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2720 - Social Psychology > Attitudes, Behaviour & Rationalization (4) > Flashcards

Attitudes, Behaviour & Rationalization (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ refers to an individual’s evaluation of a target

Can have an _______ number of targets, might be a person,an object, and issue, a group, a behaviour

A

attitude

infinite

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2
Q

Valence of attitudes refers to their ________

A

direction

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3
Q

what are the 4 valences of attidues (directions)

A

positive
negative
ambivalent (changing)
neurutral

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4
Q

kristina has a _______ valence towards dasani and a _______ valence towards evian

A

negative

positive

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5
Q

” I liked alcohol last night, but not the morning after “

this is an _______ valence towards alcohol

A

ambivalent

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6
Q

Whether or not pluto should be a real planet

i have _______ valence on this

A

neutural

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7
Q

what two scales can be used to measure attitudes

A

likert-type sclae
semantic differential scale

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8
Q

what is the likert-type scale

A

Ask P’s to indicate agreement with statements about an issue

Scale would go from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)

Once P’s fill out, you add up scores

Eg. 5 point scale on doctor assistant suicide

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9
Q

what is the semantic differntial scale

A

Rate target on several evaluative dimensions

Line ranges from Good-bad, or sum like that, and P’s mark on the the scale where they fall in this range

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10
Q

pros and cons of the semantic differential scale and the liket-type scale to measure attitudes

A

Easy to construct

People not always willing to honestly report beliefs exp on controversial issues

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11
Q

the two functions of attitudes:

______-______ function - determines whether our attitudes are helpful or harmful

______-______ function - allows us to convey our identities to others

A

Object-Appraisal function

Value-expressive function

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12
Q

what is the addaptive value of object appaisal function

A

those with stupid ideas, removed themself from genes pool

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13
Q

Attitudes stem from what 3 places

_________ - emotional reactions towards the attitude object
__________ - thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object
__________ - actions or observable behaviour towards the attitude object

A

affective

cognitive

behavioural

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14
Q

Attitudes relying principally on emotions/affect, which are often linked to values are known as _______ _______

A

affective reactions

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15
Q

ones attitude towards politics and religion are usually affective

they are not governed by ______

A

logic

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16
Q

Affective reactions was two affective sources:

________ _______ - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli

______ _______ effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it

A

Evaluative conditioning - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli

Mere exposure effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it

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17
Q

Eg. Dad said no to getting a dawg, but once they got it now he’s a softy and loves him

what is the affective sources?

A

mere exposure effect

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18
Q

Eg. you come to like the song that played when you first got sum

what is the affective source

A

evaluative conditioning

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19
Q

how might evaluative conditioning be modified?

hint: if your favourite soup is served in bed pan, you will rate it lower

A

Can be modified by positive or negative associations

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20
Q

Eg. listening to an album and not liking it on first listen, but learning to love it over time

what affective source?

A

mere exposure effect

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21
Q

Experiment: P’s shown slides of woman going about daily routine

Interspersed subliminal exposure to either positive or negative images

Some saw baby seal for a split second
Other sawbuck of snakes

Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?

A

evaluative conditioning

P’s showed more positive attitudes towards woman if exposed to the positive stimuli cause they associated her to a positive stimuli

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22
Q

Experiment: 4 female confederates came to class diff number of times throughout semester (0, 5, 10, 15)

When course over, students shown pics of each; rated on several dimensions

Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?

