Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Mental health professionals use what book to help understand psychological disorders?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
What are the three main components of the DSM?
Diagnostic classifications, diagnostic criteria sets, and descriptive text
anxiety
feeling of unease, nervousness, and apprehension accompanied by physical agitation
psychological disorder
pattern of behaviors or psychological symptoms that impair a person’s ability to function in one or more areas of their life and/or causes significant personal distress
etiology
source or cause of a disorder
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition® (DSM-5)
guide to symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, and the typical impact of conditions
symptom
physical or mental feature that indicates the presence of a disorder
Diagnostic Classification:
list of mental disorders classified under general categories
Diagnostic Criteria Sets
list of symptoms and their duration that must be present in order to diagnose a specific mental disorder, along with symptoms that cannot be present.
Descriptive Text
detailed descriptions of symptoms, diagnosis problems, and other information on each mental disorder listed.
mental disorder
a pattern of behavior that impairs a person’s ability to function in one or more areas of life
Mental disorder category
a group of mental disorders with some common characteristics and symptoms
anxiety disorder
uncontrollable feelings of anxiety when no threat is present
The 5 types of anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobias posttraumatic stress disorder obsessive compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety that is present most of the time, other symptoms involved
panic disorder
recurrent panic attacks and worry about reoccurence
panic attack
sudden period of intense fear and anxiety despite the absence of real danger or source of fear
phobias
intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
social phobia
fear of social situations
agoraphobia
fear of having a panic attack in a situation where one can’t escape or find help
specific phobia
fear of a specific situation or object
posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd)
anxiety disorder caused by traumatic event
3 kinds of PTSD symptoms
re-experiencing event
avoiding reminders of the event
increased agitation in everyday life
increased agitation
problems sleeping, extreme caution to potential threats, or an exaggerated startle response
obsessive compulsive disorder (ocd)
overwhelming obsessions and compulsions
obsession
an uncontrollable and anxiety provoking thought or image
compulsion
a behavior that occurs repeatedly in attempt to decrease anxiety
In addition to feeling uncontrollably anxious most of the time, a person with generalized anxiety disorder typically experiences symptoms such as muscle tension, trouble when trying to concentrate, and ….
sleep problems
People with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might _______ the traumatic event through recurring dreams and will often ______ reminders by not engaging in particular activities
re-experience, avoid
Jennifer dreads everyday activities, such as going to class or eating in the cafeteria, because she is afraid of embarrassing herself in public. Jennifer could have a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ phobia
social
Maxine is experiencing uncontrollable feelings of anxiety in situations where there is no perceivable threat. The DSM would define this as a(n) …
anxiety disorder
mood disorder
a mood disturbance that is extreme, persistent, or unconnected to life circumstances
The two main groups of mood disorder
depressive disorder
bipolar disorders
Major depression
feeling sad or empty for most of the day nearly everyday for at least two weeks; feeling of worthlessness or guilt & symptoms of suicide
dysthymia
mild depression lasting at least two years
bipolar disorder
includes depressive episodes and manic episodes
depressive episode
feelings of sadness, worthlessness, loss of pleasure, and sleep difficulties
manic episode
elevated mood , inflated self-esteem, rapid speech, and racing thoughts
cyclothymic disorder (cyclothmia)
a two year time period with episodes of mild depression and elevated mood. Milder than bipolar disorder
somatoform disorders
physical symptoms that are not explained by a medical condition
hypochondria (somatoform)
fear that one has a medical condition
conversion disorder
a loss of motor or sensory function that is not caused by an underlying medical condition. Caused by stressor
stressor
situation or event that causes stress
dissociative disorder
the disruption of one’s identity or memory
dissociation
mental process becoming disconnected from his or her consciousness
dissociative amnesia
forget important personal information
dissociative fugue
unable to recall past, confused about identity, traveled away from home
dissociative identive disorder (did)
two or more personalities within one person
People experiencing dissociative
______ forget personal information, while people experiencing dissociative
______ are confused about their identity and have traveled away from home
amnesia, fugue
dissociative disorders
disorders that disrupt one’s identity and memory
Which type of psychological disorder occurs when a person believes he has physical symptoms that cannot be explained by the presence of a medical condition?
somatoform disorder
Which of the following disorders is characterized by a disruption in a person’s identity or memory?
