Foreign Policy Part 2- 1890-1920 And More Natives Flashcards
In 1865 how were native Americans divided
Natives divided into 250 tribes
34 languages
Never one united group
Why did people believe they could take native land - why did it occur
1860s- westward expansion onto Great Plains
People saw them as obstacles
Manifest destiny
1887 Dawes act
Eco expansion led to erosion of native land
‘Cowboy era’ led to extermination of buffalo
In the 20th century, what 2 groups emerged in association with Natives
Humanitarians - wanted to save natives
Exterminatives - wanted to wipe them out
What was formed 1911 in associated with natives
Educated native Americans - formed SAI - the society for Indians
Campaigned for better education and health facilities and civil rights
Success - limited - lack of money and support
Collapsed 1920
What was the 1928 report?
Natives in big poverty - many shocked and this prompted federal spending to increase financial support and medical care and other and education
How did the depression affect natives
Suffered acutely
Native civil rights during FDR
Benefited from some schemes like PWA and CCC
BUT wages low for natives and schemes were discriminatory
FDR persuaded Congress to pass Indian Reorganisation Act 1934
FDR appointed Collier as commissioner for Indian affairs
Indian land restored and division of it prohibited
Loans made available - encouraged to develop system of self gov
Native population would often sell land to white people for money
Native America civil rights from WW1-1945
1942- 4 members of a tribe went to jail as DIDNT go to war
Some joined armed forces but independent to US
War didn’t help - Collier’s organisation removed from Washington to Chicago and cuts were made to budget
But more educated opportunities before the war - confidence to want change
1940s many natives want US lifestyle
POS step during war - set up National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) —> NAACP encourages
—-Intended to launch a series of legal campaigns in order to establish more rights like equal educational opportunities
What was the Indian new deal
Born out of the late 20s and Mexican Report - developed after Natives contributed to WW1 and got citizenship
Progress still required
When were native Americans given citizenship
1924
1945-60s
Native Americans progress
Special education council set up 2 tribes
Rehabilitation schemes developed and respect for social customs increased
But Collier was gone - old assimilationist policies revived
In form of termination - gradually end federal control by BIA and make natives entitled to same laws as Americans
What did Eisenhower do for Native Americans
NCAI helped prevent President ending Indian Rights on reservoirs
Like NAACP, the NCAI used courts to protect Native rights
In association with Natives
What was passed in 1956
Was it a success
The Indian vocational act
Designed to help employment prospects
BUT
25% poor
Life expectancy was 2/3 of whites
Late 1960s Native Americans civil rights
Still grievances - formed pressure groups - more militant during this period
1945-1980 -high suicide 16-25 -life expectancy - 44 1980 half lived on reservations Unemployment ranged -20-80%
1945-80 - movement out of reservations to city - gov programmes encouraged this - if they intergrated - alcohol and suicide will lower
NCAI- challenged federal hoc in employment and discrimination in schooling and employment BUT - priority - preserve culture
NCAI- moderate success - gaining pledge from Kennedy to develop human and natural resources of reservations
BUT STILL INFERIOR
Anger and protest towards BIA - exercised power over reservation and took land with little compensation
1968 anger - novels and songs —> awareness prompted by demanding civil rights programme and movement to end war in Vietnam
1969- native occupied island of Alcatraz - offered to buy for $24- price of manhattan
Huge publicity but achieved little
Native Americans success on police treatment
NA were concerned at police harassment and pursued a policy monitoring police
Led to decline of arrests and a number in local jails fell 60%
How did native Americans civil rights improve through African American civil rights
AAA 60s - vote and segregation ended
Lead to change in attitudes
1970s Native American Rights
Nixon’s presidential message criticised treatments
Bruce commissioner for Indian Affairs - NA got employment in BIA
1970- pledge to return land - People like Yakama etc benefit
1972 Indian education act
1975 Indian self determination act and indian education assistance
1969- Nixon appointed a Scoux as Commissioner for Indian Affairs
Gov returned 48,000 acres of land to Taroz Pueblos Indians
Overview of foreign policy 1890-1920
Most actions
- defensive
- hostile to imperialism
Events in 1890
- rapid naval expansion
- war against Spain
- annexation of territories in Pacific
What were the motives for expansion
Open expansionalism
US economy proved how new market needed
End of frontier - her horizons and scope
1890s- many other nations were expansionalist and imperialist
Many ideas of imperialist nation’s like ‘civilising mission’ influenced key thinkers in US like lodge
3 Key motives for imperialism
Accidental empire
Progressive imperialism
Need for markers
5 themes for support of US imperialism
Expand business interests
Military interest (competition for colony)
Social Darwinism - white and supreme
Spread Christianity
American frontier closed
How did Roosevelt impact US foreign policy
1898 Spanish American war
Then became president and flowed ambitious foreign policy
How did Bryan impact US foreign policy
Pacifist- attacked people like Roosevelt = immoral and attacking founding fathers
What were McKinleys aims for America
Strong navy
Monroe Doctrine
Withdrawal of European powers from Western Hemisphere
Independence for Cuba
Control over Hawaii
Purchase of Virgin Islands
Union of all English speaking parts of the continent by free consent of inhabitants
What other key people did McKinley work w?
