Chapter 3 (2) Flashcards
Who coined the term “the social me” which refers to what we know about ourselves from ______ _______
this lead to the ______ ______
William James
social relationships
the social self
William james said
“our sense of who we are in forged in large part by our _______ with _______”
“our sense of who we are in forged in large part by our interactions with others”
define the self
The self - mental apparatus allows people to think consciously about themselves
How is the self concept formed?
(2 theories)
1 - the looking glass self (Cooley)
2 -social comparison theory (Festinger)
Lack of self insight can sometimes be ____________
Most of the time it’s because we don’t have access to certain __________ ________
Self-protective
Cognitive resources
We tend to think of ourselves as our own best expert
How well do others do at anticipating our behaviour, in comparison to ourselves
Reports of close others are as accurate as our own in anticipating behaviour
________ is how individuals interpret information, events, or people, shaping their subjective understanding and reactions to them
we base much of our self knowledge on this
construal
eg. A person may construe their occasional mistakes at work as evidence of incompetence, leading them to have low self-esteem about their job performance.
self-knowledge is sotred in _____-______
self-schemas
whats a self schema
a self schema represents people’s beliefs and feelings about themselves, both in general and in particular situations
Experiment on self-schemas (markus):
P’s labelled themselves as either dependent or independent, or in the middle of the scale
how did markus label them after
extremes of dependent and independent = schematic
middle of scale = aschematic
Experiment on self-schemas (markus):
weeks later came back asn rated schema-relevant traits and t or f
results?
schematic P’s answered faster , had more examples of behaviour consistent with their schema
suggests that ppl are atuned to information that maps onto an existing self-schema
we learn what attitudes and behaviours are socially appropriate from _________ _______
socialization agents
eg. parents, peers, siblings
“the ______ ______ ______” is a phrase coined by Cooley
refers to the idea that other peopls’s _______ to us (approval or disapproval) serves as a mirror of sorts
self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected ______ ______-_______ - our beleif about others’ reactions to us
“the looking glass self” is a phrase coined by Cooley
refers to the idea that other peopls’s reaction to us (approval or disapproval) serves as a mirror of sorts
self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected self-appraisals - our beleif about others’ reactions to us
“the looking glass self”
we internalize how we _______ others see us, not how they _______ see us
we internalize how we think others see us, not how they actually see us
the notion that the social self changes across different contexts is consistent with _________
situationism
Markus and Wurf coind the term _______ ______-________
the idea that only a subset of a persons’s self knowledge it brought to mind in any given context
usually this subset is most relevant to the situation
working self-concept
In a social setting, a person’s working self-concept may include seeing themselves as outgoing and talkative, but in a different context, such as a library, they may see themselves as quiet and reserved
what is this an example of
working self-concept
if our sense of self shifts depending on social context (malleability), what makes us feel as if we have a core self (stability)?
(hint, there are 3)
- there are core aspects of self-knowledge that we think of first when thinking about the self
- pool of self knowledge remains stable over time, different pieces of it come to the forefront in diff contexts
- the sens of self shifts’ conform to a predictable, stable pattern
the social self is defined by what two truths?
it is malleable, shifting from one context to another
but it also has core components that persist accorss contexts
western culture tend to has an _________ ____-______
define it
independent self-construal
the self is an autonomous entitiy that is distinct and separate from others
eastern cultures tend to have an ___________ _____-________
define it
interdependent self construal
the self is fundementally connected to other people
__________ experience events from the inside out
________ experience events from the outside in
explain
westerners - inside out
they are at the center, looking out at the world
easterners - outside in
starting at the social world, looking/focusing in on them as an object of attention
interdependent/independent:
which is someone more likely to describe tehmself as
“i am freindly”
“i am serious at work”
“i am Jans friend”
“i like camping”
interdependent
“i am serious at work”
“i am Jans friend”
independent
“i am freindly”
“i like camping”
women in the US tend ot be more ________
men in the US tend to be more _________
women in the US tend to be more interdependent
men in the US tend to be more independent
where to gender differences in the self-construal come from?
socialization - especially how girls and boys are raised differently
gender roles - as adults, these gender roles amplify the socialization
biological differences - both^^ reinforce biological differences bet men and women
people actively seeking out information about themselves by comparing themselves to other people is known as
who coined it
social comparions theory
Leon festinger
how does Festinger say we “accurately” compare ourselves to others
by comparing yourself to someone who is roughly your level of skill
Eg. wouldn’t compare my score on a test to the professors
_______ ______ ______ -comparison yourself to someone that is better than you
________ _______ ______ - comparing yourself to someone who’s worse off than you are
Upward social comparison - comparison yourself to someone that is better than you
Downward social comparison - involves comparing yourself to someone who’s worse off than you are
________ social comparison Usually makes you feel better about yourself
Downward social comparison
Upward social comparison
pro and con?
