Attitudes, Behaviour & Rationalization (4) Flashcards
_______ refers to an individual’s evaluation of a target
Can have an _______ number of targets, might be a person,an object, and issue, a group, a behaviour
attitude
infinite
Valence of attitudes refers to their ________
direction
what are the 4 valences of attidues (directions)
positive
negative
ambivalent (changing)
neurutral
kristina has a _______ valence towards dasani and a _______ valence towards evian
negative
positive
” I liked alcohol last night, but not the morning after “
this is an _______ valence towards alcohol
ambivalent
Whether or not pluto should be a real planet
i have _______ valence on this
neutural
what two scales can be used to measure attitudes
likert-type sclae
semantic differential scale
what is the likert-type scale
Ask P’s to indicate agreement with statements about an issue
Scale would go from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)
Once P’s fill out, you add up scores
Eg. 5 point scale on doctor assistant suicide
what is the semantic differntial scale
Rate target on several evaluative dimensions
Line ranges from Good-bad, or sum like that, and P’s mark on the the scale where they fall in this range
pros and cons of the semantic differential scale and the liket-type scale to measure attitudes
Easy to construct
People not always willing to honestly report beliefs exp on controversial issues
the two functions of attitudes:
______-______ function - determines whether our attitudes are helpful or harmful
______-______ function - allows us to convey our identities to others
Object-Appraisal function
Value-expressive function
what is the addaptive value of object appaisal function
those with stupid ideas, removed themself from genes pool
Attitudes stem from what 3 places
_________ - emotional reactions towards the attitude object
__________ - thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object
__________ - actions or observable behaviour towards the attitude object
affective
cognitive
behavioural
Attitudes relying principally on emotions/affect, which are often linked to values are known as _______ _______
affective reactions
ones attitude towards politics and religion are usually affective
they are not governed by ______
logic
Affective reactions was two affective sources:
________ _______ - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli
______ _______ effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it
Evaluative conditioning - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli
Mere exposure effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it
Eg. Dad said no to getting a dawg, but once they got it now he’s a softy and loves him
what is the affective sources?
mere exposure effect
Eg. you come to like the song that played when you first got sum
what is the affective source
evaluative conditioning
how might evaluative conditioning be modified?
hint: if your favourite soup is served in bed pan, you will rate it lower
Can be modified by positive or negative associations
Eg. listening to an album and not liking it on first listen, but learning to love it over time
what affective source?
mere exposure effect
Experiment: P’s shown slides of woman going about daily routine
Interspersed subliminal exposure to either positive or negative images
Some saw baby seal for a split second
Other sawbuck of snakes
Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?
evaluative conditioning
P’s showed more positive attitudes towards woman if exposed to the positive stimuli cause they associated her to a positive stimuli
Experiment: 4 female confederates came to class diff number of times throughout semester (0, 5, 10, 15)
When course over, students shown pics of each; rated on several dimensions
Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?
mere exposure effect
Results: the more they attended class, the better attitude towards them - even though most claimed to not recognize them
attitudes can be based on _________ appraisals
eg. attitudes towards a vacuum cleaner (one only considers its function);
cognitive
attitudes can be based on ______ sources
eg. positive attitudes towards exercising because one frequently works out
behavioural
negative attitudes towards insects/snakes
these are _______ based
affective - based on emotional reaction
negative attitudes towards plastics
these are _______ based
cognitively
positive attitudes towards coffee
these are _______ based
coffee
When attitudes/feelings are uncertain we infer them by observing our behaviour and situation in which it occurs
these are _______ soruces of attitudes
behavioural
Role playing
“Fake it till you make it”
If you act a certain way, your attitude will fall in like with how you act
this would ve a ________ sourced attitudes
behaviourally
what is the problem with behavioural sources of attitudes
Attitudes and behaviour do not always correspond
attitudes predict behaviour when:
When the behaviour is ________
Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don’t like balling
controllable
when might an attitude predict non-controllable behaviour
(hint: there are 4 ways)
An external threat - consequences
Lack of alternatives - only option
Lack of time - not enough time to do otherwise
Biological need or addiction - drugs fam
give an example of when a positive attitudes may predict behaviour
Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don’t like balling
If you want to know if someone will buy a new bicycle, it’s better to ask if they like biking (a specific question) instead of asking if they like exercise (a general question)
this reflect the ______ ___ ______
princeple of compatibility
what is the princeple of compatibility in terms of when attitudes predict behaviour
Specific attitude measured will predict specific behaviour better than general behaviour (vice versa)
give an example of the princeple of compatability
specifically, if haynes has a positive attitude towards healthly lifestyles, does this predict his attitude on the gym?
this does not predict the likelihood that he goes to the gym
he went 4 times last year
Attitude towards working out at gym = negative!
When attitudes are _______, it means you have automatic, subconscious feelings about something or someone, often without even realizing it (system 1 thinking
implicit
we measure implicit attitudes based on ______ _____
using an ______ ______ _____ (IAT)
reaction time
implicit association task
describe implicit association task (IAT)
A reaction-time test that measured how strongly people associate concepts
The more quickly they associate the more likely they are to have a positive or negative implicit attitude
pair words together, young faces with good, old faces with bad, (vise versa)
explain how this IAT would work?
the faster you pair young faces with good and the old faces with bad, the more this suggests you have implicit prejudice towards old people
Criticisms of IAT?
