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History > Foreign Policy Part 2- 1890-1920 And More Natives > Flashcards

Foreign Policy Part 2- 1890-1920 And More Natives Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1865 how were native Americans divided

A

Natives divided into 250 tribes

34 languages

Never one united group

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2
Q

Why did people believe they could take native land - why did it occur

A

1860s- westward expansion onto Great Plains

People saw them as obstacles

Manifest destiny

1887 Dawes act

Eco expansion led to erosion of native land

‘Cowboy era’ led to extermination of buffalo

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3
Q

In the 20th century, what 2 groups emerged in association with Natives

A

Humanitarians - wanted to save natives

Exterminatives - wanted to wipe them out

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4
Q

What was formed 1911 in associated with natives

A

Educated native Americans - formed SAI - the society for Indians

Campaigned for better education and health facilities and civil rights

Success - limited - lack of money and support

Collapsed 1920

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5
Q

What was the 1928 report?

A

Natives in big poverty - many shocked and this prompted federal spending to increase financial support and medical care and other and education

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6
Q

How did the depression affect natives

A

Suffered acutely

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7
Q

Native civil rights during FDR

A

Benefited from some schemes like PWA and CCC
BUT wages low for natives and schemes were discriminatory

FDR persuaded Congress to pass Indian Reorganisation Act 1934

FDR appointed Collier as commissioner for Indian affairs

Indian land restored and division of it prohibited

Loans made available - encouraged to develop system of self gov

Native population would often sell land to white people for money

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8
Q

Native America civil rights from WW1-1945

A

1942- 4 members of a tribe went to jail as DIDNT go to war

Some joined armed forces but independent to US

War didn’t help - Collier’s organisation removed from Washington to Chicago and cuts were made to budget

But more educated opportunities before the war - confidence to want change

1940s many natives want US lifestyle

POS step during war - set up National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) —> NAACP encourages
—-Intended to launch a series of legal campaigns in order to establish more rights like equal educational opportunities

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9
Q

What was the Indian new deal

A

Born out of the late 20s and Mexican Report - developed after Natives contributed to WW1 and got citizenship

Progress still required

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10
Q

When were native Americans given citizenship

A

1924

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11
Q

1945-60s

Native Americans progress

A

Special education council set up 2 tribes

Rehabilitation schemes developed and respect for social customs increased

But Collier was gone - old assimilationist policies revived

In form of termination - gradually end federal control by BIA and make natives entitled to same laws as Americans

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12
Q

What did Eisenhower do for Native Americans

A

NCAI helped prevent President ending Indian Rights on reservoirs

Like NAACP, the NCAI used courts to protect Native rights

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13
Q

In association with Natives

What was passed in 1956

Was it a success

A

The Indian vocational act

Designed to help employment prospects

BUT

25% poor

Life expectancy was 2/3 of whites

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14
Q

Late 1960s Native Americans civil rights

A

Still grievances - formed pressure groups - more militant during this period

1945-1980
-high suicide 16-25
-life expectancy - 44
1980 half lived on reservations 
Unemployment ranged -20-80%

1945-80 - movement out of reservations to city - gov programmes encouraged this - if they intergrated - alcohol and suicide will lower

NCAI- challenged federal hoc in employment and discrimination in schooling and employment BUT - priority - preserve culture

NCAI- moderate success - gaining pledge from Kennedy to develop human and natural resources of reservations

BUT STILL INFERIOR

Anger and protest towards BIA - exercised power over reservation and took land with little compensation

1968 anger - novels and songs —> awareness prompted by demanding civil rights programme and movement to end war in Vietnam

1969- native occupied island of Alcatraz - offered to buy for $24- price of manhattan
Huge publicity but achieved little

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15
Q

Native Americans success on police treatment

A

NA were concerned at police harassment and pursued a policy monitoring police

Led to decline of arrests and a number in local jails fell 60%

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16
Q

How did native Americans civil rights improve through African American civil rights

A

AAA 60s - vote and segregation ended

Lead to change in attitudes

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17
Q

1970s Native American Rights

A

Nixon’s presidential message criticised treatments

Bruce commissioner for Indian Affairs - NA got employment in BIA

1970- pledge to return land - People like Yakama etc benefit

1972 Indian education act

1975 Indian self determination act and indian education assistance

1969- Nixon appointed a Scoux as Commissioner for Indian Affairs

Gov returned 48,000 acres of land to Taroz Pueblos Indians

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18
Q

Overview of foreign policy 1890-1920

A

Most actions

  • defensive
  • hostile to imperialism

Events in 1890

  • rapid naval expansion
  • war against Spain
  • annexation of territories in Pacific
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19
Q