WhT were their views
T Roosevelt
Lodge
Etc
Imperialist
What were the reason for McKinleys foreign aims
Determined to implement ‘large policy’ - aimed at marketing US - dominant power in Western Hemisphere
Possessed of great navy, owning and controlling Ishman Canal, holding naval bases in Caribbean and Pacific and contesting to great powers of navy and commercial supremacy in Pacific Ocean and Far East
How did Roosevelt justify American expansion to those who want isolationism
Security of isolationism can only be upheld by regional expansion
Defence of measures
Dispute in Cuba vs Spain
Spanish rule oppressed Cubans
Cubans revolt
Spain responds by sending Weyler to crush rebellion
Cubans rebels placed in concentration camps (many died due to poor sanitation)
Who did America back in Spain vs Cuba and why
Cuba
Eco - US business traded $100 mill a year
Politically- Spain- dying empire in US sphere on influence
Whoever controls Cuba controls potential Panama Canal
Explain yellow journalism just before Spanish American War
Hearts v Pulizer
Each reported atrocities in Cuba
Sensationalised news
In 1895, Cubans declared independence from Spain
To put down Revolution, Spain used tactics like starvation
US newspaper sensationalised events in Cuba - yellow journalism
In 1898- USS sent Maine to Cuba…
What triggered US Spanish war
1898- US sent USS Maine to Cuba to protect US interests there
Ships mysteriously explodes
US declared war
Military results of Spanish
Fighting lasts till 1902
4,000 US killed
60,000 Flipinos killed
Philippines not granted independence 1646?
How long was the Spanish American war
113 days
Result of Spanish American war
Cuba was liberates and US annexed Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico
Phillipean not granted independence after war - Flippino - US war began 1898- cost more money and lives than Spanish American war
US imperialism
Puerto Rico
Still US territory
When was the Spanish American war?
1898
Economic causes of Spanish American war
Cuba’s economy depended on exporting tobacco and sugar to US markets
US had $50 million invested in Cuba - sugar and tobacco
Eco interest w trade with Asia
The rise of Japan = threat (yellow peril)
Political/national causes of Spanish American war
Monroe Doctrine
1898 Havana Harbour blowed up - 260 soldiers killed - blame Spain
McKinley waited for approval for Congress
‘Civilising mission’
1901 Platt Amendment authorised intervention in Cuba
Publication of letter from Spanish Ambassador criticising presidents
Consequence of Spanish American war on foreign policy
The war would create availability of the bases in the Pacific countries like Hawaii and the Philippines- under Spanish control and were threatened
Territorial consequences of Spanish American war
Cuba recognised as independent but US troops remained in island 1902 - became a protectorate
Treaty of Paris 1898 - USA acquired Phillipeanes, Puerto Rico, annexation of Spanis in Caribbean and Pacific etc
Hawaii annexed at same time
Political/national consequences of Spanish American war
Yellow press - Hearst tell sensational stories from war - many untrue —> people outraged by way Spanish treated rebel prisoners and Cuban people
Anti imperialists attacked
Rise of racial tension
Yellow peril intensified by social tensions in western states. Largely caused by Japan and Chinease immigrants
5 reasons for imperialism
Accidental empire
Progressive imperialism
Need for markets
End of westward expansion
Perclusive imperialism
Explain accidental empire as cause of imperialism
Inc historians
Evans
USA never needed or wanted an empire as it already had good trading links
Explain progressive imperialism as a cause of imperialism
Inc historian
McDougall
Improves lives of non Americans
Health hygiene technology religion
Missionary would civilise
Explain a need for markers as a cause of imperialism
Inc historian
Williams
Need for markers could be met w open door rather than actual territorial expansion
Explain westward expansion ending as a cause of imperialism
Inc historian
Thesis
