Biology & Behavior Flashcards
Neurons receive signals from their _____ & send signals going down their _____.
Dendrites, Axons
Neurons are supported by cells called _______ , which provide nutrients, remove waste, and also produce the _____ sheath that insulates the axon.
glia, myelin
When a neuron fires, an electrical charge pushes neurotransmitter containers toward the axon _______. The neurotransmitters are released to other cells across a connection called the _______.
terminal, synapse
How do most antidepressants work?
by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, thus keeping more serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
The central structure of the neuron is the ______. This structure has a(n) ______, which controls cell functions.
soma, nucleus
The fundamental cells of the nervous system are called _______. These cells send signals to other cells using chemical messengers called ________.
neurons, neurotransmitters
Positively charged ions are called _____, and negatively charged ions are called ______?
cations and anions
When the electrical charge outside of the cell is 70 millivolts higher than the charge inside of the cell, this difference is known as the …
resting potential
Neurons carry signals by exchanging electrically charged atoms, called _______, through their membranes.
ions
The neurotransmitter primarily responsible for mood, sleep, and appetite is ______.
serotonin
What is serotonin and what is it primarily responsible for?
a neurotransmitter; mood, sleep, and appetite
Which neurotransmitters can inhibit neuron activity?
dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), & serotonin.
Not: hormones or acetylcholine
Drugs that enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter are called _______, while drugs that decrease the effect of a neurotransmitter are called _________?
agonist, antagonist
a presynaptic neuron reabsorbs its neurotransmitter through a process known as ______?
reuptake
Receptors that control the amount of neurotransmitter that stays in the synaptic cleft are called _______?
autoreceptors
an agonist can _____?
activate receptors without neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
neuotransmitter; reuptake is inhibited by cocaine
What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid
Cushioning against injury or illness & keeping brain pressurized correctly
The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and nerve masses called ________.
ganglia
The fluid filled spaces or cavities within our brains are called ….
ventricles
Outside of the brain is a structure called the ________, which protects the many delicate parts within it.
skull
Bodily movements, functions, and sensations are managed by the ________ nervous system.
peripheral
The bundle of axons that connects the left and the right cerebral hemispheres is called the …
corpus callosum
The two main structures of the brain are the _____, which is the largest part of the brain, and the ______ system, which plays a role in emotion and motivation.
cerebrum, limbic
The three primary areas of the brain are called the ______, _______, and the ______, each with distinct neural structures that have different functions.
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Parkinson’s disease can be caused by damage to neurons in the _______, which produces dopamine.
substantia nigra
Also known as the little brain, the _______
plays an important role in posture, balance, and motor control. Communication between this structure and the rest of the brain is relayed by the _______
, which means bridge.
cerebellum, pons
What are the 4 lobes of the brain
frontal (in front), occipital (in back), parietal (above the temporal), and temporal
How do CT(Computed Tomography)/CAT(Computed Axial Tomography) scans work?
They combine several x-ray cross sections to create three dimensional images.
_____scans measure cellular oxygen use by monitoring a protein called _______
fMRI, hemoglobin
Lack of oxygen can cause tissue deaths called
_______
, which can be detected using CT scans.
infarction
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use a radioactive tracer that emits …
gamma rays
CT scans detect _______, the hardening of tissue due to calcium.
calcification
What are the components of the hindbrain?
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
What are the components of the brain stem?
midbrain, medulla, and pons
What are the components of the midbrain?
Tegmentum, tectum
What are the components of the spinal cord?
neurons, glia, & central canal
When the doctor taps on your left kneecap, your left leg kicks involuntarily. This is called the …
patellar reflex
The tenth cranial nerve is called the ______
nerve, which carries signals to and from organs in the chest cavity and the abdomen.
vagus
Located at your tendons are receptors called _____ tendon organs, or GTOs, which monitor muscle tension to detect muscle contractions
golgi
The peripheral nervous system includes 31 pairs of _____ nerves and 12 pairs of ______nerves.
spinal, cranial
Neurons belonging to the sympathetic nervous system exit the spine in the _____ and ____ regions.
lumbar, thoracic
Neurons belonging to the parasympathetic nervous system exit the spine in the _____ and ____ regions
cranial, sacral
After a threat has passed, recovery is managed by the _____ nervous system.
parasympathetic
Which system manages your response to threatening situations?
The sympathetic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two systems: the ____nervous system and the ____nervous system.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
It is common for people with anti-social personality disorders to have very low levels of which hormone in their blood streams?
Oxytocin
Metabolism is managed by the _____ gland(s) located at the bottom of the neck.
Thyroid
Cells need insulin to absorb glucose for energy, and too little insulin results in a condition known as _____.
diabetes
Cells need insulin to absorb glucose for energy, and too much insulin results in a condition known as ______.
hypoglycemia
Hormones that regulate sexual development are secreted by the …
gonads.
The ____ glands influence growth
pituitary
Near the kidneys are the ____ glands, which secrete hormones that influence arousal.
adrenal
The _____ system sends signals through the body using hormones. The hormones controlling growth are secreted by the _____ gland.
endocrine, pituitary
