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PSY 200 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

neutral stimulus

A

event that does not produce desired response

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

any even that naturally or reflexively produces response

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural result of unconditioned stimulus, which does not need to be learned

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4
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

event that, when paired with unconditioned stimulus, results in desired response

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5
Q

conditioned response

A

desired response as a result of conditioned

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6
Q

stimulus extinction

A

is what happens when conditioned stimulus is removed, resulting in no desired response

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7
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

is what happens after conditioned stimulus is returned

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8
Q

stimulus generalization

A

is result of conditioned response occurring in presence of both original conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

is when response occurs only in presence of exact original stimulus

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10
Q

When a conditioned response occurs only with the original stimulus and no other stimulus produces the same response, this is known as stimulus
________
discrimination. Stimulus
_________
generalization is where two separate, but similar, stimuli can produce the same response.

A

discrimination, generalization

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11
Q

If the association of a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is broken ______ occurs, but ______ recovery can follow.

A

extinction, spontaneous

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12
Q

Place these items in order:

conditioned stimulus, extinction, neutral stimulus, spontaneous recovery

A

neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, extinction, spontaneous recovery

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13
Q

first order conditioning

A

occurred in Pavlov’s experiment when dog directly associated sound of bell with presentation of food, resulting in drooling in both instances

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14
Q

higher order conditioning

A

occurred in Pavlov’s follow-up experiment when flash of light preceded sound, also resulting in drooling

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15
Q

neutral stimulus

A

desired response not produced

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16
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

desired response produced after second stimulus is associated with first stimulus

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17
Q

stimulus generalization

A

when conditioned response occurs with both original conditioned stimulus and with stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus

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18
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

when response occurs only with original stimulus

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19
Q

Law of Effect

A

says that behaviors that produce pleasant results tend to be repeated, while behaviors that cause unpleasant results tend to be discontinued

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20
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviors are either repeated or discontinued based on consequences they produce

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21
Q

reinforcer

A

when consequence is positive and behavior continues

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22
Q

primary reinforcer

A

when reinforcing consequence is naturally or biologically reinforcing

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23
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

when a reinforcer acquires association with primary reinforcers

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24
Q

positive reinforcer

A

when reinforcing stimulus is added to situation

25
Q

negative reinforcer

A

when aversive stimulus is removed from situation

26
Q

A _______
generalized conditioned reinforcer is associated with primary reinforcers such as money (a secondary reinforcer), which can be used to purchase primary reinforcers

A

generalized

27
Q

Place these steps of operant conditioning: consequence, behavior, and antecedent, in order

A

antecedent, behavior, consequence

28
Q

When consequence is positive and behavior continues, this term can be described as ______

A

reinforcer

29
Q

A secondary reinforcer is the same as a(n)

A

conditioned reinforcer

30
Q

difference between a positive and negative reinforcer?

A

They both reinforce a behavior but the positive does so by adding something and the negative does so by removing something

31
Q

antecedents are…

A

triggers that trigger behavior

32
Q

consequences affect whether or not…

A

a behavior will continue.

33
Q

warning stimulus

A

can relieve anxiety and make it more likely avoidance behavior will occur in similar future situations

34
Q

positive punishment

A

involves adding aversive stimulus to situation to remove unwanted behavior

35
Q

negative punishment

A

involves removal of something desirable to eliminate unwanted behavior

36
Q

Both Mahmoud and Teresa are afraid of dogs. Mahmoud sees a dog walking toward him from down the street and quickly runs to the opposite side. Teresa does not see the dog until it is right beside her and she then runs across the street. Mahmoud has engaged in
______ behavior, while Teresa was compelled to
________.

A

avoid, escape

37
Q

difference between aversive stimulus and warning stimulus

A

Warning will warn you prior to the negative stimulus, such as music building up in a scary movie, aversive is the monster popping up.

38
Q

A child is given candy for cleaning up her room. If this results in the child cleaning up her room more often in the future, this consequence is a(n)
_______ Since it involves adding something to the situation, it is ______

A

reinforcer, positive

39
Q

fixed ration schedule

A

reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses

40
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

behavior is reinforced based on average number of responses

41
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement is given for first response that occurs after set period of time

42
Q

variable interval schedule

A

reinforcement occurs for first response to occur after specific interval, on average

43
Q

Researcher sets 2minute, then 3 minute, then 4 minute timer. The variable interval is …

A

3 minutes

44
Q

shaping

A

involves reinforcing successive approximations of target behavior

45
Q

If either a single stimulus or a group of similar stimuli trigger a behavior, but different stimuli do not, the behavior is said to be under
_______ control.

A

stimulus

46
Q

behavior controlled by antecedent is said to be…

A

stimulus control

47
Q

classical conditioning

A

occurs when two stimuli or events become associated with each other

48
Q

operant conditioning

A

occurs when behaviors become associated with their consequences—reinforcement or punishment.

49
Q

observational learning,

A

or vicarious learning, occurs when person makes response based on observing behavior of others

50
Q

In order to duplicate a behavior, what is the first step in the observational learning process?

A

attention

51
Q

Four important processes required for observational learning are

A

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. This is the correct order as well

52
Q

learning through the experiences of others

A

vicarious learning

53
Q

learning by watching others

A

observational learning

54
Q

associating between behaviors and their consequences can be described as …

A

operant conditioning

55
Q

“If an aversive situation is presented, a person usually experiences anxiety, or even fear. If the person is able to escape from that situation, the anxiety subsides.” This statement best describes which of the following?

A

negative reinforcement

56
Q

Which choice best predicts if a behavior will be repeated in the future?

A

if both negative and positive reinforcement are present

57
Q

A fixed interval schedule produces….

A

a slower response rate with longer pauses in responding after each reinforcement

58
Q

The benefit of intermittent reinforcement is that it can produce lasting behaviors with ______ reinforcements

A

fewer

59
Q

Our learning can be sped up through a procedure called…

A

shaping

PSY 200 (11 decks)

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