Chapter 1 (1) Flashcards
what is social psych
the study of how individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by other people
_____ do not need to be present to influence our behaviour
others
_____ ______ was the founder of social psych
Used his background in ______ to understand things
Kurt Lewin
physics
how did Lewin apply physics to behaviours
Believed that behaviours functioned in the field of forces they found themselves (just like objects in physics)
according to lewin
_______ = psychological and physical
_______ = a force
Forces = psychological and physical
The situation = a force
the main situational influences on our behaviour are the _______, and sometimes just the mere _______ of other ______
the mian situational influences on our behaviour are the actions, and sometimes uust the mere presence of other people
The situation intersects with things like our _______ to influence behaviour
attributes
what is the main situational influence on our behaviour
the actions, or presences of other people
The Milgram Exp:
studied ______ and _______
Participants told this was a study regarding the effects of _______ on behaviour
learning and memory
Participants told that they were in a study regarding the effects of punishment on behaviour
The Milgram Experiment:
explain task + role of teacher and learner
learner (confederate) tried to memories word pairs
Teacher told to administer shocks to the learner, voltage increased each time the learner made an error
experimenter told P’s to keep going despite concern
The Milgram Experiment:
Despite the learners ______, 80% of participants continues past the _____ volt level
At this point, leaner said he has a ______ ________ and screamed “let me tf out of here”
62.5% still continued to the _____ amount of voltage
Despite the learners screams, 80% of participants continues past the 150 volt level
At this point, leaner said he has a heart condition and screamed “let me tf out of here”
62.5% still continued to the max amount of voltage
The Milgram Experiment
is an example of the _______ effectively influencing ________
This is an example of the situation effectively influencing behaviour
Seminarians as Samaritans Experiment: (Darlet and Batson)
Asked theology students about their religious orientation and discussed good samaritan story from bible
what task was given to P’s next? what 2 conditions?
asked them to go to another building to deliver a short sermon, given a route to follow
Some told they were late, some told they had time to get there
both passed man in need of help on the say
Seminarians as Samaritans Experiment: (Darlet and Batson)
results?
religious orientation was clearly no use in predicting whether or not they would help the man
real predictor was whether or not they were in a hurry
People often underestimate the power of external forces and tend to assume (mistakingly) that causes of behaviour can be found their disposition
what is this phenomenon known as
The Fundamental Attribution Error
what is disposition
internal factor - beliefs, values, personality traits, and abilities that guide behaviour
________ - internal factors like beliefs, values, personality traits, and abilities that guide behaviour
disposition
define the fundamental attribution error
failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behaviour
the tendency to over emphasise the importance of dispositions
Fundemental attribution error:
People often underestimate the power of _______ forces and tend to assume (mistakingly) that causes of behaviour can be found their __________
People often underestimate the power of external forces and tend to assume (mistakingly) that causes of behaviour can be found their disposition
Lewin introduced _______ ______ to help explain why certain circumstances seem unimportant but have great consequences on behaviour, either facilitating or blocking it
channel factors
Lewin introduced channel factors to help explain what
why certain circumstances seem unimportant but have great consequences on behaviour, either facilitating or blocking it
lewin compared channel factors to “______”
small _______ that can have big effect on behaviour
nudges
small prompts that can have big effect on behaviour
channel factors (nudges) also refelct that our ________ can guide behaviour by making it ______ to follow one _____ than ______
our circumstances can guide behaviours by making it easier to follow one path than another
Leventhal study:
showed how to ______ people to take advantage of preventative care
motivate
Leventhal study:
Tried to get yale students to get _______ shot
Had them read scary ways people could get _______
tetanus
Leventhal study:
most student showed interest in getting it but only 3% actually did
what other condition was applied that made this number go up
group was given a map with the health centre circled (they were seniors so keep in mind they knew where it was) and found a time to fit it in their schedule
This lil “nudge” increase the number to 28%
the channel factor (nudge) concept is central to _______ _______
give some other examples
behavioural economics
used in politics (voting), economics, retirement place, organ donation, ect
when viewing an outlines triangle, people till in the empty spaces with thier min and percieve a white triangle even though its no there
what two things does this relate to
gestralt princeple of perception
the construal
Gestralt psych
explain the key idea
organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations automatically and unconsciouslly, not merely individual components
what is the opposite of gestralt princicple, define it too
naive realism
perception occurs through an unbiased and direct observation of objective reality without interpretation
gestralt psych:
objects are perceived not by means of an ______ perception of objective reality (naive realism),
but by _______ ______ of what the object represents
objects are perceived not by means of an unbiased perception of
objective reality (naive realism),
but by active, nonconscious interpretation of what the object represent
how does the visual principal of gestralt psych relate to social psych
just like for objects, is also true for judgements ofthe social world
they are actively constructed from perceptions and thoughts, not simple readouts of reality
our ______ of situations and behaviour refers to our interpretations of them and to the unconcious inferences we make about them
construal
construal can be described as an individual’s ________ _________ of a stimulus
subjective interpretation
although it seems as though we understand social situations, we acutally rely on ______
shemas
define schemas
generalized knowledge about the psychical and social world
elaborates sotres of systemized knowledge to understand even the “simplest” situations
we tend ot judge ppl on particular person schemas - according to their nationality, gender, religiom, occupation, sorority, etc
this is a type of schema known as
steriotypes
a schema is a steriotype when they….
