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History > African American Progress 1877-1920 > Flashcards

African American Progress 1877-1920 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the Jim Crow laws

A

Passed during the 19th century by southern states of America

It’s purpose was to segregate blacks and whites

It deprives blacks of their civil rights and created a racial caste system that would last until the 1950s

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2
Q

Why did Jim Crow Laws symbolise a rise in state rights

A

Represented a revival of an aspect of the pre-Civil war belief in states rights

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3
Q

Significance of the slaughter house case 1873

A

Further weakened the position of blacks

Provided opponents of reconstruction an opportunity to offer a narrow interpretation of the 14th amendment

Allowed legal (dejure) segregation to take place

De facto segregation occurred in the North

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4
Q

When was the slaughter house cases

A

1873

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5
Q

Significance of the US vs Reece cases 1876

A

Allowed voting restrictions- judges held that the 15th Amendment didn’t give the right to vote

1900- only 3% of black men can vote
(Grandfather clause, poll tax and literacy test)

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6
Q

When was US vs Reece

A

1876

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7
Q

Significance of US vs Cruikshank

A

Supreme Court ruled that the 14th amendment protected rights and privileges of citezens only when they are infringed by the actions of a state

Hence racial crime perpetuated by individuals were not the target of federal law

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8
Q

When was US vs Cruikshank

A

1876

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9
Q

What was the 1883 ruling on the Civil rights act of 1875

A

Segregation and public discrimination can take place

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10
Q

When was the ruling of the civil rights act of 1875

A

1883

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11
Q

What was the significance of plessy vs Ferguson

A

Court ruled the concept of segregation legal

Segregation still occurred and despite the theory of equal, black people had worse facilities

Segregation occurred until Brown vs Topeka

Jim Crow Laws

Dejour segregation

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12
Q

Significance of cumming vs board of education 1899

A

Removed equal educational opportunities

Discontinued high school services for 60 AA in order to provide the elementary education for 300 AA

The court did not think federal authorities had the authority to interfere in the operation of the schools

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13
Q

When was cumming vs board of education

A

1899

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14
Q

How do you think segregation affected the lives and attitudes of blacks and whites

A

Lives- the segregation facilities for AA were worse- worse living conditions then whites

Attitudes- segregation allowed racist views to still occur as people were not integrating

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15
Q

What methods were used to stop disenfranchise blacks- interpretation of 15th Amendment

A

Grandfather clause

Poll tax

Literacy test

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16
Q

How did methods used to disenfranchise blacks not affect poor illiterate whites

A

The grandfather clause states that if your grandfather votes, you can vote

AA previously slaves and so ancestors didn’t vote

This only applied to poor illiterate whites

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17
Q

What was the significance of Williams vs Mississippi 1898

A

Proved that there isn’t equal protection from the law and that racism still existed in court

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18
Q

When was Williams vs Mississippi

A

1898

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19
Q

What was the situation by 1909

A

Nearly all southern states passed Jim Crow Laws

There were partitioned coaches and Jim Crow Cars

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20
Q

Which one had been most significant in the denial of civil rights to African Americans

State, Supreme Court, Federal gov

A

Federal gov- no adequate protection- 15th Amendment intepretated- took away vote- most important

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21
Q

What impact did Singleton and the exodusters have on the lives of AA

A

Singleton found the Tennessee Real Estate and Homestead Association
It was meant to assist AA in req land to settle on in the south

He urged AA to form their own independent communities when this proves unsuccessful

People who followed singletons advice were known as the exodusters
By 1875, Singleton and Co had founded the Edgefield Real Estate Association which held rallies

At first- Kansas welcomes the exodusters big the gov and other railroads officials tried to discourage further black immigration

Migration of AA eventually stopped and 2/3 left the south and moved to other opportunities

Strong black communities formed in Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, California

22
Q

What was the progressive era

A

An age of improvement for American Society thru education, political reform, business reform and social welfare

23
Q

Who was Ovington and Baker

A

Individual progressives who spoke out against racial injustice

24
Q

Even tho southern politicians supported progressivism, they often supported ‘business progressivism’ WhAt was the problem w this?

