Psychological Therapies Flashcards
What are the 5 major treatment approaches for psychology?
Biological humanistic cognitive behavioral psychodynamic
biopsychosocial approach
considers the individual’s biology, existing psychological issues, and social and societal issues
What are the 4 ways to classify abnormal behavior and identify a psychological disorders
look for maladaptive behavior
look for norm violations
see if the behavior is rare
consider whether the client has personal discomfort and feels uncomfortable with their behavior
does not follow expectations
norm violation
impairs a person’s ability to function socially or professionally
maladaptive behavior
_________
use the DSM to diagnose behavior
identify the psychological disorder
recommend a treatment option
Determine whether an individual’s behavior is diagnosable
This includes humanistic, behavior, and psychodynamic approaches
Modern treatments of psychological disorders
This includes bloodletting, exorcism, and incarceration
older treatments of psychological disorders
… must take place after the behavior has been diagnosed.
Deciding on a treatment option
A clinician will classify a person’s abnormal behavior, identify an underlying disorder, and determine a course of treatment, based on whether the behavior …
is especially rare
is a violation of social norm
is making the person unhappy
impairs the person’s ability to function in society
Most clinicians use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to …
rule out psychological disorders that a client does not have
diagnose psychological disorders.
find agreed-upon definitions of psychological disorders
not find recommendations for treatments
Who are the fathers of cognitive treatment?
Aaron Beck (Cognitive Therapy)
Albert Ellis (Rational emotive behavior Therapy)
cognitive therapy
changing the client’s thoughts (cognitive restructuring)
cognitive distortions
consistent errors in thinking
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing the client’s behavior
2 of the most common behavioral therapy techniques
systematic desensitization
token economies
systematic desensitization
exposing the patient to the object of his or her fear, in order to reduce the fear
fear hierarchy
list of items or situations that cause fear
token economy
rewarding desireable behavior with that can be exchanged for items of value
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
changing thoughts in order to change feelings and behaviors
Aaron Beck founded what type of therapy while Albert Ellis founded what?
Aaron Cognitive therapy
Albert Ellis Rational emotive behavior therapy
approach to a treatment is known as a(n)
orientation
exposure therapy or flooding
Another behavioral therapy technique for reducing a phobia is exposure therapy, or flooding, in which a person is confronted with the cause of his anxiety and not permitted to escape until his fear diminishes. This technique is faster than systematic desensitization, but may be too extreme for people with more severe phobias
psychodynamic therapy
focuses on the past and unconscious processes
psychoanalysis
exploring unconscious conflicts
conscious mind
thoughts and feelings that we are fully aware of
unconscious
areas of the mind we are not actively in touch with
dream analysis
looking for meaningful themes in dreams
free association
patient speaks freely, therapist identifies common themes
countertransference
therapist has an emotional reaction to patient based on therapist’s relationship with someone else
When the therapist’s resemblance to someone else causes an emotional reaction in the patient,
________has occurred.
When the patient’s resemblance to someone else causes an emotional reaction in the therapist,
________has occurred
transference
countertransference
patient talks about fantasies and memories, so that therapist can provide insight
psychoanalysis
This therapy often lasts for years
psychodynamic therapy
humanistic therapy
emphasizes individual potential
self-actualization
fulfilment of one’s potential
person-centered (AKA non-directional, Rogerian) therapy was developed by …
Carl Rogers
unconditional positive regard
therapist is completely accepting
empathy
being able to identify with and relate to someone without having to agree
sympathy
having emotional concern for somone
geniune
therapist’s verbal and nonverbal signals match
Humanistic therapists believe that their clients
are capable of creating their own treatment goals
have the ability to become what they want to be
Not: should be agreed with at all times
refraining from giving specific advice
nondirective
a psychologist who listened to the client and restated those thoughts without judgment
Carl Rogers
A humanistic therapist’s role…
is that of a guide rather than a clinician
The goal of humanistic therapy
self-actualization
Who sets goals for treatment in humanistic therapy
The client
biomedical approach
psychological disorders are based on physiological factors and best treated using medicine
psychosurgery
using surgery to treat mental illness
labotomy
severing nerve connections in the brain in order to calm a person’s behavior
The most common antidepressants are
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)
mood stabilizers useful for …
bipolar disorder, but can cause drowsiness and weight gain
psychosis
loss of contact with reality
What medicines are used to help treat psychosis
antipsychotics,
What type of medications would you prescribe for phobias?
antianxiety medications
What type of medicines would you provide for bipolar disorders?
lithium, mood stabilizers
What type of medicines would you provide for eating disorders?
antidepressants
What type of medicine would you prescribe for loss of contact with reality?
antipsychotic medications
electroconvulsive therapy
applying electrical impulses to patient’s brain to treat psychological disorders
… may be done by a psychiatrist or physician, but not a therapist or psychologist.
