Social Change Flashcards
Example of how opptunity had been offered (3)
General Augereau
Son of Parisian fruit seller
Rose to become grand officer of the legion of honour and Marshall of France
Limits to opportunity offered (2+)
There was a limit to how much those in lower society could advance themselves in the military
Napoleon only interested in those who were educated and of wealth
What + when ordre national de la legion d’honour (3)
1802 established
Reward those who served him well and showed loyalty
Military and civilian award
Who were awarded the legion de honour (3)
By 1814
Of 32000 awards
Only 1500 went to civilians the rest military
What + when napoloenaic nobility
Award gave title of knight of the empire
Women award the legion dhonour (3)
Virginie = disguised herself as man
Marie-Jeanne schelling
Sister Anne biget = nun
Titles created by NB (3)
Princely titles to members of his family after coronation
1806 = ducal titles created for marshals of France
Imperial nobility
What was the imperial nobility (2+)
Founded in march 1808
Included counts, barons, knights + princes
Who were titles given to (3)
59% of titles = military men
22.5% of those enobled by NB = from Ancien regime nobility
Helped secure Ralliement
Why was new nobility different though
Only a seventh of the size of the one in 1789
What could a retiring senator expect to receive (3)
Title of count
Country estate + residence
Annual income of 25000 francs
When + what new law established - education (3)
May 1802
State primary school in each commune
Lycees provide secondary schooling to boys
What did Napoleon ensure - lycees (2)
Run with military discipline
Taught a modern, secular curriculum
How were Napoleon lycees split (4)
Boys divided into those destined for a civil or military career
Civil = taught languages + philosophy
Military = maths, physics, chemistry
Both guaranteed employment in chosen career after graduation
Who took up places in lycees (2)
Of the 6400 places available:
2400 = sons of socliders and civil servants = Napoleons notables
What was the imperial university + when (3+)
March 1808
Act as supervisory and not a teaching institution
Ensured all education confirmed to certain standards
What was the imperial university responsible for (3++)
Teacher training = all staff required to give oath of loyalty and obedience
Setting up of new schools
The curriculum = standardised across all of France
Annual reports to Napoleon
NB view on women (3)
Destined for marriage
Marriage purpose = acquiring and transmitting property and children
Limited interest in female education + primary school was deemed efficient
When civil code
1804
What civil code of 1804 (3)
Women granted marginally more control over property when married
Introduced divorce by mutual consent
Still majorly unequal
How where newspapers reduced - specific (3)
January 1800
Reduced from 73 to 13
By 1801 = only 4
How were newspapers controlled (3)
All newspapers subject to police supervision
Censors appointed to each paper from 1809
Gov published its own paper - Le moniteur
Where powers were police given (2)
Search a publishers shop and seize books
Fine of 2000 francs could be given to those possessing illegal work
Napoleons properganda (3+)
Self glorification
‘The myth of the saviour’ = bringing order out of chaos
Chaos was the product of too much liberty = saving France from excesses of the revolution
What properganda paintings (2)
Produced official painting of the imperial coronation
Popes hand raised in blessing
What was the distribution of eagle standards (3+)
Painting - December 1804
Eagle = ancient Roman legions symbol
Distributed to regiments = instil pride and loyalty among troops
What programme did Napoleon embark on (3+)
Rebuilding public works in Paris = creating a positive image
Some was functional = roads + fountains
New buildings = opportunity to implement sculptures and statures
Examples of show pieces which glorifies the regime (3)
Rebuilding of the old church of La Madeleine as the temple of glory
The vendome column
Arc de trimophe
What would religion help NB with (3+)
Ralliement + amalgame
Priests who encourage acceptance and obedience
Social order
How did Napoleon first show support for religion (2)
December 1799 decree = churches open any day of the week
July 1800 = authorised that Sunday should be a day of rest
What did ascension fo new pope mean + what (3)
Pope pius VII in 1800
Excuse for reconciliation
Agreement in 1801
Why could Napoleon get favourable terms with pope
Strong position of French army in Italy
When was concordat
15 July 1801
What agreed in concordat (3)
Pope recognised as head of the Catholic Church
Catholic worship = freely available
Pope recognised new French regime and promised not to try and reclaim church land
When was the concordat published and what was it followed by
April 1802
Organic articles
What was the organic articles (3-+)
Stated that the gov approval had to be given before any papal legate entered France or any papal document was published
Guaranteed religious toleration
Protestant ministers to take an oath of loyalty and be paid the same as catholic priests
Religious toleration to who (2+)
700,000 Protestants
40,000 Jews
What Napoleon and Jews (2+)
1804 = freedom of conscience for all
1807 = meeting with 45 rabbis = discuss proposals for Greta assimilation
What did the concordat help do (3+)
Win over uncertain royalists
Reassure notables that church land was safe
NB had authority over appointment of bishops + clergy = spread properganda
Difference between the church of 1802 and ancien regime (3+)
Ancien regime = 150 bishops + 130,000 clergy
Under concordat = 60 bishops + 36000 clergy
Church’s land + tax = gone forever
Aftermath of concordat (4+)
Refractory priests came out of hiding
Churches reopened
Churchmen = bigger role in education
Degree of harmony was achieved
Why did Napoleon relationship with pope deteriorate (2)
French ambitions in Italy
Way NB treated the pope
How did NB treat the pope (2+)
Humiliation at the coronation of NB
Ignored when NB issued a new Catholic Church catechism to be taught in schools
What is a catechism (2+)
Stamens of belief
Usually consists of a series of questions and answers which believers memorise
What did NB catechism consist of (2+)
Statements of love, respect, obedience and loyalty towards NB
Referred to him as the agent of gods power and ‘his image on earth’
What caused old tensions to resurface with pope and Italy (2+)
1808 = French occupied Rome
1809 = pope imprisoned