A

mere exposure effect

Results: the more they attended class, the better attitude towards them - even though most claimed to not recognize them

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23
Q

attitudes can be based on _________ appraisals

eg. attitudes towards a vacuum cleaner (one only considers its function);

A

cognitive

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24
Q

attitudes can be based on ______ sources

eg. positive attitudes towards exercising because one frequently works out

A

behavioural

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25
Q

negative attitudes towards insects/snakes

these are _______ based

A

affective - based on emotional reaction

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26
Q

negative attitudes towards plastics

these are _______ based

A

cognitively

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27
Q

positive attitudes towards coffee

these are _______ based

A

coffee

28
Q

When attitudes/feelings are uncertain we infer them by observing our behaviour and situation in which it occurs

these are _______ soruces of attitudes

A

behavioural

29
Q

Role playing
“Fake it till you make it”
If you act a certain way, your attitude will fall in like with how you act

this would ve a ________ sourced attitudes

A

behaviourally

30
Q

what is the problem with behavioural sources of attitudes

A

Attitudes and behaviour do not always correspond

31
Q

attitudes predict behaviour when:

When the behaviour is ________

Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don’t like balling

A

controllable

32
Q

when might an attitude predict non-controllable behaviour

(hint: there are 4 ways)

A

An external threat - consequences

Lack of alternatives - only option

Lack of time - not enough time to do otherwise

Biological need or addiction - drugs fam

33
Q

give an example of when a positive attitudes may predict behaviour

A

Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don’t like balling

34
Q

If you want to know if someone will buy a new bicycle, it’s better to ask if they like biking (a specific question) instead of asking if they like exercise (a general question)

this reflect the ______ ___ ______

A

princeple of compatibility

35
Q

what is the princeple of compatibility in terms of when attitudes predict behaviour

A

Specific attitude measured will predict specific behaviour better than general behaviour (vice versa)

36
Q

give an example of the princeple of compatability

specifically, if haynes has a positive attitude towards healthly lifestyles, does this predict his attitude on the gym?

A

this does not predict the likelihood that he goes to the gym

he went 4 times last year

Attitude towards working out at gym = negative!

37
Q
A
38
Q

When attitudes are _______, it means you have automatic, subconscious feelings about something or someone, often without even realizing it (system 1 thinking

A

implicit

39
Q

we measure implicit attitudes based on ______ _____

using an ______ ______ _____ (IAT)

A

reaction time

implicit association task

40
Q

describe implicit association task (IAT)

A

A reaction-time test that measured how strongly people associate concepts

The more quickly they associate the more likely they are to have a positive or negative implicit attitude

41
Q

pair words together, young faces with good, old faces with bad, (vise versa)

explain how this IAT would work?

A

the faster you pair young faces with good and the old faces with bad, the more this suggests you have implicit prejudice towards old people

42
Q

Criticisms of IAT?

A

Not clear whether it measures prejudice vs knowledge of cultural stereotypes

also scores can vary from time to next

43
Q

give as much detail as you can remeber on explicit attitudes

A

Controlled evaluations
Relatively less stable
Can result from affective, cognitive and behavioural courses
Personally endorsed
Predict controlled behaviours

44
Q

give as much detail as you can remeber on implicit attitudes

A

Automatic evaluation
More stable
Primarily effective
Not necessarily personally endorsed
Predict spontaneous nonverbal behaviours

45
Q

We want our cognition (beliefs, attitudes, knowledge of our behaviour) to be ________ with one another

Inconsistency among condition results in ______ ______ known as ________ ______

A

consistant

aversive arousal

cognitive dissonance

46
Q

______ _______ motivates attempts to eliminate dissoance

ie. We want consistency between our beliefs, when they turn out to be wrong, we do weather we can to _______ them

A

aversive arousal

maintain them

47
Q

In 1955, ________ and grad students infiltrated group who believed world was coming to an end on december 21st, and they would be saved by a spaceship

Team of researched observed actions of cult members and found what?

A

world did not end

Product - major cognitive dissonance (tried to save their belief, recruit others)

Reduced by trying to convince oursides that their prayers had saved the world

48
Q

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance
2 - Effort justification paradigm
3 - Rationalising Decisions

these are the 3 modes of _______ ________

A

dissonance induction

49
Q

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance

describe this mode of dissonance induction

A

Gives people illusions that they have freely performed a counter-attitudinal behaviour

when you say or do something that goes against your own beliefs or attitudes, causing a sense of discomfort or dissonance.

