Social And Cultural Development Flashcards

Question

Divisions south north and west South

Answer 1

Segregation attitudes Attempts to introduce an anti lynching law 1921- blocked by southern democrats in senate Surge in migration to the north by African Americans Growth of oil industry in Louisiana and Texas bought some economic modernisation but also a furious anti-business backlash

Answer 2

The social mix of the north was altered highly by the migration of African Americans By 1940- 8% of Chicago were black. The district of Harlem became a vibrant AA community Northern cities were hit hard by the depression due to unemployment There were also major strikes such as the ‘Ford Massacre’ in 1932 when police opened fire in a ‘Hunger March’ during strike

Answer 3

Economic growth in west Population of LA was 1 million 1930 West not fully integrated with national economy until WW2 Economic instability made life difficult for ethnic minorities like Chinese Native Americans - marginalised- They had been displaced due to the rush of the western settlement up to 1890, and never reintegrated into society During interwar years - some efforts had been made to repair situation : in 1924, Congress declared all natives citizens 1934- FDR signed Indian New Deal (Indian Reorganisation Act) but this was only partial restitution on Native rights The Indian new deal - FDR put a reformer in charge of Indian policy. In 1933- Congress approved Colliers conservation scheme to provide 85,000 jobs for young native men 1934- Indian Reorganisation Act gave federal funds for tribes to purchase new lands and repealed many restrictive laws from past against native language and customs

Answer 4

Mass unemployment, soup kitchens and desperate job seekers crisscrossing the country by jumping freight train Rural America went through equivalent miseries in years of dust bowl Westward migration of ‘Okies’, the small farmers of Oklahoma and Nebraska, who were forced off their land by soil erosion and dust storms

Answer 5

1914 sudden drying up of immigrant workforce and armament factories expanding to supply the war Increased employment opportunities after WW1 Experience of black troops in trenches and in Europe, opened their eyes to other possibility Harlem Hellfighters - first 2 black soldiers to receive French Gallantry medals 1917 Buchanan vs Warley- success over racial segregation in Louisville Kentucky

Answer 6

1915 KKK - birth of a nation WW1- southern segregation firmly imbedded. Restrictions on voting rights firm Northern - de facto - and much less spend on black education Severe discrimination in workplace. Unions discriminated against black People Sharecropping poorly off and affected by enviro issues Segregation WW1 and lack of recognition for service provided Chicago race riots 1919 Post war recession Irish and polish workers attacked city’s black ghettos leaving 23 black dead 1000 families made homeless Competition for jobs Bilbo Mississippi Governor 1916-20- racist and crude language. Opposed civil rights

Answer 7

1923 Moore vs Dempsey - NAACP decoded a death sentence for 12 black people not upheld Harlem Renaissance- many black performers publicly praised in fields of literature, music, visual arts and theatre - experience of singing as writing about their experience increased black consciousness and highlighted situation to world A significant black middle class developed out of people who had benefited from better educational facilities Garvey began UNIA in 1914. Wanted black people to take control of affairs - newspaper ‘The Negro World’ - publicised his ideas and got support - black consciousness - wanted black to use economic power Oscar de Preist - elected to Congress 1928- stood firmly against segregation NAACP - more radical than Washington - focuses on civil rights 1915 US vs Guinn outlawed Grandfather clauses in Oklahoma 1920- 90,000 members AP Randolph- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925- black unions begun to form as early as 1869

Answer 8

Harlem nightclubs - black inside only allowed to be performers, prostitutes, kitchen hands etc Garvey met w KKK- seperationist 1923- ‘Garvey must go’ His ‘Back to Africa’ plan was vague and unspecific Federal anti lynching bill made little progress Southerners made every attempt to keep radical literature out of south Oscar de Proest was a lone black voice in politics Depression - NAACP declines to 50,000. In south it was violently opposed - Harding did very little. Coolidge more positive but did little Southern Democrats did nothing ish

Answer 9

BSCP finally recognised in 1935 following Wagner Act Gained support of AFL and NAACP, despite Randolph holding left wing views Communist Party organised legal defence of Scottsboro Boys who had been accused of boys National Negro Congress formed 1934. Tried to ensure blacks received fair share in new deal Eleanor Roosevelt took positive start on race issues and supported NAACP anti-lynching FDR new deal. 1935- 30% black families on relief - only 10% white —> shows fairness Jesse Owens 1936 challenge her racial superiority and Hitler’s reaction show racist attitudes 1938 Gaines Vs Canada separate but equal must be equal - NAACP VICTORY Mary Bethune leaders of NYA. Black cabinet largely considered to be exaggerated however States woman

