Attitudes, Behaviour & Rationalization (4)

Question 1

_______ refers to an individual’s evaluation of a target

Can have an _______ number of targets, might be a person,an object, and issue, a group, a behaviour

Answer 1

attitude

infinite

Question 2

Valence of attitudes refers to their ________

Answer 2

direction

Question 3

what are the 4 valences of attidues (directions)

Answer 3

positive
negative
ambivalent (changing)
neurutral

Question 4

kristina has a _______ valence towards dasani and a _______ valence towards evian

Answer 4

negative

positive

Question 5

” I liked alcohol last night, but not the morning after “

this is an _______ valence towards alcohol

Answer 5

ambivalent

Question 6

Whether or not pluto should be a real planet

i have _______ valence on this

Answer 6

neutural

Question 7

what two scales can be used to measure attitudes

Answer 7

likert-type sclae
semantic differential scale

Question 8

what is the likert-type scale

Answer 8

Ask P’s to indicate agreement with statements about an issue

Scale would go from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)

Once P’s fill out, you add up scores

Eg. 5 point scale on doctor assistant suicide

Question 9

what is the semantic differntial scale

Answer 9

Rate target on several evaluative dimensions

Line ranges from Good-bad, or sum like that, and P’s mark on the the scale where they fall in this range

Question 10

pros and cons of the semantic differential scale and the liket-type scale to measure attitudes

Answer 10

Easy to construct

People not always willing to honestly report beliefs exp on controversial issues

Question 11

the two functions of attitudes:

______-______ function - determines whether our attitudes are helpful or harmful

______-______ function - allows us to convey our identities to others

Answer 11

Object-Appraisal function

Value-expressive function

Question 12

what is the addaptive value of object appaisal function

Answer 12

those with stupid ideas, removed themself from genes pool

Question 13

Attitudes stem from what 3 places

_________ - emotional reactions towards the attitude object
__________ - thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object
__________ - actions or observable behaviour towards the attitude object

Answer 13

affective

cognitive

behavioural

Question 14

Attitudes relying principally on emotions/affect, which are often linked to values are known as _______ _______

Answer 14

affective reactions

Question 15

ones attitude towards politics and religion are usually affective

they are not governed by ______

Answer 15

logic

Question 16

Affective reactions was two affective sources:

________ _______ - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli

______ _______ effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it

Answer 16

Evaluative conditioning - attitude formation (or change) due to positive or negative association to stimuli

Mere exposure effect - tendency for repeated contact with an object/person to increase liking for it

Question 17

Eg. Dad said no to getting a dawg, but once they got it now he’s a softy and loves him

what is the affective sources?

Answer 17

mere exposure effect

Question 18

Eg. you come to like the song that played when you first got sum

what is the affective source

Answer 18

evaluative conditioning

Question 19

how might evaluative conditioning be modified?

hint: if your favourite soup is served in bed pan, you will rate it lower

Answer 19

Can be modified by positive or negative associations

Question 20

Eg. listening to an album and not liking it on first listen, but learning to love it over time

what affective source?

Answer 20

mere exposure effect

Question 21

Experiment: P’s shown slides of woman going about daily routine

Interspersed subliminal exposure to either positive or negative images

Some saw baby seal for a split second
Other sawbuck of snakes

Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?

Answer 21

evaluative conditioning

P’s showed more positive attitudes towards woman if exposed to the positive stimuli cause they associated her to a positive stimuli

Question 22

Experiment: 4 female confederates came to class diff number of times throughout semester (0, 5, 10, 15)

When course over, students shown pics of each; rated on several dimensions

Results?
which affective source did the results reflect?