50
Q

2 - Effort justification paradigm

describe this mode of dissonance induction

A

Leads people to believe they have externed a tremendous effort for no good reason

if you put a lot of effort or endure discomfort for something, you’ll convince yourself it was worth it to reduce dissonance

51
Q

3 - Rationalising Decisions

describe this mode of dissonance induction

A

After making a difficult choice between two attractive alternatives, positive thoughts about the other alternative and negative attributes of the chosen alternative naturally arise

we look back on the decions we made an rationalise it

52
Q

as a result of rationalising decions (mode of dissonance induction)

people engage in ______-_____ _________ reduction to restore consonance

A

post-decisional dissonance

53
Q

You choose to buy a more expensive but eco-friendly car. To reduce dissonance and justify the cost, you emphasize how it’s better for the environment and aligns with your values.

what mode of dissonance induction occured

A

rationalizing decisions

54
Q

You publicly advocate for a political viewpoint you don’t agree with to maintain group harmony. This creates dissonance because your actions don’t align with your beliefs.

what mode of dissonance occured

A

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance

55
Q

which mode of dissonance involves getting participants to put a lot of effort intoachieving some outcome, only to realize that the effort they put in wasn’treally worth it

Participants must justify their expended effort

A

effort justification

56
Q

After enduring a challenging workout at the gym, you convince yourself it was worth it because it makes you feel better. You justify the effort to reduce dissonance

what mode of dissonance occured

A

effort justification paradigm

57
Q

Youcounterattitudinal a tell someone you love their homemade dish even if you didn’t enjoy it because you want to be polite, causing inner conflict.

what mode of dissonance intuction occured

A

Counterattitudinal Advocacy / Induced Compliance

58
Q

You spend hours cleaning your cluttered garage, and afterward, you convince yourself it was necessary for organization and peace of mind

what mode of dissonance intuction occured

A

effort justification paradigm

59
Q

You choose to attend a college far from home, and to ease the dissonance of missing family, you emphasize how it offers unique opportunities and independence.

what mode of dissonance occured

A

rationalizing decisons

60
Q

Experiment: P’s required to perform dull task, then asked to tell next P that the task was actually fun

IndVar (2) = amount of $ for telling lie ($1 vs $20)
DepVar = How the P’s rate task

results? which mode of dissonance induction?

A

counterattitudinal advocacy/ induced compliance

If you told the lie while getting $20:
you had external verification as to why you told the lie
No cog diss, rated task lower

If you told the like while getting $1:
Couldn’t rationalism on basis of payment
To reduce dissonance, they rated the task more highly

61
Q

Experiment: Initiation procedure to gain admittance to a sexual discussion group

Group 1: mildly embarrassing procedure

Group 2: severely embarrassing procedure

Group 3: no initiation (control)

P’s listen to group convo which were confederates talking, which was super boring

results? which mode of dissonance induction?

A

Results:
- Those in Group 1 ranked similarly to control, slightly higher

  • Group two had to rationalise their severe embarrassment, ranking the discussion more interesting (cog diss)
62
Q

Using FMRI found that what pare of the brain activated when P’s experience dissonance?

when dissonance was reduced, what activated?

A

prefrontal cortex

When dissonance was reduced, pleasure circuits activated
(People enjoy/feel good, when dissonance is reduced)

63
Q

eg. Arouse dissonance by having people publicly promote a socially desirable behaviour

Then remind then they have not always exhibited the behaviour in the past

this is an application of dissonance known as the _______ _______

A

hypocracy paradigm

64
Q

Experiment: Safe sex behaviour

Conditions:
1 - had people list times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it
2 - Speech only
3 - Reminder only - given reminder to practise safe sex
4 - Control

Each offered condoms after at reduced price, what group was under the hypocracy condition, and more likely to buy condoms after

A

Hypocrisy condition: people who listed times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it

more likely to buy the condoms to reduce dissonance

65
Q

Applications of dissonance: Inducing smokers to quit

Used hypocrisy paradigm to induce smokers to quit
Worked better for P’s with high ______ ______

A

self esteem

2720 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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