What were the motives for expansion

A

Open expansionalism

US economy proved how new market needed

End of frontier - her horizons and scope

1890s- many other nations were expansionalist and imperialist

Many ideas of imperialist nation’s like ‘civilising mission’ influenced key thinkers in US like lodge

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20
Q

3 Key motives for imperialism

A

Accidental empire

Progressive imperialism

Need for markers

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21
Q

5 themes for support of US imperialism

A

Expand business interests

Military interest (competition for colony)

Social Darwinism - white and supreme

Spread Christianity

American frontier closed

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22
Q

How did Roosevelt impact US foreign policy

A

1898 Spanish American war

Then became president and flowed ambitious foreign policy

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23
Q

How did Bryan impact US foreign policy

A

Pacifist- attacked people like Roosevelt = immoral and attacking founding fathers

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24
Q

What were McKinleys aims for America

A

Strong navy

Monroe Doctrine

Withdrawal of European powers from Western Hemisphere

Independence for Cuba

Control over Hawaii

Purchase of Virgin Islands

Union of all English speaking parts of the continent by free consent of inhabitants

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25
Q

What other key people did McKinley work w?

WhT were their views

A

T Roosevelt

Lodge

Etc

Imperialist

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26
Q

What were the reason for McKinleys foreign aims

A

Determined to implement ‘large policy’ - aimed at marketing US - dominant power in Western Hemisphere

Possessed of great navy, owning and controlling Ishman Canal, holding naval bases in Caribbean and Pacific and contesting to great powers of navy and commercial supremacy in Pacific Ocean and Far East

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27
Q

How did Roosevelt justify American expansion to those who want isolationism

A

Security of isolationism can only be upheld by regional expansion

Defence of measures

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28
Q

Dispute in Cuba vs Spain

A

Spanish rule oppressed Cubans

Cubans revolt

Spain responds by sending Weyler to crush rebellion

Cubans rebels placed in concentration camps (many died due to poor sanitation)

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29
Q

Who did America back in Spain vs Cuba and why

A

Cuba

Eco - US business traded $100 mill a year

Politically- Spain- dying empire in US sphere on influence

Whoever controls Cuba controls potential Panama Canal

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30
Q

Explain yellow journalism just before Spanish American War

A

Hearts v Pulizer

Each reported atrocities in Cuba

Sensationalised news

In 1895, Cubans declared independence from Spain

To put down Revolution, Spain used tactics like starvation

US newspaper sensationalised events in Cuba - yellow journalism

In 1898- USS sent Maine to Cuba…

31
Q

What triggered US Spanish war

A

1898- US sent USS Maine to Cuba to protect US interests there

Ships mysteriously explodes

US declared war

32
Q

Military results of Spanish

A

Fighting lasts till 1902

4,000 US killed

60,000 Flipinos killed

Philippines not granted independence 1646?

33
Q

How long was the Spanish American war

A

113 days

34
Q

Result of Spanish American war

A

Cuba was liberates and US annexed Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico

Phillipean not granted independence after war - Flippino - US war began 1898- cost more money and lives than Spanish American war

35
Q

US imperialism

Puerto Rico

A

Still US territory

36
Q

When was the Spanish American war?

A

1898

37
Q

Economic causes of Spanish American war

A

Cuba’s economy depended on exporting tobacco and sugar to US markets

US had $50 million invested in Cuba - sugar and tobacco

Eco interest w trade with Asia

The rise of Japan = threat (yellow peril)

38
Q

Political/national causes of Spanish American war

A

Monroe Doctrine

1898 Havana Harbour blowed up - 260 soldiers killed - blame Spain

McKinley waited for approval for Congress

‘Civilising mission’

1901 Platt Amendment authorised intervention in Cuba

Publication of letter from Spanish Ambassador criticising presidents

39
Q

Consequence of Spanish American war on foreign policy

A

The war would create availability of the bases in the Pacific countries like Hawaii and the Philippines- under Spanish control and were threatened

40
Q

Territorial consequences of Spanish American war

A

Cuba recognised as independent but US troops remained in island 1902 - became a protectorate

Treaty of Paris 1898 - USA acquired Phillipeanes, Puerto Rico, annexation of Spanis in Caribbean and Pacific etc
Hawaii annexed at same time

41
Q

Political/national consequences of Spanish American war

A

Yellow press - Hearst tell sensational stories from war - many untrue —> people outraged by way Spanish treated rebel prisoners and Cuban people

Anti imperialists attacked

Rise of racial tension

Yellow peril intensified by social tensions in western states. Largely caused by Japan and Chinease immigrants

