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2720 - Social Psychology > Chapter 3 (2) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who coined the term “the social me” which refers to what we know about ourselves from ______ _______

this lead to the ______ ______

A

William James

social relationships

the social self

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2
Q

William james said

“our sense of who we are in forged in large part by our _______ with _______”

A

“our sense of who we are in forged in large part by our interactions with others”

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3
Q

define the self

A

The self - mental apparatus allows people to think consciously about themselves

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4
Q

How is the self concept formed?

(2 theories)

A

1 - the looking glass self (Cooley)
2 -social comparison theory (Festinger)

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5
Q

Lack of self insight can sometimes be ____________

Most of the time it’s because we don’t have access to certain __________ ________

A

Self-protective

Cognitive resources

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6
Q

We tend to think of ourselves as our own best expert

How well do others do at anticipating our behaviour, in comparison to ourselves

A

Reports of close others are as accurate as our own in anticipating behaviour

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7
Q

________ is how individuals interpret information, events, or people, shaping their subjective understanding and reactions to them

we base much of our self knowledge on this

A

construal

eg. A person may construe their occasional mistakes at work as evidence of incompetence, leading them to have low self-esteem about their job performance.

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8
Q

self-knowledge is sotred in _____-______

A

self-schemas

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9
Q

whats a self schema

A

a self schema represents people’s beliefs and feelings about themselves, both in general and in particular situations

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10
Q

Experiment on self-schemas (markus):

P’s labelled themselves as either dependent or independent, or in the middle of the scale

how did markus label them after

A

extremes of dependent and independent = schematic

middle of scale = aschematic

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11
Q

Experiment on self-schemas (markus):

weeks later came back asn rated schema-relevant traits and t or f

results?

A

schematic P’s answered faster , had more examples of behaviour consistent with their schema

suggests that ppl are atuned to information that maps onto an existing self-schema

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12
Q

we learn what attitudes and behaviours are socially appropriate from _________ _______

A

socialization agents

eg. parents, peers, siblings

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13
Q

“the ______ ______ ______” is a phrase coined by Cooley

refers to the idea that other peopls’s _______ to us (approval or disapproval) serves as a mirror of sorts

self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected ______ ______-_______ - our beleif about others’ reactions to us

A

“the looking glass self” is a phrase coined by Cooley

refers to the idea that other peopls’s reaction to us (approval or disapproval) serves as a mirror of sorts

self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected self-appraisals - our beleif about others’ reactions to us

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14
Q

“the looking glass self”

we internalize how we _______ others see us, not how they _______ see us

A

we internalize how we think others see us, not how they actually see us

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15
Q

the notion that the social self changes across different contexts is consistent with _________

A

situationism

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16
Q

Markus and Wurf coind the term _______ ______-________

the idea that only a subset of a persons’s self knowledge it brought to mind in any given context

usually this subset is most relevant to the situation

A

working self-concept

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17
Q

In a social setting, a person’s working self-concept may include seeing themselves as outgoing and talkative, but in a different context, such as a library, they may see themselves as quiet and reserved

what is this an example of

A

working self-concept

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18
Q

if our sense of self shifts depending on social context (malleability), what makes us feel as if we have a core self (stability)?

(hint, there are 3)

A
  1. there are core aspects of self-knowledge that we think of first when thinking about the self
  2. pool of self knowledge remains stable over time, different pieces of it come to the forefront in diff contexts
  3. the sens of self shifts’ conform to a predictable, stable pattern
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19
Q

the social self is defined by what two truths?

