Perception Flashcards
Kathy is on the phone with her mother when her favorite song starts playing on the radio. She decides to call her mother back and listen to the song. Which process of perception is this?
selection
place selection, organization, interpretation and sensation in the correct order that they normally occur.
Sensation, selection, organization, and interpretation
Signals getting organized and interpreted is an example of ______.
perception
Assigning meaning to information is an example of _____.
Interpretation
Making sense of sensory stimuli is an example of _______?
Interpretation
Organizing and interpreting information is an example of _______.
Perception
Only a very small amount of stimuli in our environment is _______.
selected
perception
how sensation is organized and interpreted
perceptual selection
choosing which stimuli to respond to
perceptual organization
clustering sensory information
perceptual interpretation
assign meaning to the stimuli
attention
selecting which incoming stimuli to focus on or ignore
What is the cocktail party effect?
The ability to concentrate on one stimulus and still respond to other stimuli with personally relevant information
This allows you to select what to focus on and what to ignore.
attention
As we focus on more things, the attention given to each decreases. This is because we have _____ attention.
limited
This helps determine which stimuli deserves attention.
experience
A bright light is selected more often than a dim light
intensity
this is the process of choosing what stimuli to respond to.
selection
You walk into a party and choose to talk to a friend instead of listening to music.
attention
talking to a friend in a crowded room and hearing your name mentioned in the distance.
selection
The brain organizes information through ______ and _____ processing.
top-down, bottom up
bottom-up processing
analyzing details before grasping the whole
top-down processing
analyzing information based on previous experiences
Conceptually driven is
analyzing the whole before recognizing details
data-driven
this is analyzing individual details before forming a whole
Knowing that you are about to see a type of animal, which helps you make sense of a stimuli is an example of ______.
expectation
Examining the form of each letter before reading the word is _______.
bottom-up
Examining a word before breaking it down and looking at each letter is ______.
Top-down
top-down and bottom-up processing occur…
simultaneously
Gestalt
an organized whole assembled from pieces of sensory information
closure
take incomplete pieces of information and complete them mentally
symmetry
perceiving symmetrical items as a group
similarity
grouping items that resemble each other
proximity
grouping items that are close to each other
connectedness
grouping items that are linked or moving together
figure-ground
prioritizing stimuli into center of attention vs background
perceptual constancy
regarding critical features as constant even when they change
The principle of _______ suggests that we perceive equally proportioned things in groups, and the principle of ______ suggests that we tend to perceive things as a group if they are physically close to each other.
symmetry, proximity
The principle of ______ suggests we complete missing pieces and the principle of _______suggests we perceive things as a group if they are linked in some way.
closure, connectedness
Grouping things that are a like, is an example of ______
similarity
The _______ principle explains how we prioritize stimuli
figure-ground
perceptual constancy
viewing objects as having stable characteristics despite variation in appearance
shape constancy
viewing the shapes of objects as being stable
size constancy
viewing objects as having a constant size
color constancy
perceiving object’s color as being stable under various lighting conditions
What do we call the tendency for people to view objects as having constant dimensions?
size constancy
cues
things in the environment
Three major attributes that we perceive as being stable even under different viewing conditions are_______, _____, and ______constancy
size, shape, color
binocular cues
depth cues perceived with both eyes
convergence
eyes rotate towards each other to focus on an object
binocular disparity
left and right eyes see slightly different images
monocular cues
depth cues perceive with one eye
relative size
perceiving distance based on the comparison of objects’ sizes
interposition
judging distance based on the blocking of a far object by a near object
linear perspective
using the appearance of converging parallel lines to perceive distance
monocular cues
depth cues perceived with one eye
adaptation-level theory
past experiences and expectations affect how we process stimuli
context effect
perception of stimulus is affected by the surrounding environment
brightness contrast
perceived brightness of one object in comparison to another object
structural context
the perceived length, size, or shape of one object in comparison to another object.
This involves comparing a new stimulus to a familiar standard
baseline
visual illusions
perception of an image is different from reality
literal illusion
perceiving an image that is different than the objects that make it
physiological illusions
the result of excessive stimulation to the eyes and the brain
cognitive illusions
the result of unconscious interferences
One famous example of a cognitive illusion is the ______ room.
Ames
A famous example of a physiological illusion.
Hermann grid
A famous example of a literal illusion
devil’s fork
A famous example of a cognitive illusion
Ames Room
Important principles in Gestalt theory include ….
symmetry
Not: dexterity, color patterns, or imbalance
What can be said of the principle of symmetry?
We tend to perceive symmetrical items as a group.
Which of these statements is true about organization?
We use organization to decide which stimuli to focus on and respond to.
Which of the following descriptions best describes binocular cues?
Depth cues that require both eyes in order to be perceived.
According to the adaptation-level theory, which of the following statements is true?
Past experiences AND expectations affect how we process stimuli