dissociative disorder
Schizophrenia
lifelong affliction that normally occurs in early adulthood. A sever psychological disorder in which thoughts and emotions are not anchored in reality
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
addition to the individual’s perception of reality
delusions
unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality
Persecutory delusions
delusions making the person think they are being tracked or people are trying to harm them
hallucinations
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimuli
negative symptoms
indications that mental functioning has been lost
flat affect
showing very little emotion
paranoid type of schizophrenia
includes delusions of persecution
disorganized type of schizophrenia
includes disorganized speech and behavior, and flat affect
catatonic type
sever disturbances in motor behavior
dementia
multiple cognitive impairments that include memory loss
delirium
state of confusion and decreased awareness of one’s surroundings
amnestic disorder
inability to learn or recall new information
characterized by severe disturbances in motor behavior
catatonic
personality
a person’t unique and relatively stable way of acting,, thinking or feeling
personality disorder
consistent pattern of dysfunction thoughts, behaviors, and social interactions that are distressful or harmful to others
paranoid personality disorder
persistent suspiciousness or mistrust of others
schizoid personality disorder
detachment from social relationships and limited emotional expression
schizotypal personality disorder
extreme difficulty forming relationships as well as having peculiar or eccentric behavior
antisocial personality disorder
disregarding and violating the rights of others, with little adherence to rules
borderline personality disorder
unstable emotions, self-image, and relationships. Sensitive to feelings of abandonment
histrionic personality disorder
overly dramatic behavior and a strong need to be the center of attention
narcissistic personality disorder
arrogant behavior, need for excessive admiration, and a lack of empathy
avoidant personality disorder
extreme fears of rejection and criticism
dependent personality disorder
excessive needs to be taken care of, exhibits clingy submissive behavior
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
preoccupation with order perfection, and control
People with _____ personality disorder are overly dramatic and emotional, and often go to extreme lengths to gain attention from others. In contrast, those who have _____ personality disorder are viewd as arrogant and have the expectation that others view them in high regard.
histrionic, narcissistic
Who was the first person to consider biological factors in psychological disorders.
Hippocrates
Mad with treatment in asylums and created the York Retreat
William Tuke
biopsychosocial approach includes which 3 factors
biological factors
psychological factors
sociocultural factors
In the biopsychosocial approach, ______ factors are early life experiences and learning, while _______factors are social roles and cultural expectations
psychological, sociocultural
Oldest belief about psychological disorders was…
Hippocrates thought behaviors were caused by an inbalance of body fluids
biological factors
include genetics, physical illness, and chemicals in the environment
psychological factors
include cognitive patterns, early family experiences, and learning experiences
sociocultural factors
include social roles and cultural expectations of behavior
medical model
views psychological disorders as illness with biological causes
reductionism
the idea that complex situations can be reduced to simpler ones to understand them at a basic level
stigma
disgrace associated with a particular circumstance
the psychoanalytic approach
based on the belief that psychological disorders are the result of unconscious conflict
3 parts that Freud believed the mind was made of
id, ego, super-ego
id
focused on gratifying basic impulses
pleasure principle
immediate pleasure with no thought to consequences
superego
an individual’s conscious
ego
focused on external reality as it relates to impulses
reality principle
consequences must be considered before acting on impulses
defense mechanisms
distorting conscious reality to keep unacceptable material out of awareness
repression
pushing unacceptable thoughts or desires out of awareness
denial
choosing to deny upsetting thoughts or ideas, they don’t exist
rationalization
creating acceptable reasons for unacceptable impulse
projection
transferring an unacceptable impulse to another person
displacement
transferring unacceptable feelings from an unsafe object to safe object
regression
responding in a way that is consistent with a younger age
humanistic approach
disorders result from interference with a person’s natural development
humanists
believe people have power over themselves
self–concept
one’s overall impression of themselve
ideal self
the self we think we should be
conditions of worth
standards a person feels must be met to be accepted
Humanists proposed that one’s
_______ is our overall impression of ourselves. It includes the positive and negative
______. Humanists suggest that we also carry around the
_______self, or what we think we should be
self-concept
traits
ideal
When people believe that they will be loved and accepted by others, it is known as …
conditions of worth
cognitive approach
disorders are a result of incorrect thinking
Founder of rational emotive therapy
Albert Ellis
irrational beliefs
rigid and unhealthy beliefs that interfere with our efforts to reach our goals, include unrealistic demands and impossible standards
identified cognitive behaviors and problems causing them
Aaron Beck
overgeneralization
reaching a broad conclusion based on a few specific facts
personalization
seeing external events as related to you despite no evidence
absolutist thinking
thinking in all or nothing terms
Sam gets a promotion, but since the position includes no pay raise, he sees it as a failure. Example of …
absolutist thinking
sociocultural approach
focuses on how psychological disorders are influenced by social context
culture
shared beliefs, feelings, and knowledge that guide behavior and perception of reality
sociocultural factors influence…
what is labeled a disorder
the intensity of disorders
characteristics of disorders
early life experiences influence what defines a psychological disorder in the sociocultural approach. True or False
False
label
name given to a behavior in a specific context
intensity
severity of a disorder
3 strengths of the sociocultural approach include?
allows researchers to compare behavior across and within regions
provides a broad view of factors that influence mental health
recognizes the importance of culture
insanity defense
used for people unable to control their behavior because of a psychological disorder, and therefore should not be held accountable for legal actions
confidentiality can be broken when…
When there is a clear and imminent danger to the client or someone else.
When the court asks a mental health professional to share information about a client
When a child has been abused or must be protected
Using a jury to determine insanity. Strength or weakness
weakness because often times the jury does not have extensive knowledge of psychological disorders
Which of the following explains the beliefs about the causes of bizarre behaviors?
supernatural forces.
The answer was not contaminated body fluids
In the medical model, a psychological disorder is viewed primarily as …
an illness with biological causes.
Typically, the determination of whether a person is legally insane is made by …
a jury after hearing testimony from expert witnesses.
Which of the following is a limitation of the psychoanalytic approach?
it leaves out culture and other outside factors