Answer 22

mere exposure effect

Results: the more they attended class, the better attitude towards them - even though most claimed to not recognize them

Question 23

attitudes can be based on _________ appraisals

eg. attitudes towards a vacuum cleaner (one only considers its function);

Answer 23

cognitive

Question 24

attitudes can be based on ______ sources

eg. positive attitudes towards exercising because one frequently works out

Answer 24

behavioural

Question 25

negative attitudes towards insects/snakes these are _______ based

Answer 25

affective - based on emotional reaction

Question 26

negative attitudes towards plastics these are _______ based

Answer 26

cognitively

Question 27

positive attitudes towards coffee these are _______ based

Answer 27

coffee

Question 28

When attitudes/feelings are uncertain we infer them by observing our behaviour and situation in which it occurs these are _______ soruces of attitudes

Answer 28

behavioural

Question 29

Role playing “Fake it till you make it” If you act a certain way, your attitude will fall in like with how you act this would ve a ________ sourced attitudes

Answer 29

behaviourally

Question 30

what is the problem with behavioural sources of attitudes

Answer 30

Attitudes and behaviour do not always correspond

Question 31

attitudes predict behaviour when: When the behaviour is ________ Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don't like balling

Answer 31

controllable

Question 32

when might an attitude predict non-controllable behaviour (hint: there are 4 ways)

Answer 32

An external threat - consequences Lack of alternatives - only option Lack of time - not enough time to do otherwise Biological need or addiction - drugs fam

Question 33

give an example of when a positive attitudes may predict behaviour

Answer 33

Eg. hobbies - you wont play ball is you don't like balling

Question 34

If you want to know if someone will buy a new bicycle, it's better to ask if they like biking (a specific question) instead of asking if they like exercise (a general question) this reflect the ______ ___ ______

Answer 34

princeple of compatibility

Question 35

what is the princeple of compatibility in terms of when attitudes predict behaviour

Answer 35

Specific attitude measured will predict specific behaviour better than general behaviour (vice versa)

Question 36

give an example of the princeple of compatability specifically, if haynes has a positive attitude towards healthly lifestyles, does this predict his attitude on the gym?

Answer 36

this does not predict the likelihood that he goes to the gym he went 4 times last year Attitude towards working out at gym = negative!

Question 38

When attitudes are _______, it means you have automatic, subconscious feelings about something or someone, often without even realizing it (system 1 thinking

Answer 38

implicit

Question 39

we measure implicit attitudes based on ______ _____ using an ______ ______ _____ (IAT)

Answer 39

reaction time implicit association task

Question 40

describe implicit association task (IAT)

Answer 40

A reaction-time test that measured how strongly people associate concepts The more quickly they associate the more likely they are to have a positive or negative implicit attitude

Question 41

pair words together, young faces with good, old faces with bad, (vise versa) explain how this IAT would work?

Answer 41

the faster you pair young faces with good and the old faces with bad, the more this suggests you have implicit prejudice towards old people

Question 42

Criticisms of IAT?

Answer 42

Not clear whether it measures prejudice vs knowledge of cultural stereotypes also scores can vary from time to next

Question 43

give as much detail as you can remeber on explicit attitudes

Answer 43

Controlled evaluations Relatively less stable Can result from affective, cognitive and behavioural courses Personally endorsed Predict controlled behaviours

Question 44

give as much detail as you can remeber on implicit attitudes

Answer 44

Automatic evaluation More stable Primarily effective Not necessarily personally endorsed Predict spontaneous nonverbal behaviours

Question 45

We want our cognition (beliefs, attitudes, knowledge of our behaviour) to be ________ with one another Inconsistency among condition results in ______ ______ known as ________ ______

Answer 45

consistant aversive arousal cognitive dissonance

Question 46

______ _______ motivates attempts to eliminate dissoance ie. We want consistency between our beliefs, when they turn out to be wrong, we do weather we can to _______ them

Answer 46

aversive arousal maintain them

Question 47

In 1955, ________ and grad students infiltrated group who believed world was coming to an end on december 21st, and they would be saved by a spaceship Team of researched observed actions of cult members and found what?

Answer 47

world did not end Product - major cognitive dissonance (tried to save their belief, recruit others) Reduced by trying to convince oursides that their prayers had saved the world

Question 48

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance 2 - Effort justification paradigm 3 - Rationalising Decisions these are the 3 modes of _______ ________

Answer 48

dissonance induction

Question 49

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance describe this mode of dissonance induction

Answer 49

Gives people illusions that they have freely performed a counter-attitudinal behaviour when you say or do something that goes against your own beliefs or attitudes, causing a sense of discomfort or dissonance.