Useful to motivate improvement ( but only if improvement is possible)
Can lead to anger/resentment (relative deprivation)when we feel we deserve better
____-_______ refers to the overall positive or negative view someone has of themself
self-etseem
what is trait self-esteem
a person’s enduring level of self-regard across time
generally stable throughout lifetime
just like your working self-concept, your ______ self-esteem changes depending on contect
state self-esteem
what is state self esteem
the changable self-evalutations a person experienes as momentary feelinfs about the self
Crocker’s contingencies of self-worth model states that people’s self-esteem rises and falls according to what
people’s self-esteem rises and falls with successes and failures in the domain in which they have staked their self worth
Crocker’s contingencies of self-worth model
self-esteem goes up when …..? and drops when…..?
self-esteem goes up when you do well in areas that matter to you and drops when you do badlt in these areas
the ________ _______ maintains that self- esteem acts as an index of a persons social acceptance and it fluctuates based on perceptions of social inclusion or exclusion
sociometer hypothesis
give an example of the sociomeyer hypothesis
If someone receives multiple invitations to social event, what may happen
If someone receives multiple invitations to social events
their self-esteem may rise, indicating they feel socially accepted
__________ cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than _________ cultures
________ cultures dont acc feel bad about themselves, just hav diff ways of feeling good such as _____-___________
independent cultures foster higher levels ofself-esteem than Interdependent cultures
interdependent cultures having lower self esteem doesnt mean they acc feel bad about themselves
explain
they are just less concerned about feeling positiveley about their attributes, and more focused on self improvement
what is self-enhancement
the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one’s postiive self-views
most people think they are above average
what effect is this
better-than average effect
better-than average effect is an example of a _____-____ ______
how is this maintained
self-serving construal
this is maintainted because ppl tend to judge others on how they are on average and themselves on how they are at their best
____-_____ ______ explains that ppls try to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback that threaten their self image
self-affirmation theory
self- affirmations are used to maintain…..?
a healthy self image
study found that people who hold more positive illusions about themselves (high self enhancers) can be heathlier (than low self enhancers) in what ways
what criticisms of this exist
can have a healthier set of coping responses when faced with stress
criticisms
- ppl who self enhance can be seen as narcissistic
- ppl who have accurate view of themselves more liked by others
- cross cultural reasearch shows that positive illusions does not increase well-being of easterners - their wellbeing is more attached to interdependent self-construals
_______-_______ theory states that individuals prefer to hold accurate views of themselves, even if those beliefs are negative or positive.
self-verification theory
why would self-verification be beneficial to us
accurate self views makes us more predictable to ourselves and others, which helps interrationc with others go more smoothly
Self verification theory:
we strive to get others to ______ our preexisting beleifs about ourselves
we strive to get others to confirm our preexisting beleifs about ourselves
give an example of introvertedness in the eyes of self verification theory
A person with a self-concept of being introverted may seek out situations and interactions that confirm and align with their belief, even if they receive invitations to social gatherings.
how can self-enhancement and self-verification both be at play
self-enhancement is more relevant to our emotional responses to feedback about ourselves
self-verification determines how valid that feedbakc is
what are the two self enhancement strategies
self-serving contruals
self-affrimations
when _____-______ is our priority we seek out appraisals and relationships that confirm our preexisting self views
self-verification
_______-______ is the process by which ppl initiate, alter and control their behaviour in pursuit of their goals
self-regulation
____-______ theory holds that ppl hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like, but what they would be ideally like, to think what they ought to be
self-discrepancy theory
in self-discrepancy theory, define:
actual self
ideal self
and ought self
actual self - self that ppl belive they are
ideal self - self that concerns your hopes and wishes
and ought self - self concerned with duties and obligations, what you are compelled to do
What are the two main types of self-discrepancies?
Actual vs ideal self-discrepancy (who we want to be vs. who we are)
actual vs ought self-discrepancy (who we think we should be vs. who we are)
self-discrepancy theory:
______ and ______ beliefs serve as self guides, motivating ppl to regulate their behaviours in order to close the gap between their ______ self and their ________self
ideal and ought beliefs serve as self guides, motivating ppl to regulate their behaviours in order to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal self
self-discrepancy theory:
discrepencies between the ______ and the ______ self produce dejection-related emotions (sad, low self worth)
discrepencies between the _____ self and the ______ self give rise to the agitation related emotions (mad)
discrepencies between the actual and the ideal self produce dejection-related emotions
discrepencies between the actual self and the ought self give rise to the agitation related emotions
If someone wants to be a more confident public speaker but feels shy during presentations
what type of discrepency do they have
actual vs ideal self-discrepancy.