Answer 10

NNC declined in 30s and became infiltrated by communists Hitler signed pact with Stalin in 1939, further discrediting left wing groups that promote civil rights For every $7 spent on white schools, $2 on black ‘Separate but equal’ - not equal FDR told Walter White that to get his New Deal Programme through he had to rely on Southern Democrats and if he insisted on federal action, he would lose their support and jeopardise recovery Black urban unemployment - high South - sharecroppers not covered by Social Security or Wagner Act Trudeau vs Branes 1933- all stage appeals had to be exhausted before coming to Supreme Court - slowed progress for NAACP NRA codes allowed black to be paid less AAA didn’t help black farmers as my has white CCC run by southern racist

Answer 11

Black federal employment in war rose from 50,000 in 1939 to 200,000 in 1944 Black migration north - 1940- 5 million moved to cities. 1 million found jobs in defence 1944- many black women entered workforce Black in war recog CORE set up to protect against de facto and challenge racism NAACP membership 500,000 Powell - first memeber of House of Representatives in north east of US 45-67 ‘don’t buy where you can’t work’ Randolph threatened march on Washington 1941 to demand action against discrimination in federal employment This forced FDR to issue an executive order banning racial discrimination in federal employment MAJOR TURNINF POINT

Answer 12

Tensions and riots Detroit riot 1943 34 died , 25 black Following suspected rape by black man 1600 arrested were black Mobile, Alabama 1943. 12 black welders were promoted - causing walk out Climate of built up of Cold War discredited any civil rights movement that was left oriented WEB Dubois and Randolph denounced as left wing Armed forces segregated till 1948

Answer 13

Over 1m women helped war - navy, clerks, radio. Women also in traditional jobs done by men- heavy industry, engineering and transport Proved women could do jobs and encouraged greater freedom Wages encouraged new social habits - smoking and drinking Helped pass 19th Amendment Vacuum, washing machines encouraged employment and opportunities for recreation 1917- first woman elected to Congress Rankin

Answer 14

Many women who joined work place were paid less than men Clear expectation that at end of war, married women would return to accept the traditional role of a married wome

Answer 15

Some women did not want it. Saw ERA as threat to security women to be protected where physical and biological differences might be compromised Women in western states - vote prior to 1920- made lil difference Significant ant amount of women uninterested in politics - Do not care Lack of unity among female activists from different cultural groups, who tended to have different causes that they wanted to pursue Campaign against child labour and anti-lynching campaigns are prime examples Most extreme oppositions came from auxiliary branch of KKK. By 1969, the ERA had achieved little Jim Crow laws discriminated against black women

Answer 16

Some educated women wanted to create equality and saw this as the natural step Many campaigners for women’s rights focussed on specific issues such as equal pay. They did not see vote as means to end Jane Addams campaigned for regulation of working hours and conditions Mary Talbery campaigned against lynching

Answer 17

1924 first female governor of Wyoming m Some working class married women entered workforce 30% Created more jobs for unmarried women and opportunity for an easier home life Women - nurses teaching Union activity - 1929- led to 6 death Shepherd Towner Act - creates maternity rights Significant advances for women in clerical jobs House hold easier w eg irons Electricity - stay up later Indoor plumbing - water inside Flappers - young liberated feminists

Answer 18

Married women - stay at home Opportunities in law and medicine still limited Women faced wage discrimination. Production lines dominated by men who resented women Equal rights amendment 1923 failed and led to conflict (men and women equal rights) Women’s Bureau 1920 limited in achievement Shepherd Towner funding terminated 1929 AA women suppressed by Jim Crow and segregation In north AA women lower wages and discrimination in employment and housing Marriage still goal for most young Flappers minority 1920 only 15% white and 30% black married women with wage earning husbands held paying jobs / many believed no work if husband work - many needed jobs went textile mills

Answer 19

Women membership of unions tripled after Wagner End of 1930s women went drifting back to workplace Female pressure groups who had campaigned for prohibition were important in campaigning for reversal 1933 Mary Bethune - first black women in government as Director of Negro Aggairs Elanor Roosevelt - role model

Answer 20

12% married women working 1930 Unions exclusively white - most exploited AA and Mexican American not represented Massive male unemployment- the development for women receded Gallup Poll 1936- 82% opposed women working Poor familiarise often worked to develop income 26 states - laws to ban married women working Generally little changed CCC barred women from getting jobs Married women could not be federally employed if husband employed