A

it is malleable, shifting from one context to another

but it also has core components that persist accorss contexts

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20
Q

western culture tend to has an _________ ____-______

define it

A

independent self-construal

the self is an autonomous entitiy that is distinct and separate from others

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21
Q

eastern cultures tend to have an ___________ _____-________

define it

A

interdependent self construal

the self is fundementally connected to other people

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22
Q

__________ experience events from the inside out

________ experience events from the outside in

explain

A

westerners - inside out
they are at the center, looking out at the world

easterners - outside in
starting at the social world, looking/focusing in on them as an object of attention

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23
Q

interdependent/independent:

which is someone more likely to describe tehmself as

“i am freindly”
“i am serious at work”
“i am Jans friend”
“i like camping”

A

interdependent
“i am serious at work”
“i am Jans friend”

independent
“i am freindly”
“i like camping”

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24
Q

women in the US tend ot be more ________

men in the US tend to be more _________

A

women in the US tend to be more interdependent

men in the US tend to be more independent

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25
Q

where to gender differences in the self-construal come from?

A

socialization - especially how girls and boys are raised differently

gender roles - as adults, these gender roles amplify the socialization

biological differences - both^^ reinforce biological differences bet men and women

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26
Q

people actively seeking out information about themselves by comparing themselves to other people is known as

who coined it

A

social comparions theory

Leon festinger

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27
Q

how does Festinger say we “accurately” compare ourselves to others

A

by comparing yourself to someone who is roughly your level of skill

Eg. wouldn’t compare my score on a test to the professors

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28
Q

_______ ______ ______ -comparison yourself to someone that is better than you

________ _______ ______ - comparing yourself to someone who’s worse off than you are

A

Upward social comparison - comparison yourself to someone that is better than you

Downward social comparison - involves comparing yourself to someone who’s worse off than you are

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29
Q

________ social comparison Usually makes you feel better about yourself

A

Downward social comparison

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30
Q

Upward social comparison

pro and con?

A

Useful to motivate improvement ( but only if improvement is possible)

Can lead to anger/resentment (relative deprivation)when we feel we deserve better

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31
Q

____-_______ refers to the overall positive or negative view someone has of themself

A

self-etseem

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32
Q

what is trait self-esteem

A

a person’s enduring level of self-regard across time

generally stable throughout lifetime

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33
Q

just like your working self-concept, your ______ self-esteem changes depending on contect

A

state self-esteem

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34
Q

what is state self esteem

A

the changable self-evalutations a person experienes as momentary feelinfs about the self

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35
Q

Crocker’s contingencies of self-worth model states that people’s self-esteem rises and falls according to what

A

people’s self-esteem rises and falls with successes and failures in the domain in which they have staked their self worth

36
Q

Crocker’s contingencies of self-worth model

self-esteem goes up when …..? and drops when…..?

A

self-esteem goes up when you do well in areas that matter to you and drops when you do badlt in these areas

37
Q

the ________ _______ maintains that self- esteem acts as an index of a persons social acceptance and it fluctuates based on perceptions of social inclusion or exclusion

A

sociometer hypothesis

38
Q

give an example of the sociomeyer hypothesis

If someone receives multiple invitations to social event, what may happen

A

If someone receives multiple invitations to social events

their self-esteem may rise, indicating they feel socially accepted

39
Q

__________ cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than _________ cultures

________ cultures dont acc feel bad about themselves, just hav diff ways of feeling good such as _____-___________

A

independent cultures foster higher levels ofself-esteem than Interdependent cultures

40
Q

interdependent cultures having lower self esteem doesnt mean they acc feel bad about themselves

explain

A

they are just less concerned about feeling positiveley about their attributes, and more focused on self improvement

41
Q

what is self-enhancement

A

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one’s postiive self-views

42
Q

most people think they are above average

what effect is this

A

better-than average effect

43
Q

better-than average effect is an example of a _____-____ ______

how is this maintained

A

self-serving construal

this is maintainted because ppl tend to judge others on how they are on average and themselves on how they are at their best

44
Q

____-_____ ______ explains that ppls try to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback that threaten their self image

A

self-affirmation theory

45
Q

self- affirmations are used to maintain…..?