describe different types of people
we process info in 2 ways whem we encouter a social situation
what are there
automatic and controlled
define autotmatic and controlled processing
automatic - nonconcious and systemic, often emotional
controlled - systemic and controlled by deliberative thougt
______ processing often occurs before ______ processing takes over
automatic
controlled
automatic processes give rise to ______ attitudes and beliefs that cant be readily controlled by the conscious mind
associated with _____
implicit
prejudice
controlled processes result in _______ attitudes and beliefs that we are aware of
these may become _____ over time
explicit
implicit
Experiment: words presented on a computer screen for one-tenth of a sec, some hostile and some neutural,
they then rated donald
those shown hostile words rated donald lower
this is a test on __________ processing
what does this exp how us
nonconcious processing
shows us how various stimuli and situations effect our judgements without our concious awareness
mental processing takes place outside of our awareness partly because of _________
concious processes are generally ______ and can only run serially - one step at a time
mental processing takes place outside of our awareness partly because of efficiency
concious processes: generally ______ and can only run _______ - one step at a time
automatic processes: much ______ and can operate in ______
concious processes: generally slow and can only run serially - one step at a time
automatic processes: much faster and can operate in parallel
Much of our behaviour and may kinds of _______ processes occur without our _________, sometimes without ________ of even the stimulo to which we are ________ to
Much of our behaviour and may kinds of construal processes occur without our awareness, sometimes without awareness of even the stimuli to which we are responding
we tend to overestimate how _________ our mental processes are to our consciousness
we tend to overestimate how accessible our mental processes are to our consciousness
________ theory informs our understanding of human behaviour, just as it does for plants and animals
evolutionairy theory
Interdependence and independence can also be used to study social class.
Working class people found to be more _________ thanks middle class ppl
Interdependent / collectivist
we share many universals with ________
we do not share many universals with _____ ______
this supports ______ theory
primates
other animals
evolutionary theory
the ability to produce and understand _______, and evidence that we are _____ to do so, supports evolutionary theory
we had to learn to do this because in the past we relied on _____ living
language, prewired
group living
the “_____ ____ _____” also supports evolutionary thoery
theory of mind
what is the theory of mind
the ability to recognize that other people have beliefs and desires
evidence that the theory of mind is biologically based comes fomr studying what people
people who do not have it, due to genetic defects
eg. autistic ppl
Differential ______ ______ of males and females may explain differences between women and men and gender roles
parental investment
parental investment is the evolutionairy princeples that ______ and _______ are associated with reproduction and nurturing
costs and benefits
using evolutionary theory to explain behaviour can be controversial because it can uphold the _______ _______
naturalistic fallacy
define the naturalistic fallacy
assuming that if something evolved naturally, it must also be good
the way things are are the way they should be
_____ ______ helps us understand what happens in the brain in diff social situations
social neuroscience
________ (newer part of the brain) is involved in social behaviour
ours is _____ than other ____
neocortex
bigger than other animals
give some examples of what the neo cortex’s role is in social behaviour
allows us to feel empathy for others
gives us self awareness
activates when socially rejected or esteemed
Western countries tend to be _________/_______ cultures
Eastern countries tend to be _________/_______ cultures
independent/ individualistic
interdependent/ collectivistic
_______ - people think of themselves as distinct social entities
_________ - people have less personal control and freedom, and do not want it
individualistic
collectivistic
_________ - found in asian-amerian cultures, is a social value defined by interpersonal warmth, closeness and support
family relationships and obligations are central to one’s identity and decision-making
familialism
