Social Behavior Flashcards
social cognition
process of understanding own and other behavior
false consensus effect
assuming others share one’s own opinion
We experience the false consensus effect more often with things we _____ and less often with things we _____
like, dislike
false uniqueness effect
assuming others’ opinions are very different from their own
automatic vigilance
tendency to pay attention to negative social information
motivated skepticism
needing more information for an undesirable conclusion than a preferred conclusion
Carla won’t stop talking to her friends and family about her support for the president and his policies, not realizing that they might disagree with her. This may be an indication of the false
_____ effect.
consensus
“He seems like a good boy. He must have stolen the book for a good reason.” an example of …
first impression
attribution
inferring the causes of behavior
fundamental attribution error
overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors when explaining the behavior of others
actor-observer discrepancy
attributing one’s own behavior to external causes, and others’ behavior to internal causes
self-serving bias
attributing one’s successes to internal factors but attributing our failures to external factors
There are several types of attribution biases: a(n) ________ bias causes us to blame our own failures on outside factors. The fundamental ______ error causes us to underestimate the effects of outside factors on other people. And the actor-observer ______causes us to do both.
self-serving, attribution, discrepancy
Jonathan blamed bad calls by the referee for his foul, but a missed basket by his teammate for lack of concentration. This is a good example of …
actor-observer discrepancy
prejudice
negative attitude toward members of a specific social group
discrimination
negative behavior towards members of a specific social group
realistic conflict theory
prejudice begins with economic competition between social groups
social categorization
dividing people into “us” and “them”
stereotype
inaccurate or overgeneralized belief about a social group
The idea that we’re more likely to pay attention to information that fits our preexisting beliefs is ______ bias. This thinking can reinforce
______ beliefs toward others.
confirmation, stereotypical
explains prejudice in terms of social influence
observational learning
explains prejudice by using “us” and “them” distinctions
social categorization
Fear that Asians will dominate math and science jobs
realistic conflict theory
Discussing with someone how you share the same belief as them is an example of ..
confirmation bias
Things to help reduce prejudice
intergroup mingling
personal connections between group
Equal positions from multiple groups
creating common goals
Being aware of our own prejudices and being careful about our words and _______
around our children can help minimize the negative effects of prejudice in our communities.
behavior
What’s missing: Trying to overcome prejudices between two groups of people.
Keep groups apart
learn about each other’s differences
___________
Ask the members of both groups to work towards a common goal
Bring the groups together to discuss
bringing 2 groups together increases or decreases prejudice?
it may do either or depending on the situation.
Contact between groups can reduce prejudice more effectively when …
the groups share a common goal
An important consequence of inter-group contact is that members of different groups can begin to see one another as ______ rather than in terms of group stereotypes.
individuals
Overcoming prejudice is best accomplished when the groups are members of the same social _____and possess a shared skill set
class
independent view of self
defining oneself in terms of one’s own thoughts, feelings, and actions
interdependent view of self
defining oneself in terms of one’s relationship with others
in addition to culture and gender differences _______ may also influence our view of ourselves, although this may vary for each person.
ethnicity
Collectivistic societies describe themselves more so in interdependent or independent ways?
interdependent
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations of a person causes him or her to behave in a way that matches your expectation
stereotype threat
fear of being judged by a negative stereotype
Which psychologist worked on the experiment to see how effective self-fulfilling prophecies were. IQ test with teachers
Rosenthal and Lenore
In Rosenthal And Lenore's social experiment. Students are labeled as bloomers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ teachers teach their students Students who are "bloomers" perform well
teachers teach their students
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to ________ internal factors and _______ external factors when explaining behavior
overestimate, underestimate
The result of stereotype threat is _______ performance when facing a negative stereotype, thus confirming the stereotype
poor
You risk causing a self-fulfilling prophecy in another person if you have an inaccurate…
first impression
aggression
behavior intended to harm another person
direct aggression
agression that is observable and meant to be ovserved
indirect aggression
trying to hurt someone without obvious face to face conflict
Aggression in males tends to be more _____, while aggression in females tends to be more _____
direct, indirect
attraction
a force that draws individuals together
matching hypothesis
we seek relationships with people who are similar to ourselves in level of attractiveness and other similarities
2 factors that increase attraction
familiarity and proximity
reciprocity
returning feelings or responses that are directed toward us
Characteristics that are considered to be universally attractive across all cultures are
healthy hair
facial symmetry
clear complexion
healthy teeth
The most relevant factor in romantic attraction is physical _____
appearance
Psychologist who developed theory that love is made up of 3 components
Robert Sternberg
What are the 3 components of love by Sternberg?
intimacy, passion, and commitment
intimacy
emotional closeness and sharing of personal information
passion
sexual attraction and feelings of euphoria
commitment
an agreement or decision to remain in a romantic relationship
The type of love with only intimacy?
liking
The type of love with only commitment?
empty love
They type of love with only passion?
Infatuation
The type of love with passion and intimacy?
Romantic love
The type of love with intimacy and commitment
Companionate love
The type of love with passion and commitment
fatuous love
The type of love with all 3 intimacy, passion, and commitment
Consumate Love
When there is none it is called
non-love ie casual friendship
Psychologist who developed proposed model for the developmental stages of relationships
George Levinger
What are the developmental stages of relationships?
attraction building continuation deterioration ending
self-disclosure
revealing personal information about oneself to others
The aspect of a relationship that makes partners feel secure and safe is mutual _____
commitment
begins with small talk
building
maintaining the relationship
continuation
loss of interest in the relationship
deterioration
decision to pursue a relationship
building
increased emotional intimacy
continuation
mutual support and reassurance
commitment
A strong, healthy relationship includes which of the following stages
continuation, attraction, building
social exchange theory
social behavior is an exchange with costs and benefits; normally trying to maximize benefits and minimize costs
equity theory
individuals are happiest in a relationship that seems fair
relationship equity is most important during which stage of a relationship?
building, also when things aren’t going well
5 things to help keep a relationship stable
positivity, openness,
assurances, social networks, sharing tasks
positivity
communicating in an optimistic manner
openness
communicating honestly
assurance
emphasizing affection and commitment
social networks
including each other’s friends in couple activities
sharing tasks
sharing household responsibilities
name letter effect
favorably evaluating the letter’s in one’s own name
Women who take on their husband’s last name tned to be viewed as…
less ambitious, more caring, less independent
Being less cheerful is associated with…
unconventional names
Unconventionally spelled names are associated with being…
less successful, less caring, and less engaging
altruism
behavior that benefits others without conscious expectation of reward
How does altruism relate to status?
We are more likely to help those who we perceive to have a higher status
How does attractiveness relate to altruism?
We are more likely to help someone we perceive as attractive
How does similarity relate to altruism?
We are more likely to help those who seem similar to us
What did Robert Rosenthal’s and Lenore Jacobson’s 1968 experiment determine?
the power of the self-fulfilling prophecy
One of the factors aggression can be influenced by
Biological Factors
Not: isolation, sobriety, and unblocked goal-directed behavior
According to psychologist George Levinger, the decision to pursue a relationship or not occurs in which stage?
building
studies have found that altruism is first observed in …
childhood
