Memory Flashcards
amnesia
loss of memory due to injury or illness
What are the 3 types of memory
procedural, semantic, episodic
procedural memory is
the memory of how to perform actions
semantic memory is
the memory of concepts and knowledge
episodic
the memory of events
Combining past experiences and recalling information is called…
reconstructing
______ amnesia is the inability to form new memories.
Anterograde
Connecting bits of information stored in our memory is…
reconstructing
Seeing ourselves participate in events that have not yet occurred is….
projecting
Creating connections between one moment and the next is….
continuity
The distinction between episodic memory and semantic memory was first described by _______
Endel Tulving
memory
information that can be stored and retrieved
encoding
converting information into a form that a memory system can use
storage
holding memory information over time
reconstruction
using information from the past to create a memory in the present
The human brain does not work like a file cabinet. Memories are ________ not retrieved.
reconstructed
Memory can be thought of as a set of _______.
systems
Place the processes of memory in order:
Information is received and can be stored and retrieved
Information is converted or encoded into a form that can be stored
Memory is held over time
Information from the past is used to create a memory in the present
attention
selecting part of the available information to process
encoding
converting information into a form that a memory system can use
depth of processing
the degree to which encoding focuses on meaning rather than physical properties
shallow processing
focuses on physical properties of stimulus
deep processing
focuses on the meaning of the stimulus
When we encode visual images and spatial information, we do it ________ and without much effort. We must think deeply about the meaning of a stimulus in order to build a _______ memory of that.
automatically, lasting
Place the memory-related events in order from first to last:
Pay attention
Build long-term memory
stimulus is introduced
encode
stimulus is introduced
pay attention
encode
build a long term memory
If a smell reminds you of Grandma’s house, that is an example of ______.
Deep processing
Visual and spatial information are _____.
automatically encoded
________ is a way that shallow processing can be used to acquire deeper understanding of an object. This allows us to process information without the context or meaning through repetition and practice.
Rehearsal
Remembering an advertisement can be an example of ______.
deep processing
The encoding process works differently depending on if we focus on the ______ or the physical properties.
meaning
If you were shown a word and asked about its meaning, rather than what font it was using, you would respond using _______ processing.
deep
The location of main street is an example of ______
spatial information
Order iconic, echoic, & long term memory from shortest to longest lasting.
Iconic, echoic, long-term
sensory memory
a system that holds information while part of it is chosen for further attention
iconic memory
sensory memory for vision
echoic memory
sensory memory for hearing
semantic memory
the memory type that describes echoic memory to understand language.
short term memory
briefly holds information until it is stored or forgotten
chunk
a piece of information you can think of as a single unit
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory
A chunk is a single unit of information. Most people can hold approximately how many digits of information in short-term memory, plus or minus two digits?
7
repeating a phone number aloud until you can write it down is an example of….
maintenance rehearsal
Someone who can remember the past but has trouble forming new memories probably has _______amnesia. This kind of amnesia implies a functional long-term memory and a dysfunctional short-term memory.
anterograde
In the 1950s George _____ discovered that short-term memory can hold somewhere between 5 and nine ____ of information
Miller, chunks
The following information is in how many chunks? 6049 2394
2 chunks
memory span
the capacity for short term memory
This tests the limits of short-term memory.
Brown -perterson task
long term memory
the system that holds all the information from the past that can be recalled or used in the present
parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach
information is stored in memory as patterns of neuron activation. Also known as connectionist approach
Areas that activate and deactivate as necessary are called ______.
nodes
Connections between active areas in a PDP network are called _____.
links
The term ______, in parallel distributed processing, refers to information being spread out across the network
distributed
Give an example of multiple processes taking place at the same time (Parallel)
Watching a movie and the main character reminds her of her father. While she listens to the soundtrack she remembers her best friend’s favorite song.
Give an example of information being spread out across the network (distributed)
These two memories make her think of the summer she spent in Europe
Give an example of Parallel Distributed process
two factors from one single movie made her think of separate memories that crossed paths to help her reconstruct one thing
The term _______, in parallel distributed processing, refers to multiple processes taking place at the same time.
parallel
The parallel distributed processing model describes memory information as patterns of activation in a(n) ______.
network
True or false: The death of an individual neuron can cause forgetting
False
True or false: Parallel processing explains why humans are able to deal with many types of information at once
True
True or false: Different patterns of activation represent different concepts
True
According to the parallel distributed processing model, memory is made up of ______ that are joined together by ________.
nodes, links
long term memory has the potential to hold information….
virtually forever.
True or False, When we reconstruct memory we sometimes activate extra nodes, or leave others out.
True
True or False: Things that happen to you affect the way you reconstruct a memory.
True
True or False: We reconstruct memories the same way each time.
False
information is represented by patterns of activation in a network….
Parallel distributed processing model
components that form structures in a network
nodes
activating nodes to recreate information
memory reconstruction
recall
remembering information upon demand
recognition
identifying correct information when presented with alternatives
relearning
material is learned more quickly a second time than it was originally
The process of _____ shows the most conscious and effortful processing, and is the strictest measure of retention.
recall
The four “R’s” in terms of memory are
Recall, Recognition, and relearning are all measures of retention
proactive interference
old information blocks the recall of new information
retroactive interference
new information blocks the recall of old information
information fading away is an example of….
decay
misinformation effect
the distortion of memory by incorrect information given later
Elizabeth Loftus
conducted a study demonstrating the misinformation effect.
Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure
demonstrates how memory can be reconstructed inaccurately
When the police asked questions about what she saw, she felt she remembered the facts differently
Deese - Roediger - McDermott procedure
given information about an event that she had no recollection of, and now she has vivid memories of the event
Misinformation effect
amnesia
loss of memory due to injury, or physical or mental illness
organic amnesia
loss of memory due to brain injury
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from before the injury
anterograde amnesia
inability to remember events after injury
consolidation
the process of making memories permanent
True or False: Retrograde Amnesia is permanent
False
True or False: Retrograde amnesia can often result from a concussion or stroke
True
consolidation is
the process of making memories permanent
What part of the brain makes memories permanent
hippocampus
The linkword method associates foreign vocabulary words with _______to make them easier to remember
images
GOATS is a study technique involving
Generate Organize Attention Test Space
Which memory system holds a large amount of information while we decide what we should be paying attention to?
sensory memory
What did the Brown-Peterson Task study, in respect to the brain’s memory?
How the brain loses information in short term memory when it has to focus on other immediate tasks
Parallel processing explains….
how we are able to process as much information as we do
The three main reasons why we forget are ….
encoding failure, decay, interference