Westward expansion was a form of imperialism
Explain perclusive expansion as a cause of imperialism
Inc historian
Langer
USA wanted to copy European powers
Took advantage of its position to expand into Carribean an Latin America
Why were Americans motivated to imperialism during guilded age
US industry grew so large - companies needed new sources of raw materials and overseas markets to sell their products
1890- US census revealed US frontier - close —> no new land in ‘west’ to expand to
Americans felt need to keep up with other European Imperial nation’s who were building colonies
Admiral Mahan encouraged US to build a modern navy so it would compete w European militants
Many believed in social Darwinism need to ‘civilise inferior races’ by spreading technology, Christianity and Democracy
What is the traditionalist US foreign policy
Anti imperialist because of history of US and values of constitution
What factors in 1890 shapes US foreign policy
Anti imperialist
1823 Monroe Doctrine
Closing frontier
Pacific feelings
Finance and arms racing
Mixed immigration population
Manifest destiny
Resources and raw materials
1893 eco depression
Europe expansion
Aggressive expansion —> Roos and Lodge
Japan
Mahan’s
Explain anti imperialism as a factor shaping US foreign policy
Founding fathers didn’t want it
Values enshrines in the constitution
How is the Monroe Doctrine a factor shaping US foreign policy 1890
US interest to avoid foreign entanglements in foreign conflicts unless US interest involved American continents would not be colonised by European nations
Any attempts at colonisation would be seen as unfriendly
Explain closing the frontier as a factor shaping US foreign policy
By 1890- continental America = fully settled
Explain pacifist feelings as a factor shaping US foreign policy
Many advocated pacifism like Bryan who was leader of the Democrat Anti imperialist group
Worked closely with Wilson
Religious beliefs shaped their beliefs
How did finance and arms racing shape US foreign policy 1890
Feelings against navy and army as expensive to maintain and many believe building an army creating antagonism
Explain how mixed immigration pop shaped US foreign policy 1890
Diverse US pop made intervention in foreign policy difficult
Explain how manifest destiny affected foreign policy 1890
‘God given right’ to settle Continental America
Concept that US - civilising mission
Kennan ‘White mans burden belief … superior to other races and … duty to bring up to standards of white People
Explain resources and raw materials as a factor shaping US foreign policy 1890
Oversea territory or expansion of boundaries could be a source of resources, help give US a share of world trade
Comp for markers and enable US to have friendly ports for merchants navy fleets
By 1878- US exported more than imported - requiring it to seek more consumers
Explain how 1893 economic depression shaped US foreign policy
Made some anxious to pursue expansion for trade and national pride
How did European expansion shape US foreign policy
By 1890- most European nations had empires
US should have 1 too
How did aggressive expansionist ideas of T Roos and Lodge shape foreign policy
During 1980s their ideas gained support from Harrison, Cleveland and McKinley
How did Japan affect US foreign policy
Japan was a rising influence in east
Rising population —> demand for resources, fast industrialisation
How did Mahan shape US foreign policy
Mahan was an influential naval officer
Developed new ideas about importance of sea power
He wrote several pop books and articles recommending expansion of US navel power
Close advisor to T Roosevelt and assistant secretary for navy in 1890s
Overall motives for world war 1
Wilson democracy and progressivism
Self defence
Wilson and democracy
Anti German feeling
How is Wilson and democracy a motive for world war 1
Wilson said won’t take America to war
In private convos- sympathy for Britain BUT balanced attitude with public
“Made safe for Democracy”- America not fully democratic
Was democracy just an excuse?