Answer 21

War made demands can’t met by male workforce Opportunities for immigrant and AA women Lanham Act 1940- day cafe centre for children of working mothers were withdrawn between 42-46 (?) 1945 - 5m more working women than by 1940 Many unmarried women Unlike WW1- 350,000 women joined armed forces Attitudes changed After 1945, showed 75% women wanted to remain in employment

Answer 22

Media represented women’s contribution as short term extension of domestic role Post war - thousand women laid off Clear reinforcement of woman’s place being in home Only small sample in opinion poll - agree w women working Newspaper articles emphasise role of women as child relates 23m copies sold Sign on instability was the divorce rate rising 10% 1940 to 18% in 1946

Answer 23

1911- Educated Native Americans formed the SAI This campaigned for better education and health facilities and civil rights However a lack of money and mass support limited their success 1920s SAI collapses

Answer 24

SAI collapses Much land taken away to make way for oil fields 1928 report showed extent of poverty - shocked many and this prompted federal spending to increase financial support, medical care and other aid education 1924- citizenship - right to vote Despite this wasn’t until 1948 that they were allowed to vote in every state and coolidges presidency highlighted native culture

Answer 25

Great Depression natives suffered acutely When FDR became president- we didn’t own land- didn’t benefit from certain schemes First and 2 new deal tried to create jobs Collier worked to try and see natives benefitted from schemes such as PWA and CCC- wages often at lower rate for natives and schemes were discriminatory FDR appointed Collier for Indian affairs and he persuaded congress to pass: Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 This and Collier recognised native tradition and culture should be preserved and they should have control over their land Indian land restored and division of I Dian land prohibited -loans made available - encouraged to self govern BUT often NA sell land to white to survive This act gave women formal rights and provided them with opportunity to train for domestic work Stimulated arts and crafts and encouraged entry into further education 75/245 Indian Tribes opposes acc

Answer 26

NA movement not awakened by AA civil rights as they had campaigned even before WW2 1942- 4 members of Iroquois tribe - jail - rather than be drafted into armed forces- same year tribe independently declared war on Japan and Germany, as they did not consider themselves to be under leadership of American government War developments X benefit NA Colliers org - cuts made to budget Indians mad Japanese Americans relocated to reservations Greater educational opportunities that had been provided by Collier before war - increased number of Natives - pushing for change 1940s many natives wanted mainstream life Met discrimination like w AA AA civil rights - opportunity for protest Evidence FDR would help get fairer treatment NCAI formed 1944- included all tribes NAACP influences it Launch campaigns in order to establish more rights - equal education Deloria - Sioux Indian - wished law school - he made clear that case after case needed to be brought to attention of authorities to highlight need for change

Answer 27

SAI similar to Freedmens Bureau - provides better health and education facilities Despite being given citizenship - not hgwved discrimination and not able to vote everywhere straight away FDT new deal benefitted both but were still discriminatory eg CCC NCAI and NAACP both activists in helping their groups War developments did little to benefit natives Many migrated during war to north and faced discrimination

Answer 28

AA got vote earlier People more intent on segregating AA and white people, whereas they tried to integrate Native Americans

Answer 29

Political figures - first female mayor of Seattle 1926- Landes Equal rights amendment 1923 War - Change in how women contribute to society 19th Amendment

Answer 30

Norm women should stay at home and look after kids 1930s- only 12% working married women Flappers minority Most western states already gave vote

Answer 31

Scopes teaching evolution in classroom - against law - went against Bible - this was during an era of jazz and ‘disobedience’ Trial 1925 His lawyer Darrow - defence attorney - agnostic in religious matters Jury found scopes guilty - fined $100 Bryan and anti evolutionists claimed victory and law stood another 42 years But newspapers - Bryan won case but lost argument Till 1960s it did not reappear in textbooks

Answer 32

1915 Jewish man lynched due to murder or young worker -KKK reformed - inc Jews, Catholics immigrants etc Tulsa race riot 1921- group of whites attacked black community 1250 houses were burned School, library hospital churches hotels destroyed or damaged by fire Greenwood district - wealthiest black community in US burnt to ground 36 died inc 10 whites Stood as one of deadliest riots in US- segregation in city increased and KKK grew in strength Southern poverty law centre - KKK formed to make money 1920s membership increased 1921- 100,000 Annual subscription $10 New York Times ran expose and revealed sexual misconducts Internal battle for leadership - rift Ls 1925- 4 million Declines sex scandals Sold in 1939 Revived 1944 but not as much support 1922 KKK member elected for senator 1924 4 KKK members senate 1930s klan revived under Nazi Leader Kuhn tried merge 2 groups but did t work Nazi Soviet pact denounced KKK seen as alliance with communism