Question 50

2 - Effort justification paradigm describe this mode of dissonance induction

Answer 50

Leads people to believe they have externed a tremendous effort for no good reason if you put a lot of effort or endure discomfort for something, you'll convince yourself it was worth it to reduce dissonance

Question 51

3 - Rationalising Decisions describe this mode of dissonance induction

Answer 51

After making a difficult choice between two attractive alternatives, positive thoughts about the other alternative and negative attributes of the chosen alternative naturally arise we look back on the decions we made an rationalise it

Question 52

as a result of rationalising decions (mode of dissonance induction) people engage in ______-_____ _________ reduction to restore consonance

Answer 52

post-decisional dissonance

Question 53

You choose to buy a more expensive but eco-friendly car. To reduce dissonance and justify the cost, you emphasize how it's better for the environment and aligns with your values. what mode of dissonance induction occured

Answer 53

rationalizing decisions

Question 54

You publicly advocate for a political viewpoint you don't agree with to maintain group harmony. This creates dissonance because your actions don't align with your beliefs. what mode of dissonance occured

Answer 54

1 - Counterattitudinal advocacy / induced compliance

Question 55

which mode of dissonance involves getting participants to put a lot of effort intoachieving some outcome, only to realize that the effort they put in wasn’treally worth it Participants must justify their expended effort

Answer 55

effort justification

Question 56

After enduring a challenging workout at the gym, you convince yourself it was worth it because it makes you feel better. You justify the effort to reduce dissonance what mode of dissonance occured

Answer 56

effort justification paradigm

Question 57

Youcounterattitudinal a tell someone you love their homemade dish even if you didn't enjoy it because you want to be polite, causing inner conflict. what mode of dissonance intuction occured

Answer 57

Counterattitudinal Advocacy / Induced Compliance

Question 58

You spend hours cleaning your cluttered garage, and afterward, you convince yourself it was necessary for organization and peace of mind what mode of dissonance intuction occured

Answer 58

effort justification paradigm

Question 59

You choose to attend a college far from home, and to ease the dissonance of missing family, you emphasize how it offers unique opportunities and independence. what mode of dissonance occured

Answer 59

rationalizing decisons

Question 60

Experiment: P’s required to perform dull task, then asked to tell next P that the task was actually fun IndVar (2) = amount of $ for telling lie ($1 vs $20) DepVar = How the P’s rate task results? which mode of dissonance induction?

Answer 60

counterattitudinal advocacy/ induced compliance If you told the lie while getting $20: you had external verification as to why you told the lie No cog diss, rated task lower If you told the like while getting $1: Couldn't rationalism on basis of payment To reduce dissonance, they rated the task more highly

Question 61

Experiment: Initiation procedure to gain admittance to a sexual discussion group Group 1: mildly embarrassing procedure Group 2: severely embarrassing procedure Group 3: no initiation (control) P’s listen to group convo which were confederates talking, which was super boring results? which mode of dissonance induction?

Answer 61

Results: - Those in Group 1 ranked similarly to control, slightly higher - Group two had to rationalise their severe embarrassment, ranking the discussion more interesting (cog diss)

Question 62

Using FMRI found that what pare of the brain activated when P’s experience dissonance? when dissonance was reduced, what activated?

Answer 62

prefrontal cortex When dissonance was reduced, pleasure circuits activated (People enjoy/feel good, when dissonance is reduced)

Question 63

eg. Arouse dissonance by having people publicly promote a socially desirable behaviour Then remind then they have not always exhibited the behaviour in the past this is an application of dissonance known as the _______ _______

Answer 63

hypocracy paradigm

Question 64

Experiment: Safe sex behaviour Conditions: 1 - had people list times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it 2 - Speech only 3 - Reminder only - given reminder to practise safe sex 4 - Control Each offered condoms after at reduced price, what group was under the hypocracy condition, and more likely to buy condoms after

Answer 64

Hypocrisy condition: people who listed times they did not have safe sex and give a speech on it more likely to buy the condoms to reduce dissonance

Question 65

Applications of dissonance: Inducing smokers to quit Used hypocrisy paradigm to induce smokers to quit Worked better for P’s with high ______ ______

Answer 65

self esteem