Personality Flashcards
How many personality issues are there?
5
The 5 Personality issues are?
Freedom Vs Determinism Heredity vs. environment Uniqueness vs universality Proactive vs reactive Optimistic or Pessimistic
Do we have free will to make our own choices to shape our lives or are we the subjects of biology, environment and other factors beyond our control.
Freedom vs. Deteminism
Is personality determined mostly by qualities we inherit, or the world around us?
Heredity vs environment
How distinctive are personality characteristics? Is each individual’s personality unique, or are there overall patterns that apply broadly to most or many people?
Uniqueness vs universality
Do we act on our own initiative, or just respond to stimulus from our environment?
Proactive vs Reactive
Can we change our personality (optimistic), or does it remain the same throughout our lives, without ability to grow or adapt (pessimistic)?
Optimistic or Pessimistic
Personality
a person’s unique and stable way of acting, feeling, and thinking
Behavior is the result of environmental stimuli
reactive
universality
there are overall personality patterns that apply to many
proactive
behavior is the result of individual initiative
determinism
Biology and/or environmental conditions dictate personality
pessimism
personality cannot change and adapt to the environment
idiographic research
research involving a single individual
personality case study
one person is studied in depth
nomothetic research
comparing the individual participants in a group; general laws of behavior applying to large groups
survey
technique for covering self reported attitudes or behaviors
survey of self-report
ask participants questions about themselves
projective test
participant is asked to describe an ambiguous stimulus
Two widely used projective tests…
Rorschach Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
2 things the MMPI is used by researchers and clinicians to help diagnose…
anxiety, paranoia, depression, hypochondria, schizophrenia, introversion, sociopathology, mania, hysteria, and gender identification tendencies.
psychoanalytic theory
unconscious forces and conflicts drive our behavior
unconscious
drives and instincts that are beyond awareness
preconscious
feelings, memories, perceptions that can easily become conscious
consciousness
thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions and memories in awareness
id
seeks immediate satisfaction of basic needs
superego
the moral part of the mind which consists of the conscience and ego ideal
ego
balances the demands of the id and superego with the demands of reality
repression
unwanted experiences are forced into the unconscious
reaction formation
one impulse is repressed and the opposite impulse is excessively expressed
displacement
unacceptable urges and feelings are redirected
fixation
soothing oneself in a manner related to a prior stage of emotional development
regression
reverting to an earlier stage of behavior during anxiety
sublimations
expressing aggressive or sexual instincts through productive activity
______
formation is a defense mechanism that represses one impulse and excessively expresses the opposite in its place.
_____is the most basic defense mechanism and occurs when experiences that cause anxiety are forced into the unconscious.
reaction, repression
ego ideal
construct of the self to which one aspires
personal unconscious
individual’s thoughts, perceptions, and experiences that can be brought into consciousness along with repressed impulses, memories, and wishes
collective unconscious
reflects the universal experiences of mankind and archetypes
archetypes
inherited symbols
style of life
a person’s manner of striving for superiority
real self
who we actually are
ideal self
the person we think we should be
shadow
representation of powerful primitive impulses, socially unacceptable impulses as well
Who developed the theory of birth order
Alfred Adler
These children typically lack independence
youngest children
these children tend to want to outdo siblings
second-born children
First born children
possess feelings of power and superiority
Who proposed a theory of real and idealized self
Karen Horney
Karen Horney believed that ______ and ______ were important factors in personality development.
culture, environment
Humanistic Personality Theory
based on idea that people as capable of free choice
self-actualization
motivation to carry out one’s full potential
aesthetic needs
need for beauty and order
cognitive needs
desire to know and understand
neurotic needs
desire to dominate others or inflict pain
fully functioning person
person who lives in peace with their feelings and impulses
unconditional positive regard
complete acceptance
self-image
ubjective perception of one’s personality and body
What categories of needs are categorized in Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Starting from the bottom:
Physiological Safety Love/Belonging Esteem Self-Actualization
What type of need is acceptance of self and others
self-actualization need
What kind of need is food, and oxygen
physiological need
what kind of need is a positive reputation
esteem need
what kind of need is security (physical, financial)
safety need
What kind of need is finding a partner
love and belongingness need
Rigid censorship is a threat to which need?
threat to self-actualization
A job promotion denial is a threat to which need?
Threat to esteem needs
Carl Rogers believed in what theory
Humanisism
Skinner’s Three Factors of behavior
natural selection, the evolution of civilization, an individual’s own history of reinforcement
Behaviorism
states that personality is based on the impact that outside rewards have on behaviors
What environmental influences have an effect on behavior?
culture, language, tools
According to B.F. Skinner
behavior that is rewarded would be more likely to be repeated.
Behavior is shaped by natural selection and the need to adapt.
Some internal drives could explain individual behavior, but only partly.
Human behavior is similar to but far more complex than animal behavior
Constructs
categories individuals use to understand the world
cognitive therapy
identifying and changing distorted thoughts
cognitive behavioral therapy
identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking and behavior
faulty generalization
using a particular event as the basis for a general conclusion
polarized thinking
classifying things into overly strict categories
personalization of events
seeing personal significance in others’ behavior
3 True statements about George Kelly..
He believed that people form and test hypotheses, and draw conclusions, the way scientists do.
He developed personal construct psychology
His theories have been used to understand how cognitive processing of events shape personality.
The founder of personal construct psychology
George Kelly
Founder of cognitive therapy
Aaron Beck
traits
lasting characteristics of individuals
extraversion
how friendly, assertive, an individual is
neuroticism
a person’s degree of anxiety, emotional stability
openness
curiosity, preference for novel situations
agreeableness
tendency to be supportive, cooperative, compassionate
conscientiousness
tendency to be disciplined, organized
A personality model
Big Five
Social learning theory
people learn by observing and imitating others and getting punished for the behavior
Social cognitive theory
observing behavior is enough to learn it, even if they don’t do it
Ovservational learing
observing and imitating behavior
modeling
observing and imitating a behavior
human agency
the ability to organize, regulate, and perform, behaviors that produce desirable outcomes
intentionality
commitment to carrying out a specific action that has a desired consequence
foresight
ability to set goals and make plans
self-reactiveness
being attentive to the process of carrying out our decisions
self-reflectiveness
evaluating one’s own motivations, morals, and life goals
Pioneer of social learning theory
Albert Bandura
human agency
ability to exert free will and perform behaviors with desirable outcomes
Individualistic culture
gives priority to individual goals and desires
collectivistic culture
gives priority to group desires and goals
a fully functioning person lives in peace with his or her impulses is a belief of…
Carl Rogers
According to behaviorist B.F. Skinner, human behavior is shaped by…
natural selection and the resulting biological evolution
What environmental influences have an effect on behavior?
tools
In a collectivist culture, the view of the self is …
interdependent