Answer 33

USA= 19,000 miles of coastline and land border - difficult to patrol illegal alcohol - could be smuggled in across borders and seas Size of American cities with lack of prohibition agents mean speakeasies flourished without discovery and illegal activity could fairly easily take place across states and countries without knowledge of authorities in a clear violation of Volstead act Geographical division - opp in north

Answer 34

Able to smuggle and sell alcohol in America due to desperate demand for it and took advantage of pharmacy laws to facilitate this Earliest bootleggers smuggled alcohol across Mexico and Canada borders, they were able to smuggle in and distribute alcohol due to lack of prohibition agents and coast guards who were unable to control America in its entirety Al Capone - organised crime - $60 million annually selling alcohol Prohibition failed as people able to drink sell manufacture and transport alcohol

Answer 35

Congress never got required amount of money to fund enforcement officers Only $2 million granted for enforcement yet the ASL had estimated that $5 million would be necessary Caused enforcement difficulties which undoubtedly led to failure of prohibition and increase in organised crime Enforcing prohibition - underestimated by federal government and led Americans looking to other vices to satisfy their needs High ranking politicians and officials were also known to be corrupt and many continued to drink alcohol making a mockery of official legislations

Answer 36

National prohibition spilt democrat party distinctly into west and dry which led to Republican dominance throughout 1920s as they could not create coherent opposition The Dry Democrats lived in the rural areas of the South and West yet the Wets represented the immigrant communities and the urban north and east

Answer 37

18 amendment permitted alcohol sake pharmacists for medical purposes This loop hole exploited, most notably by gangster who brought a chain of Midwest chemists so he could order medical alcohol and then hijack his own trucks, diverting alcohol for illegal purposes Industrial alcohol easily turned into moonshine by Bootleggers which led to invention of he cocktailcas mixing alcohol was only way to determine whether it was for industrial use Hardware stores sold ingredients such as copper stills which facilitated home brewing of alcohol

Answer 38

1920- only 1500 1930- 2800 ish On average - $2500 a year- easily bribed

Answer 39

Anti Saloon league united over introduction of prohibition but divided on enforcement of law Some members believed stricter enforcement guidelines should be introduced with ASL appointing officers its self whilst others wanted education programmes in place to discourage drinking from early age Financial backers withdrew funding as a result and the League was unable to achieve substantial enforcement as they could not come to a suitable agreement

Answer 40

Grew in 1922 as we’re around 5000 speakeasies 1928 over 30,000 It was impossible to shit down these establishments and enforce law as they were well hidden and the routine of visiting these could not be broken

Answer 41

Northern cultures - Jews, Catholics etc - consumed alcohol as part of religion or culture they originated in Trend 1920 culture imbedded Culture

Answer 42

Economic burden Congress passed beer act Allowed production of beer - created many jobs and tax Alcohol proved as stress relief in time of financial cost

Answer 43

•People could still consume alcohol consumption declined dramatically during Prohibition. Cirrhosis death rates for men were 29.5 per 100,000 in 1911 and 10.7 in 1929. Most in the Deep south and Mid west actively supported Prohibition. It’s failure was mostly in the large cities, dominated by ‘new’immigrants. * Arrests for public drunkennness and disorderly conduct declined 50 percent between 1916 and 1922. * Third, violent crime did not increase dramatically during Prohibition. Organized crime may have become more visible and lurid during Prohibition, but it existed before and after. This might be because of the growth of media. The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, did create a massive turning point. following the repeal of Prohibition, alcohol consumption increased. Prohibition did not end alcohol use. What is remarkable, however, is that a relatively narrow political movement, relying on a relatively weak set of statutes, succeeded in reducing, by one-third, the consumption of a drug that had wide historical and popular sanction.

Answer 44

Great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far reaching in purpose

Answer 45

1792-1832 Americans raised alcoholic intake from little over 2 gallons were person per year to over7 gallons

Answer 46

Female Married lived in rural communities Voted Republican

Answer 47

``` Women’s Christian temperance Union (WCTU) Made up of mostly middle class women who sought to make the connection between crime and alcohol consumption ``` They argued alcohol contributed to unemployment and physical attacks by men on women and children In 1875, the WCTU started petitioning congress for federal prohibition

Answer 48

Members of the business and scientific communities who argued drink was a leading cause of industrial inefficiency particularly in large factories

Answer 49

Hoover set up reports- social and political costs of prohibition outweighed benefits Recommended 18th Amendment not be repealed

Answer 50

Beer and wine became drink of choice compared with hard liquor like whisky