If a person believes they should always help others but sometimes act selfishly
what type of discrepency do they have
actual vs ought self-discrepency
How can each self-discrepancies affect emotions?
discrepency between the actual and ideal self can lead to emotions like sadness or disappointment
discrepancies between the actual and ought self can result in feelings of guilt or anxiety.
when people regulate their behaviour with respect to ideal-self standards they have a _______ ______
when people regulate their behaviour with respect to ought-self standards they have a _______ ______
promotopn focus
prevention focus
a focus of attaining ______ outcomes would be a promotion focus (ideal self)
a focus of avoiding ______ outcomes would be a prevention focus (ought self)
a focus of attaining positive outcomes would be a promotion focus
a focus of avoiding negative outcomes would be a prevention focus
Someone who is excited about the potential for a raise at work and is motivated to work hard to attain it is exhibiting a ________ focus.
promotion
A student who studies diligently to avoid failing an important exam is demonstrating a ________ focus.
preventions
How do these focuses affect decision-making?
Promotion-focused individuals tend to take risks and pursue opportunities
prevention-focused individuals are more cautious and concerned with avoiding errors.
westerners are more l;iekly yo have a _______ focus
easteners a ________ focus
westerners are more l;iekly yo have a promotion focus
easteners a prevention focus
differentiate between high and low level construals
High-level construals involve abstract and broad interpretations, focusing on the big picture or overarching concepts
Low-level construals involve concrete and specific interpretations, focusing on the details and individual components
How do high-level and low-level construals impact decision-making?
relate to exmaple of “to eat or not to eat ice cream”
High-level construals often lead to more long term goals
might think about your diet before eating ice cream
Low-level contruals might lead to make more incidental choices
might see ice cream as a tasty treat, more likely to indulge for immediate satisfaction
self-regulation efforts can operate ________
automatically
______ intentions - specify what goal one wants to acheive
________ intentions - specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances
goal intentions
implementaltion intentions
implementaltion intentions follow an “____-____” format
give example
implementaltion intentions follow an “if-then” format
If I feel stressed (if), then I will take a 10-minute walk (then) to relax and clear my mind.
if trying to acheive something successfully, setting goal intentions, AND THEN forming smaller _________ ________ increases your likelihood of attain it
implementation intentions
provide an example of using an “if-then” implementation intention to achieve a goal
make the goal to eat healthier
how does this work
“If I feel the urge to snack on junk food in the afternoon (if), then I will reach for a piece of fruit instead (then).”
links a potential obstacle (craving junk food) to a desired action (choosing a healthier snack) to support the goal of eating healthier.
how do implementation intentions like if then statements help you set goals
temptations become linked to your goals -when you think of temptation, you think of the goals too
connection can become automatic
bringing goals to mind first even diminished the amount of thought of temptations
the ______ self is concerned with ______ __________
- presenting the person we would like others to belive we are
______ inspired the study of this
the public self is concerned with self presentation
- presenting the person we would like others to belive we are
Goffman inspired the study of this
another term for self presentation is ________ ________
how we attempt to control ________ other people form of us
another term for self presentation is impression management
how we attempt to control impressions other people form of us
Goffman used naturalistic observations to study self presentation
he formed the ________ _______ on the social self
Goffman used naturalistic observations to study self presentation
he formed the dramaturgic perspective on the social self
What is Erving Goffman’s dramaturgic perspective? what is “front stage”, “backstage”, “face”
Goffman’s dramaturgic perspective views social interactions as akin to a theatrical performance
“front stage” - persona ppl presentin social settings. It’s like the performance they put on for the audience.
“backstage” where individuals less concerned about their public image. where they prepare for the front stage performance
“face” - public image of ourself that we want others to beleive
self-monitoring derives in part from Goffman’s work
define it
tendency to monitor one’s behaviour to fit the demands of the current situation
differentiate between high self-monitoring ppl and low self-monitoring ppl
high - carefully scrutinize situations, shift their self-presention accordingly
low - behave according to their own traits and preferences
we often dont live up to to the self presentation we are trying to portray, so we use self-________ behaviours such as self-_______
we often dont live up to to the self presentation we are trying to portray, so we use self-protective behaviours such as self-handicapping
What is self-handicapping
tendency to engage in self-defeatinf behaviour to have an excuse ready should one fail, and prevent others from making unwatned inferences
give example of self-handicapping
saying you didnt study hard even though you did
to give an excuse in case you fail
how is self-presentation relevant online
ppl more inclined to provide accurate info about things like personality traits
and less accurate info about things like physical features (catfishing bro)