Writing a prescription for medication
…is rarely used treatment today
Performing a lobotomy to treat mental illness
…can help calm patients who are agitated or aggressive
Antipsychotic medications
One reason to treat mental illness with medication?
An imbalance in the brain’s neurochemistry
treatment for depression when medication doesn’t work
electroconvulsive therapy
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (one treatment)
antianxiety medication
ideal size for group therapy
between 7-8, but 5-10 is the standard
homogeneous
all members have similar issues or characteristics
heterogeneous
different issues or characteristics of the members
3 disadvantage of group therapy are
It’s sometimes difficult to start a group, since it may be hard to find enough people with similar issues.
Some members might dominate a discussion
Some members might make others uncomfortable
The type of group that may be joined after it has started
open group
3 disorders that may be treated with group therapy include…
mood, anxiety, and substance abuse disorder
A family visits a therapist because they have been fighting often. The therapist…
knows that a problem affecting one member can affect the whole family.
will observe the family dynamics, and see how they affect each individual.
views the family system as whole.
Most common problem in couples therapy
miscommunication and relationship specific issues
more effective than individual therapy in solving problems between members of a unit
family and couples therapy
requires each member to understand the conflicts between other members before improvement can occur
family therapy
often works to solve the common problems of miscommunication and relationship-specific problems
couples therapy
community psychology
preventing psychological disorders and whatnot from happening. Focused on deinstitutionalization
decompensation
deterioration of mental health in a patient who has been discharged from a hospital without a solid plan for a follow up treatment
examples of combined treatments are?
individual and group therapy
medication and group therapy
cognitive-behavioral therapy
and more
deinstitutionalization
the process of moving people from mental hospitals to a community and its support services
Some methods to increase success of therapy include?
Close bond between client and therapist
client is cooperative
meetings occur in a safe, private location
therapist is empathetic and warm
This therapy is generally effective in treating mental illness.
Psychotherapy
evidence-based practice
expertise of the therapist is combined with current research
suggests that in order to provide effective therapy, a therapist must be trained, continue working on clinical skills, and understand cultural influences.
The American Psychological association
What must be considered by a psychologist in developing a treatment plan?
Age cultural background, ethnicity, development history and values
What may discourage an individual from seeking therapy?
Lack of community support
Unethical treatment
occurs when a psychologist provides therapy but lacks training for it
List 6 important factors when a psychologist creates a treatment plan.
age sociocultural background familial status ethnicity values developmental history preferences
list 4 important assessment methods in order to assess the effectiveness of a treatment plan.
tests
screenings
observing the client
asking the client
Ella is a 25 year old female and college graduate. She is dating her boyfriend Brody and has been with him for 2 years. Suddenly she has become depressed, started drinking a lot, and lost her job. Her boyfriend says get professional help or I’m leaving you.
Let’s look at the different cases
Ella goes to a cognitive-behavioral therapists.
- Client sets goals
- Client gets homework
3: therapy focuses on present and talks about homework
treatment success is measured by her changing thoughts and lasts 8-12 weeks
Ella goes to a psychodynamic therapyists
Goal is to uncover unconscious processes and conflicts.
treatment lasts a year or more
Ella goes to a psychiatrist
She gets antidepressents and meets with her psychiatrists once a month. Probably goes to a therapy group. She might be doing cognitive therapy, seeing a psychiatrists, and going to group therapy
In cognitive behavioral therapy, success is measured by the client’s ability to change his or her thoughts. True or False?
True
treatment that lasts 9 to 12 months
medical therapy
treatment that lasts 8 to 12 weeks
cognitive therapy
treatment that lasts 12 months or longer
psychodynamic therapy
treatment that is indefinite
group therapy
how long does medical therapy last?
9 to 12 months
How long does psychodynamic therapy last?
12 months or longer
How long does cognitive therapy last?
8 to 12 weeks
how long does group therapy last?
indefinite
What type of therapist must be aware of any transference or countertransference reactions that occur?
A psychodynamic therapist
Anxiety, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) are commonly treated using …
medication
Which of the following are the goals of couples therapy?
identifying destructive behaviors
not documenting negative cycles in the relationship
The American Psychological Association suggests that successful treatment is dependent on…
solid clinical training and judging
Not traditional practices of clinical skills
The therapist is more in control of discussion and asks clients questions that focus on childhood.
Psychodynamic approach to therapy
If subjects are highly engaged in setting goals for therapy and given homework assignments and procedures to help work through their disorder, they are using the …
cognitive behavioral approach
