biassed sample
_convinience sampling is usually biassed, method of sampling that is not random
name that method of research!
when the decision to participate in a study is left entirely up to individuals
the investigator has no control over a particular participants level, or score, on a given variable
self-selection
name that method of research!
collecting measures at different point in time
Longitudinal study
name that method of research in each example!
Eg - living with a group of people and studying how they live
Participant observation
Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder
southerners more likely commit homicide and to belive violence is an approrite response to an insult
both these findings are ________
correlational
Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder
Had northeners and southeners walk down hall
had confederate insult them
control group was not insulted
indep variables and dep variable?
independent
1. insulted vs control group (manipulated variable)
2. Northener or Sounthener (nonmanipulated, correlational variable)
dependent
1. immediate reaction after insult
2. P’s read study of man hitting on other man’s fiancee - their insult levels if they read the story
3. level of testosterone
4. level of insult
Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder
Results?
Southerner more immediately insulted than northerners
More likely to describe violent to story
Higher testosterone
Played “chicken” swerved less soon
Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder
what explains the results
Are they simply more accepting of violence? naw. found few regional differences
Southerners do favour violence in:
Resp to insults
Resp to threats to home, family, or thinking
Socialising children
South might be a “culture of honour”
Historically many southerners were herding peoples socialised to be violent to protect their livelihood p
Parents would teach their kids not to fear violence and to know how to protect themselves
name that method of research in each example!
Experiment: why are US southerner more likely to commit murder
what type was it?
one independent variable was experimental - whether the participant was insulted or not
one independent variable was correlational - status of northener or southener
name that method of research in each example!
researcher is unaware of what qualities each participant brought in addition to what they are measuring - they could arrive in a horrible mood affecting the results
self selection
name that method of research!
study of a naturally occurring situation as it unfolds in the real world
events occur that the investigator believes to have causal implications for some outcome
Natural experiments
name that method of research!
uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real-world settings
participants do not know they are taking place in an experiment at all
ensures external validity
feild experiment
benefit of correlational research
If a study might be unethical, or difficult to conduct
name that method of research in each example!
You speculate the results you get under diff circumstances
thought experiment
ecperimental research requires:
an _______ variable,
a ________ variable, and
a _________ _______
an independent variable
a depdendent variable, and
a control condition
name that method of research in each example!
measuring people’s happiness before and after getting married
natural experiment
name that method of research in each example!
eg. the researchers who examined how buisness owners reacted to job applications when they had a convicted felony on them
feild experiment
deifferentiate between external and internal validity
External validity - how well results carry outside of the experiment itself (in the real world)
Internal validity - the likelihood that only the manipulated variable produced the results
________ the degree to which a measure gives consistent results on repeated occasions
measured by correlations between 0 and 1
reliability
IQ test validity is measured by correlating IQ tests with grades and job performance
which is an example of _________ ________
Measurement validity
define measurement validity
how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure
correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure i meant to predict
_________ ___________ - a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance alone
Statistical significance - a measure of the probability that a given result could hace occurred by chance alone
statistical significance is determined by what 2 factors
1 - effect size
2 - sample size
_____ _____ - how much one variable affects another
effect size
______ ______ - investigators are encouraged or required to share their methods and data with any interested party making it easier to scrutinise
open sicence
______ ________ _________ - a committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about their ethical appropriateness
Institutional review board (IRB) - a committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about their ethical appropriateness
there must be what 3 kinds of people in an IRB
One scientists, one non scientist and one person who is not affiliated with the institution
t or f
Research can be allowed even if it causes embarrassment, physical pain, etc… as long as the research is deemed sufficiently likely to yield good information and the discomfort isn’t too bad
true
differentiate between informed consent and deception research
Informed consent - participants agree and know everything
Deception research - no informed consent
_______ - filling the participants in after a deception research study, and asking them on how they felt during/about the procedure
debreifing
differentiate between Basic and Applied Science
Basic science - concerned with understanding a phenomenon on its own
Applied science - concerned with solving real world problems of importance
_______ science builds valid theories
basic
two way relationship between basic and applied science:
_______ research can give rise to theories that lead to _________ - efforts to change certain behaviours
_______ research can produce results that feed back into ______ science
Basic research can give rise to theories that lead to interventions - efforts to change certain behaviours
Applied research can produce results that feed back into basic science