42
Q

5 reasons for imperialism

A

Accidental empire

Progressive imperialism

Need for markets

End of westward expansion

Perclusive imperialism

43
Q

Explain accidental empire as cause of imperialism

Inc historians

A

Evans

USA never needed or wanted an empire as it already had good trading links

44
Q

Explain progressive imperialism as a cause of imperialism

Inc historian

A

McDougall

Improves lives of non Americans

Health hygiene technology religion

Missionary would civilise

45
Q

Explain a need for markers as a cause of imperialism

Inc historian

A

Williams

Need for markers could be met w open door rather than actual territorial expansion

46
Q

Explain westward expansion ending as a cause of imperialism

Inc historian

A

Thesis

Westward expansion was a form of imperialism

47
Q

Explain perclusive expansion as a cause of imperialism

Inc historian

A

Langer

USA wanted to copy European powers
Took advantage of its position to expand into Carribean an Latin America

48
Q

Why were Americans motivated to imperialism during guilded age

A

US industry grew so large - companies needed new sources of raw materials and overseas markets to sell their products

1890- US census revealed US frontier - close —> no new land in ‘west’ to expand to

Americans felt need to keep up with other European Imperial nation’s who were building colonies

Admiral Mahan encouraged US to build a modern navy so it would compete w European militants

Many believed in social Darwinism need to ‘civilise inferior races’ by spreading technology, Christianity and Democracy

49
Q

What is the traditionalist US foreign policy

A

Anti imperialist because of history of US and values of constitution

50
Q

What factors in 1890 shapes US foreign policy

A

Anti imperialist

1823 Monroe Doctrine

Closing frontier

Pacific feelings

Finance and arms racing

Mixed immigration population

Manifest destiny

Resources and raw materials

1893 eco depression

Europe expansion

Aggressive expansion —> Roos and Lodge

Japan

Mahan’s

51
Q

Explain anti imperialism as a factor shaping US foreign policy

A

Founding fathers didn’t want it

Values enshrines in the constitution

52
Q

How is the Monroe Doctrine a factor shaping US foreign policy 1890

A

US interest to avoid foreign entanglements in foreign conflicts unless US interest involved American continents would not be colonised by European nations

Any attempts at colonisation would be seen as unfriendly

53
Q

Explain closing the frontier as a factor shaping US foreign policy

A

By 1890- continental America = fully settled

54
Q

Explain pacifist feelings as a factor shaping US foreign policy

A

Many advocated pacifism like Bryan who was leader of the Democrat Anti imperialist group

Worked closely with Wilson

Religious beliefs shaped their beliefs

55
Q

How did finance and arms racing shape US foreign policy 1890

A

Feelings against navy and army as expensive to maintain and many believe building an army creating antagonism

56
Q

Explain how mixed immigration pop shaped US foreign policy 1890

A

Diverse US pop made intervention in foreign policy difficult

57
Q

Explain how manifest destiny affected foreign policy 1890

A

‘God given right’ to settle Continental America

Concept that US - civilising mission

Kennan ‘White mans burden belief … superior to other races and … duty to bring up to standards of white People

58
Q

Explain resources and raw materials as a factor shaping US foreign policy 1890

A

Oversea territory or expansion of boundaries could be a source of resources, help give US a share of world trade

Comp for markers and enable US to have friendly ports for merchants navy fleets

By 1878- US exported more than imported - requiring it to seek more consumers

59
Q

Explain how 1893 economic depression shaped US foreign policy

A

Made some anxious to pursue expansion for trade and national pride

60
Q

How did European expansion shape US foreign policy

A

By 1890- most European nations had empires

US should have 1 too

61
Q

How did aggressive expansionist ideas of T Roos and Lodge shape foreign policy

A

During 1980s their ideas gained support from Harrison, Cleveland and McKinley

62
Q

How did Japan affect US foreign policy

A

Japan was a rising influence in east

Rising population —> demand for resources, fast industrialisation

63
Q

How did Mahan shape US foreign policy

A

Mahan was an influential naval officer

Developed new ideas about importance of sea power

He wrote several pop books and articles recommending expansion of US navel power

Close advisor to T Roosevelt and assistant secretary for navy in 1890s

64
Q

Overall motives for world war 1

A

Wilson democracy and progressivism

Self defence

Wilson and democracy

Anti German feeling

65
Q

How is Wilson and democracy a motive for world war 1

A

Wilson said won’t take America to war
In private convos- sympathy for Britain BUT balanced attitude with public
“Made safe for Democracy”- America not fully democratic

Was democracy just an excuse?