A

a healthy self image

46
Q

study found that people who hold more positive illusions about themselves (high self enhancers) can be heathlier (than low self enhancers) in what ways

what criticisms of this exist

A

can have a healthier set of coping responses when faced with stress

criticisms
- ppl who self enhance can be seen as narcissistic
- ppl who have accurate view of themselves more liked by others
- cross cultural reasearch shows that positive illusions does not increase well-being of easterners - their wellbeing is more attached to interdependent self-construals

47
Q

_______-_______ theory states that individuals prefer to hold accurate views of themselves, even if those beliefs are negative or positive.

A

self-verification theory

48
Q

why would self-verification be beneficial to us

A

accurate self views makes us more predictable to ourselves and others, which helps interrationc with others go more smoothly

49
Q

Self verification theory:

we strive to get others to ______ our preexisting beleifs about ourselves

A

we strive to get others to confirm our preexisting beleifs about ourselves

50
Q

give an example of introvertedness in the eyes of self verification theory

A

A person with a self-concept of being introverted may seek out situations and interactions that confirm and align with their belief, even if they receive invitations to social gatherings.

51
Q

how can self-enhancement and self-verification both be at play

A

self-enhancement is more relevant to our emotional responses to feedback about ourselves

self-verification determines how valid that feedbakc is

52
Q

what are the two self enhancement strategies

A

self-serving contruals

self-affrimations

53
Q

when _____-______ is our priority we seek out appraisals and relationships that confirm our preexisting self views

A

self-verification

54
Q

_______-______ is the process by which ppl initiate, alter and control their behaviour in pursuit of their goals

A

self-regulation

55
Q

____-______ theory holds that ppl hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like, but what they would be ideally like, to think what they ought to be

A

self-discrepancy theory

56
Q

in self-discrepancy theory, define:

actual self
ideal self
and ought self

A

actual self - self that ppl belive they are

ideal self - self that concerns your hopes and wishes

and ought self - self concerned with duties and obligations, what you are compelled to do

57
Q

What are the two main types of self-discrepancies?

A

Actual vs ideal self-discrepancy (who we want to be vs. who we are)

actual vs ought self-discrepancy (who we think we should be vs. who we are)

58
Q

self-discrepancy theory:

______ and ______ beliefs serve as self guides, motivating ppl to regulate their behaviours in order to close the gap between their ______ self and their ________self

A

ideal and ought beliefs serve as self guides, motivating ppl to regulate their behaviours in order to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal self

59
Q

self-discrepancy theory:

discrepencies between the ______ and the ______ self produce dejection-related emotions (sad, low self worth)

discrepencies between the _____ self and the ______ self give rise to the agitation related emotions (mad)

A

discrepencies between the actual and the ideal self produce dejection-related emotions

discrepencies between the actual self and the ought self give rise to the agitation related emotions

60
Q

If someone wants to be a more confident public speaker but feels shy during presentations

what type of discrepency do they have

A

actual vs ideal self-discrepancy.

61
Q

If a person believes they should always help others but sometimes act selfishly

what type of discrepency do they have

A

actual vs ought self-discrepency

62
Q

How can each self-discrepancies affect emotions?

A

discrepency between the actual and ideal self can lead to emotions like sadness or disappointment

discrepancies between the actual and ought self can result in feelings of guilt or anxiety.

63
Q

when people regulate their behaviour with respect to ideal-self standards they have a _______ ______

when people regulate their behaviour with respect to ought-self standards they have a _______ ______

A

promotopn focus

prevention focus

64
Q

a focus of attaining ______ outcomes would be a promotion focus (ideal self)

a focus of avoiding ______ outcomes would be a prevention focus (ought self)

A

a focus of attaining positive outcomes would be a promotion focus

a focus of avoiding negative outcomes would be a prevention focus

65
Q

Someone who is excited about the potential for a raise at work and is motivated to work hard to attain it is exhibiting a ________ focus.

A

promotion

66
Q

A student who studies diligently to avoid failing an important exam is demonstrating a ________ focus.

A

preventions

67
Q

How do these focuses affect decision-making?