A

Opportunistic- believed public health programmes and social reforms would attract new business and industry into the south

However, they also incorporated disenfranchisement of blacks into their platforms as an essential element of social control

25
Q

McKinley attitudes to civil rights for AA

A
  • denounced lynching in his 1897 but failed to condemn that practice formally
  • refrained from taking action curtail the general anti-black violence in the South
  • He appointed thirty African Americans to positions of consequence, which were principally in diplomatic and records offices, but that number fell far short of what black Republicans had wanted from the leader of Abraham Lincoln’s party
  • During the Spanish-American War, he countermanded orders preventing recruitment and service of black soldiers.
26
Q

Roosevelt attitudes to civil rights for African Americans

A

Energetic young reformer who promised all Americans ‘a square deal.’ He claimed all blacks were inferior but also spoke out against lynching.

  • very reluctant to use federal authority to enforce the 15th Constitution guaranteeing voting rights to African Americans.
  • Publicly, Roosevelt spoke out against racism and discrimination, and appointed blacks to lower-level Federal offices
  • He opposed school segregation, having ended the practice in New York he was Governor of that state
  • Roosevelt also rejected anti-Semitism and he was the first Oscar S. Straus, to the cabinet
27
Q

Taft attitudes to civil rights for African Americans

A

met with and publicly endorsed African-American leader Booker T. Washington’s program for advancing the cause of African-Americans.

  • Taft advised Washington to tell his fellow African-Americans to stay out emphasized the need for education and entrepreneurship as the keys for advancement of Washington’s people.
  • Aside from meeting with Washington and giving him the benefit of that free any Taft was too pre-occupied with other issues during his presidency to address reform in this area.
28
Q

Wilson attitudes to civil rights for African Americans

A

He had a policy “A new Freedom for America’ He passed other progressive reforms which restored monopolies and regulated interstate trade, as he did nothing to alienate the suffering of blacks.

He said ‘segregation is not humiliating but a benefit, you gentlemen.

disappointed many of the blacks who voted for him, as the National Association policies and broke agreements made with groups such the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The Civil Rights Movement regained strength during Wilson’s second term when ar that black soldiers would be instrumental in winning World War 1

29
Q

Segregation in sport

A

Since 1899s all professional sports had banned black participants

In the boxing world, white heavy weight Champaigns see the colour line and refused to fight black contenders

Tommy Burns (white) was defeated by Johnson (black) in the first heavy weight title between a black and white person

In 1895- blacks were invited to qualify for the Penn relay in Philadelphia

However they have to find their own sponsors and practice fields

In 1915- Robeson won a 4 year scholarship at Rutgers College in a state wide written competitions
HE WAS THE 3RD AA TO DO SO AND LATER BECAME AN ALL AMERICAN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLER

30
Q

Why was Wilson’s statement ‘the world must be made safe for democracy’ ironic?

A

America wasn’t fully democratic- not everyone could vote

31
Q

What evidence is there of mass participation for civil rights

Inc WW1

A

15,000 blacks conducted a silence parade in NYC- carrying signs to protest
Against
Lynching and race riots in American cities

During WW1 the newly formed NAACP led the fight against discrimination and segregation and to prevent mistreatment of AA in the military

32
Q

Role of AP Randolph and his response

WW1

A

Pessimistic about WhAt silent parade could mean for AA

Pointing out that they battled in American wars since he revolution still didn’t give them citizenship

33
Q

Role of W.E.B Dubois and NAACP and his response

WW1

A

While war lasts, we should forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow citezens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy

During WW1 the newly forced NAACP led the fight against discrimination and segregation and to prevent mistreatment of AA in the military

34
Q

Role of Pershing and his response

WW1

A

Introduced segregation in trenches by loaning his black combat troops of the 93rd division to the French Army

35
Q

How did racism continue in the armed forces in WW1

A

Served in segregated units

Blacks= barred from marine corps and the coast guards

AA actively pushed into becoming officers and stewards

Initially AA refused training as army officers

36
Q

What was the impact of the Harlem Hellfighters

A

Black soldiers-proved their worth by driving the Germans back at Argonne-Forrest and the Muese River