But American ‘policeman of the world’- moral obligation

EXCUSE

66
Q

How is progressivism a motive for world war 1

A

Wilson ‘make safe for democracy’

Russian revolution

  • with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats)
  • Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely

Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it

67
Q

How was self defence a motive for world war 1

A

Zimmerman telegram

  • Germany’s foreign secretary sent secret note to Mexico 1917
  • Germany urged Mexico to attack US and in return Mexico would gain back territory previously lost to US
  • Americans and Wilson are outraged by the Zimmerman telegraph when they were published in newspapers

Unrestricted submarine warfare
-German interference with US submarines
-sinking of Lusitania
- according to international law, civilian ships must be warned before sinking - allowing passengers to escape for safety
-Germany not doing this
-1915 sinking of British liner - had 128 Americans
-USA MAD
-Germany said - carrying ammunition and explosives - debates today stuff
Sussex torpedoes 24 March 1916- injuring 4 Americans, Wilson and Secretary of State finally informed Ger gov that unless they gave up submarine warfare- US would break off diplomatic relations
-the German response was ‘Sussex Pledge’ of 3 March - conceding to American demand

Many countries who didn’t go to war lost more lives than American

Significance- formed support from US public to join war and sense of self defence
This was not extremely strong though

68
Q

How is the economy a motive for world war 1

A

Theories that war was simply a way of America making money - evidence poor

Trade
Although US supplied materials to both sides, it supplied more to allies - end of neutrality - helps economy

Allies -1914-500 million. 1917-4.5 billion
Germany 1914-169 million. 1917-1.1 billion

LARGE FACTOR

69
Q

How is anti Germany feeling a motive for world war 1

A

Propaganda- each side pictured each other as savage beasts

Many Americans came to favour Britain and France

However according to newspaper articles, majority public opinion was that America should stay out of war

Russian revolution

  • with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats)
  • Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely

Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it

70
Q

Internal political effects of world war 1

A

Isolationism

Back to Republican dominance

71
Q

External political effects of world war 1

A

LON- USA didn’t join - disliked TOV
Wanted isolationism
But Bri and Fra members - solve further disputes in future through sanctions

Wilson - 14 point like freedom of seas
Rejected by Germany and once war over - and Germany wanted peace settlement to be based on them, they were not allowed too, which frustrated Wilson (bear end war)

Paris peace conference - big 3- divided opinion
Result in TOV which Germany saw unfair ‘dictac’ forced to sign
Led to tention and Germany in debt due to repetitions

Land distribution

America declines LON and TOV —> goes into Independent Internationalism

72
Q

Social effects of world war 1

A

Nativists Americans first

Boom in support for KKK early 1920s

Economic problems were setting for a period of violence and political upheaval in 1919-20

‘Restrictionist’
1917 Espionage Act 
1918 Sedition Act 
1918 immigrant act 
1921 emergency quota act 
1924 immigrant act

Red Scare - widespread fear

Recession in North America

1919 Chicago race riot - racial conflict
23 black and 15 white died

US propaganda demonised Germany’s encouraged patriotism
Xenephobia
Eg German language stopped in schools

Flow of immigration halted during conflict
War intensified fear and hostility towards ‘aliens’- loyalty unreliable

Prohibition ended 1933

Racial and national stereotyping
Eg communist or Russian (suspected)

73
Q

Economic effects of world war

A

European merchant ships disappeared from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and American ships and traders were quick to fill gap.

By April 1917, Americas total industrial potential and its share of world manufacturing output - 2 and a half X that of Germany’s overstrained economy

US world creditor as European powers sought loans and credits to pay for war purchase. 3 years of neutrality led to huge wealth for US - as it both exports trade and lent money to belligerents. Exports rose from £500 million 1814, to $3500 million 1917
US became main international leader

Britain agreed to buy enough cotton to stabilise price of American cotton - which would have caused a crisis in American south

Wilson 1917 ‘when the war is over, we can force them into our way of thinking because by that time they will among other things be financially in our hands’

Late 19 century - US debtor nation = borrowing from Europe to finance US economic growth.
But from 1917, US became creditor nation = making loans worth billions of dollars to other countries, to fight war and to repair massive losses caused by it

New world economy was based on web of debt was totally dependent upon American financial resources

Recession 1918-1918 - more severe depression 1920
Several indices of economic activity suggest recession was moderately severe

74
Q

Benefits US faced during neutrality

A

Dislocation of European food- American agriculture boomed

American farmers could get high prices for everything produced

Huge demands of modern industrialised welfare means Britain and France depended heavily on US for was supplies

They also depended on US for war loans to pay for them

Liberty bonds - made US gov debt more than $25 million

Inflation high and companies and corporations stared the reduce wages and lay off workers to keep down operating costs

History (19 decks)

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