A

Promotion-focused individuals tend to take risks and pursue opportunities

prevention-focused individuals are more cautious and concerned with avoiding errors.

68
Q

westerners are more l;iekly yo have a _______ focus

easteners a ________ focus

A

westerners are more l;iekly yo have a promotion focus

easteners a prevention focus

69
Q

differentiate between high and low level construals

A

High-level construals involve abstract and broad interpretations, focusing on the big picture or overarching concepts

Low-level construals involve concrete and specific interpretations, focusing on the details and individual components

70
Q

How do high-level and low-level construals impact decision-making?

relate to exmaple of “to eat or not to eat ice cream”

A

High-level construals often lead to more long term goals
might think about your diet before eating ice cream

Low-level contruals might lead to make more incidental choices
might see ice cream as a tasty treat, more likely to indulge for immediate satisfaction

71
Q

self-regulation efforts can operate ________

A

automatically

72
Q

______ intentions - specify what goal one wants to acheive

________ intentions - specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances

A

goal intentions

implementaltion intentions

73
Q

implementaltion intentions follow an “____-____” format

give example

A

implementaltion intentions follow an “if-then” format

If I feel stressed (if), then I will take a 10-minute walk (then) to relax and clear my mind.

74
Q

if trying to acheive something successfully, setting goal intentions, AND THEN forming smaller _________ ________ increases your likelihood of attain it

A

implementation intentions

75
Q

provide an example of using an “if-then” implementation intention to achieve a goal

make the goal to eat healthier

how does this work

A

“If I feel the urge to snack on junk food in the afternoon (if), then I will reach for a piece of fruit instead (then).”

links a potential obstacle (craving junk food) to a desired action (choosing a healthier snack) to support the goal of eating healthier.

76
Q

how do implementation intentions like if then statements help you set goals

A

temptations become linked to your goals -when you think of temptation, you think of the goals too
connection can become automatic

bringing goals to mind first even diminished the amount of thought of temptations

77
Q

the ______ self is concerned with ______ __________

  • presenting the person we would like others to belive we are

______ inspired the study of this

A

the public self is concerned with self presentation

  • presenting the person we would like others to belive we are

Goffman inspired the study of this

78
Q

another term for self presentation is ________ ________

how we attempt to control ________ other people form of us

A

another term for self presentation is impression management

how we attempt to control impressions other people form of us

79
Q

Goffman used naturalistic observations to study self presentation

he formed the ________ _______ on the social self

A

Goffman used naturalistic observations to study self presentation

he formed the dramaturgic perspective on the social self

80
Q

What is Erving Goffman’s dramaturgic perspective? what is “front stage”, “backstage”, “face”

A

Goffman’s dramaturgic perspective views social interactions as akin to a theatrical performance

“front stage” - persona ppl presentin social settings. It’s like the performance they put on for the audience.

“backstage” where individuals less concerned about their public image. where they prepare for the front stage performance

“face” - public image of ourself that we want others to beleive

81
Q

self-monitoring derives in part from Goffman’s work

define it

A

tendency to monitor one’s behaviour to fit the demands of the current situation

82
Q

differentiate between high self-monitoring ppl and low self-monitoring ppl

A

high - carefully scrutinize situations, shift their self-presention accordingly

low - behave according to their own traits and preferences

83
Q

we often dont live up to to the self presentation we are trying to portray, so we use self-________ behaviours such as self-_______

A

we often dont live up to to the self presentation we are trying to portray, so we use self-protective behaviours such as self-handicapping

84
Q

What is self-handicapping

A

tendency to engage in self-defeatinf behaviour to have an excuse ready should one fail, and prevent others from making unwatned inferences

85
Q

give example of self-handicapping

A

saying you didnt study hard even though you did

to give an excuse in case you fail

86
Q

how is self-presentation relevant online

A

ppl more inclined to provide accurate info about things like personality traits

and less accurate info about things like physical features (catfishing bro)

2720 - Social Psychology (11 decks)

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