In total they spent 191 days in the front line - longer than any other American unit in the war

37
Q

Why did WW1 help develop the civil rights campaign

A

Blacks and whites both received honours for there participation in the war

(Crolxe de Guerre- this was awarded for taking Sechault on Sept 1918)

38
Q

What was the response to black Americans after WW1 ended

A

Lunching and violence as many whites didn’t want black prople to be treated as equals simply as they participated in the war

39
Q

How did the war alter the labour market

A

Stifled the flow of immigrant labour

Workers needed in north

AA left south to north

40
Q

What was the Great migration

A

The movement of AA from the south to the north to work

It was the largest internal movement of people in American history

1916-1970

Brought about 1.25 million blacks to industrial centres of Northern and midwestern states before depression occurred

41
Q

How was the Great migration encouraged

A

Circulations of AA newspapers suck as Chicago Defender and The Ledger published stories about successful black immigrants

42
Q

Did the Great migration encourage the development of civil rights

A

YES

UNIA formed

1910- The National Urban League formed by an alliance of black conservatives
(led by Dr George E Haynes) and
white philanthropists and social workers began to help black migrants find employment, housing and education

43
Q

What encouraged the re-emergence of the KKK

A

Hollywood epic film ‘Birth of a nation’ was based on Reverend Thomas Dixon Jr-

Anti black play ‘The Clansman’- portrayed KKK as heroes and blacks as lazy

This was featured in 1915

The kkk had dissolved before this

44
Q

How had the KKK changed compared to Reconstruction

A

Not only anti black

Also anyone who was ‘un american’

Jews
Immigrants
Roman Catholics

45
Q

What impact did the KKK have by 1920

A

Over 100,000 members

Late 1940s- dropped to 20,000

Appearance of burning cross- Thanksgiving Day 1920

46
Q

Name 4 AA activists

A

Ida B Wells

Marcus Garvey

Booker T Washington

W.E.B DuBois

47
Q

Explain who

Booker T Washington is

A

AA activist

-Modelled the Tushegee Institution, opened in 1888 in the Hampton school
-Bought a farm of 40 acres
—first time a black man spoke publicly in the same platform as whites in southern states

BUT

  • In order to reduce racial conflict, he advises blacks to stop demanding equal rights and learn segregation
  • Washington was labelled as an accommodation racist and was criticised by northern blacks

ATLANTA COMPROMISE SPEECH- success
But people argued he miseducated

🛑

48
Q

Explain who W.E.B Dubois is

A

AA activist

  • 1st AA to recurve doctoral degree
  • Published the suppression of African slave trade to the USA
  • also published the soil of black folk
  • offered a programme v similar to that employed later during the civil rights movements 1960s
  • was an intergrationist- Didn’t get along w Washington

He helped determine which racial polices and practices were acceptable

MEH

49
Q

Explain who Ida B Wells is

A

AA activist

  • A Leading crusader against lynching
  • Journalist and newspaper editor is Memphis
  • began to campaign against lynching
  • member of NAACP (later left)
  • 1901- publishes book ‘Lynching and the excuse’

Her life was threatened and she was eventually forced out of the south

✅✅lynching steadily decreases
National audience

50
Q

Who was Marcus Garvey

A

AA activist

-Involved in the Jamaican nationalist movement
-established UNIA
And recruited around 1,000 members for it in NY and Harlem
-published weekly newspaper- ‘The Negro world’ - wide circulation
-POWER

-short of money to fund
- 1920-24 Bois publishes ‘The crisis’ critical of Garvey
-popularity decreases
- 1922- Black Star line goes bankrupt
- federal hoc indicated Garvey for mail fraud
NAACP - launched ‘Garvey must go’
-5 year prison sentence

Gained ‘Garveysim’ followers 
Newspapers had wide circulation 
BUT 
Labelled black supremacist and even met w the KKK - seperatism 
🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑

History (19 decks)

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