Learning Flashcards
neutral stimulus
event that does not produce desired response
unconditioned stimulus
any even that naturally or reflexively produces response
unconditioned response
natural result of unconditioned stimulus, which does not need to be learned
conditioned stimulus
event that, when paired with unconditioned stimulus, results in desired response
conditioned response
desired response as a result of conditioned
stimulus extinction
is what happens when conditioned stimulus is removed, resulting in no desired response
spontaneous recovery
is what happens after conditioned stimulus is returned
stimulus generalization
is result of conditioned response occurring in presence of both original conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination
is when response occurs only in presence of exact original stimulus
When a conditioned response occurs only with the original stimulus and no other stimulus produces the same response, this is known as stimulus
________
discrimination. Stimulus
_________
generalization is where two separate, but similar, stimuli can produce the same response.
discrimination, generalization
If the association of a neutral stimulus and a conditioned stimulus is broken ______ occurs, but ______ recovery can follow.
extinction, spontaneous
Place these items in order:
conditioned stimulus, extinction, neutral stimulus, spontaneous recovery
neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, extinction, spontaneous recovery
first order conditioning
occurred in Pavlov’s experiment when dog directly associated sound of bell with presentation of food, resulting in drooling in both instances
higher order conditioning
occurred in Pavlov’s follow-up experiment when flash of light preceded sound, also resulting in drooling
neutral stimulus
desired response not produced
conditioned stimulus
desired response produced after second stimulus is associated with first stimulus
stimulus generalization
when conditioned response occurs with both original conditioned stimulus and with stimuli that are similar to original conditioned stimulus
stimulus discrimination
when response occurs only with original stimulus
Law of Effect
says that behaviors that produce pleasant results tend to be repeated, while behaviors that cause unpleasant results tend to be discontinued
operant conditioning
behaviors are either repeated or discontinued based on consequences they produce
reinforcer
when consequence is positive and behavior continues
primary reinforcer
when reinforcing consequence is naturally or biologically reinforcing
secondary reinforcer
when a reinforcer acquires association with primary reinforcers
positive reinforcer
when reinforcing stimulus is added to situation
negative reinforcer
when aversive stimulus is removed from situation
A _______
generalized conditioned reinforcer is associated with primary reinforcers such as money (a secondary reinforcer), which can be used to purchase primary reinforcers
generalized
Place these steps of operant conditioning: consequence, behavior, and antecedent, in order
antecedent, behavior, consequence
When consequence is positive and behavior continues, this term can be described as ______
reinforcer
A secondary reinforcer is the same as a(n)
conditioned reinforcer
difference between a positive and negative reinforcer?
They both reinforce a behavior but the positive does so by adding something and the negative does so by removing something
antecedents are…
triggers that trigger behavior
consequences affect whether or not…
a behavior will continue.
warning stimulus
can relieve anxiety and make it more likely avoidance behavior will occur in similar future situations
positive punishment
involves adding aversive stimulus to situation to remove unwanted behavior
negative punishment
involves removal of something desirable to eliminate unwanted behavior
Both Mahmoud and Teresa are afraid of dogs. Mahmoud sees a dog walking toward him from down the street and quickly runs to the opposite side. Teresa does not see the dog until it is right beside her and she then runs across the street. Mahmoud has engaged in
______ behavior, while Teresa was compelled to
________.
avoid, escape
difference between aversive stimulus and warning stimulus
Warning will warn you prior to the negative stimulus, such as music building up in a scary movie, aversive is the monster popping up.
A child is given candy for cleaning up her room. If this results in the child cleaning up her room more often in the future, this consequence is a(n)
_______ Since it involves adding something to the situation, it is ______
reinforcer, positive
fixed ration schedule
reinforcement is given after a specific number of responses
variable ratio schedule
behavior is reinforced based on average number of responses
fixed interval schedule
reinforcement is given for first response that occurs after set period of time
variable interval schedule
reinforcement occurs for first response to occur after specific interval, on average
Researcher sets 2minute, then 3 minute, then 4 minute timer. The variable interval is …
3 minutes
shaping
involves reinforcing successive approximations of target behavior
If either a single stimulus or a group of similar stimuli trigger a behavior, but different stimuli do not, the behavior is said to be under
_______ control.
stimulus
behavior controlled by antecedent is said to be…
stimulus control
classical conditioning
occurs when two stimuli or events become associated with each other
operant conditioning
occurs when behaviors become associated with their consequences—reinforcement or punishment.
observational learning,
or vicarious learning, occurs when person makes response based on observing behavior of others
In order to duplicate a behavior, what is the first step in the observational learning process?
attention
Four important processes required for observational learning are
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. This is the correct order as well
learning through the experiences of others
vicarious learning
learning by watching others
observational learning
associating between behaviors and their consequences can be described as …
operant conditioning
“If an aversive situation is presented, a person usually experiences anxiety, or even fear. If the person is able to escape from that situation, the anxiety subsides.” This statement best describes which of the following?
negative reinforcement
Which choice best predicts if a behavior will be repeated in the future?
if both negative and positive reinforcement are present
A fixed interval schedule produces….
a slower response rate with longer pauses in responding after each reinforcement
The benefit of intermittent reinforcement is that it can produce lasting behaviors with ______ reinforcements
fewer
Our learning can be sped up through a procedure called…
shaping