Not clear whether it measures prejudice vs knowledge of cultural stereotypes
also scores can vary from time to next
give as much detail as you can remeber on explicit attitudes
Controlled evaluations
Relatively less stable
Can result from affective, cognitive and behavioural courses
Personally endorsed
Predict controlled behaviours
give as much detail as you can remeber on implicit attitudes
Automatic evaluation
More stable
Primarily effective
Not necessarily personally endorsed
Predict spontaneous nonverbal behaviours
We want our cognition (beliefs, attitudes, knowledge of our behaviour) to be ________ with one another
Inconsistency among condition results in ______ ______ known as ________ ______
consistant
aversive arousal
cognitive dissonance
______ _______ motivates attempts to eliminate dissoance
ie. We want consistency between our beliefs, when they turn out to be wrong, we do weather we can to _______ them
aversive arousal
maintain them
In 1955, ________ and grad students infiltrated group who believed world was coming to an end on december 21st, and they would be saved by a spaceship
Team of researched observed actions of cult members and found what?
world did not end
Product - major cognitive dissonance (tried to save their belief, recruit others)
Reduced by trying to convince oursides that their prayers had saved the world
1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance
2 - Effort justification paradigm
3 - Rationalising Decisions
these are the 3 modes of _______ ________
dissonance induction
1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance
describe this mode of dissonance induction
Gives people illusions that they have freely performed a counter-attitudinal behaviour
when you say or do something that goes against your own beliefs or attitudes, causing a sense of discomfort or dissonance.
2 - Effort justification paradigm
describe this mode of dissonance induction
Leads people to believe they have externed a tremendous effort for no good reason
if you put a lot of effort or endure discomfort for something, you’ll convince yourself it was worth it to reduce dissonance
3 - Rationalising Decisions
describe this mode of dissonance induction
After making a difficult choice between two attractive alternatives, positive thoughts about the other alternative and negative attributes of the chosen alternative naturally arise
we look back on the decions we made an rationalise it
as a result of rationalising decions (mode of dissonance induction)
people engage in ______-_____ _________ reduction to restore consonance
post-decisional dissonance
You choose to buy a more expensive but eco-friendly car. To reduce dissonance and justify the cost, you emphasize how it’s better for the environment and aligns with your values.
what mode of dissonance induction occured
rationalizing decisions
You publicly advocate for a political viewpoint you don’t agree with to maintain group harmony. This creates dissonance because your actions don’t align with your beliefs.
what mode of dissonance occured
1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance
which mode of dissonance involves getting participants to put a lot of effort intoachieving some outcome, only to realize that the effort they put in wasn’treally worth it
Participants must justify their expended effort
effort justification
After enduring a challenging workout at the gym, you convince yourself it was worth it because it makes you feel better. You justify the effort to reduce dissonance
what mode of dissonance occured
effort justification paradigm
Youcounterattitudinal a tell someone you love their homemade dish even if you didn’t enjoy it because you want to be polite, causing inner conflict.
what mode of dissonance intuction occured
Counterattitudinal Advocacy / Induced Compliance
You spend hours cleaning your cluttered garage, and afterward, you convince yourself it was necessary for organization and peace of mind
what mode of dissonance intuction occured
effort justification paradigm
You choose to attend a college far from home, and to ease the dissonance of missing family, you emphasize how it offers unique opportunities and independence.
what mode of dissonance occured
rationalizing decisons
Experiment: P’s required to perform dull task, then asked to tell next P that the task was actually fun
IndVar (2) = amount of $ for telling lie ($1 vs $20)
DepVar = How the P’s rate task
results? which mode of dissonance induction?
counterattitudinal advocacy/ induced compliance
If you told the lie while getting $20:
you had external verification as to why you told the lie
No cog diss, rated task lower
If you told the like while getting $1:
Couldn’t rationalism on basis of payment
To reduce dissonance, they rated the task more highly
Experiment: Initiation procedure to gain admittance to a sexual discussion group
Group 1: mildly embarrassing procedure
Group 2: severely embarrassing procedure
Group 3: no initiation (control)
P’s listen to group convo which were confederates talking, which was super boring
results? which mode of dissonance induction?
Results:
- Those in Group 1 ranked similarly to control, slightly higher
- Group two had to rationalise their severe embarrassment, ranking the discussion more interesting (cog diss)
Using FMRI found that what pare of the brain activated when P’s experience dissonance?
when dissonance was reduced, what activated?
prefrontal cortex
When dissonance was reduced, pleasure circuits activated
(People enjoy/feel good, when dissonance is reduced)
eg. Arouse dissonance by having people publicly promote a socially desirable behaviour
Then remind then they have not always exhibited the behaviour in the past
this is an application of dissonance known as the _______ _______
hypocracy paradigm
Experiment: Safe sex behaviour
Conditions:
1 - had people list times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it
2 - Speech only
3 - Reminder only - given reminder to practise safe sex
4 - Control
Each offered condoms after at reduced price, what group was under the hypocracy condition, and more likely to buy condoms after
Hypocrisy condition: people who listed times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it
more likely to buy the condoms to reduce dissonance
Applications of dissonance: Inducing smokers to quit
Used hypocrisy paradigm to induce smokers to quit
Worked better for P’s with high ______ ______
self esteem