But American ‘policeman of the world’- moral obligation
EXCUSE
How is progressivism a motive for world war 1
Wilson ‘make safe for democracy’
Russian revolution
- with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats)
- Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely
Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it
How was self defence a motive for world war 1
Zimmerman telegram
- Germany’s foreign secretary sent secret note to Mexico 1917
- Germany urged Mexico to attack US and in return Mexico would gain back territory previously lost to US
- Americans and Wilson are outraged by the Zimmerman telegraph when they were published in newspapers
Unrestricted submarine warfare
-German interference with US submarines
-sinking of Lusitania
- according to international law, civilian ships must be warned before sinking - allowing passengers to escape for safety
-Germany not doing this
-1915 sinking of British liner - had 128 Americans
-USA MAD
-Germany said - carrying ammunition and explosives - debates today stuff
Sussex torpedoes 24 March 1916- injuring 4 Americans, Wilson and Secretary of State finally informed Ger gov that unless they gave up submarine warfare- US would break off diplomatic relations
-the German response was ‘Sussex Pledge’ of 3 March - conceding to American demand
Many countries who didn’t go to war lost more lives than American
Significance- formed support from US public to join war and sense of self defence
This was not extremely strong though
How is the economy a motive for world war 1
Theories that war was simply a way of America making money - evidence poor
Trade
Although US supplied materials to both sides, it supplied more to allies - end of neutrality - helps economy
Allies -1914-500 million. 1917-4.5 billion
Germany 1914-169 million. 1917-1.1 billion
LARGE FACTOR
How is anti Germany feeling a motive for world war 1
Propaganda- each side pictured each other as savage beasts
Many Americans came to favour Britain and France
However according to newspaper articles, majority public opinion was that America should stay out of war
Russian revolution
- with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats)
- Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely
Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it
Internal political effects of world war 1
Isolationism
Back to Republican dominance
External political effects of world war 1
LON- USA didn’t join - disliked TOV
Wanted isolationism
But Bri and Fra members - solve further disputes in future through sanctions
Wilson - 14 point like freedom of seas
Rejected by Germany and once war over - and Germany wanted peace settlement to be based on them, they were not allowed too, which frustrated Wilson (bear end war)
Paris peace conference - big 3- divided opinion
Result in TOV which Germany saw unfair ‘dictac’ forced to sign
Led to tention and Germany in debt due to repetitions
Land distribution
America declines LON and TOV —> goes into Independent Internationalism
Social effects of world war 1
Nativists Americans first
Boom in support for KKK early 1920s
Economic problems were setting for a period of violence and political upheaval in 1919-20
‘Restrictionist’ 1917 Espionage Act 1918 Sedition Act 1918 immigrant act 1921 emergency quota act 1924 immigrant act
Red Scare - widespread fear
Recession in North America
1919 Chicago race riot - racial conflict
23 black and 15 white died
US propaganda demonised Germany’s encouraged patriotism
Xenephobia
Eg German language stopped in schools
Flow of immigration halted during conflict
War intensified fear and hostility towards ‘aliens’- loyalty unreliable
Prohibition ended 1933
Racial and national stereotyping
Eg communist or Russian (suspected)
Economic effects of world war
European merchant ships disappeared from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and American ships and traders were quick to fill gap.
By April 1917, Americas total industrial potential and its share of world manufacturing output - 2 and a half X that of Germany’s overstrained economy
US world creditor as European powers sought loans and credits to pay for war purchase. 3 years of neutrality led to huge wealth for US - as it both exports trade and lent money to belligerents. Exports rose from £500 million 1814, to $3500 million 1917
US became main international leader
Britain agreed to buy enough cotton to stabilise price of American cotton - which would have caused a crisis in American south
Wilson 1917 ‘when the war is over, we can force them into our way of thinking because by that time they will among other things be financially in our hands’
Late 19 century - US debtor nation = borrowing from Europe to finance US economic growth.
But from 1917, US became creditor nation = making loans worth billions of dollars to other countries, to fight war and to repair massive losses caused by it
New world economy was based on web of debt was totally dependent upon American financial resources
Recession 1918-1918 - more severe depression 1920
Several indices of economic activity suggest recession was moderately severe
Benefits US faced during neutrality
Dislocation of European food- American agriculture boomed
American farmers could get high prices for everything produced
Huge demands of modern industrialised welfare means Britain and France depended heavily on US for was supplies
They also depended on US for war loans to pay for them
Liberty bonds - made US gov debt more than $25 million
Inflation high and companies and corporations stared the reduce wages and lay off workers to keep down operating costs
