Foreign Policy Part 2- 1890-1920 And More Natives Flashcards

Question

What other key people did McKinley work w? WhT were their views

Answer 1

T Roosevelt Lodge Etc Imperialist

Answer 2

Determined to implement ‘large policy’ - aimed at marketing US - dominant power in Western Hemisphere Possessed of great navy, owning and controlling Ishman Canal, holding naval bases in Caribbean and Pacific and contesting to great powers of navy and commercial supremacy in Pacific Ocean and Far East

Answer 3

Security of isolationism can only be upheld by regional expansion Defence of measures

Answer 4

Spanish rule oppressed Cubans Cubans revolt Spain responds by sending Weyler to crush rebellion Cubans rebels placed in concentration camps (many died due to poor sanitation)

Answer 5

Cuba Eco - US business traded $100 mill a year Politically- Spain- dying empire in US sphere on influence Whoever controls Cuba controls potential Panama Canal

Answer 6

Hearts v Pulizer Each reported atrocities in Cuba Sensationalised news In 1895, Cubans declared independence from Spain To put down Revolution, Spain used tactics like starvation US newspaper sensationalised events in Cuba - yellow journalism In 1898- USS sent Maine to Cuba...

Answer 7

1898- US sent USS Maine to Cuba to protect US interests there Ships mysteriously explodes US declared war

Answer 8

Fighting lasts till 1902 4,000 US killed 60,000 Flipinos killed Philippines not granted independence 1646?

Answer 9

Cuba was liberates and US annexed Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico Phillipean not granted independence after war - Flippino - US war began 1898- cost more money and lives than Spanish American war

Answer 10

Still US territory

Answer 11

Cuba’s economy depended on exporting tobacco and sugar to US markets US had $50 million invested in Cuba - sugar and tobacco Eco interest w trade with Asia The rise of Japan = threat (yellow peril)

Answer 12

Monroe Doctrine 1898 Havana Harbour blowed up - 260 soldiers killed - blame Spain McKinley waited for approval for Congress ‘Civilising mission’ 1901 Platt Amendment authorised intervention in Cuba Publication of letter from Spanish Ambassador criticising presidents

Answer 13

The war would create availability of the bases in the Pacific countries like Hawaii and the Philippines- under Spanish control and were threatened

Answer 14

Cuba recognised as independent but US troops remained in island 1902 - became a protectorate Treaty of Paris 1898 - USA acquired Phillipeanes, Puerto Rico, annexation of Spanis in Caribbean and Pacific etc Hawaii annexed at same time

Answer 15

Yellow press - Hearst tell sensational stories from war - many untrue —> people outraged by way Spanish treated rebel prisoners and Cuban people Anti imperialists attacked Rise of racial tension Yellow peril intensified by social tensions in western states. Largely caused by Japan and Chinease immigrants

Answer 16

Accidental empire Progressive imperialism Need for markets End of westward expansion Perclusive imperialism

Answer 17

Evans USA never needed or wanted an empire as it already had good trading links

Answer 18

McDougall Improves lives of non Americans Health hygiene technology religion Missionary would civilise

Answer 19

Williams Need for markers could be met w open door rather than actual territorial expansion

Answer 20

Thesis Westward expansion was a form of imperialism

Answer 21

Langer USA wanted to copy European powers Took advantage of its position to expand into Carribean an Latin America

Answer 22

US industry grew so large - companies needed new sources of raw materials and overseas markets to sell their products 1890- US census revealed US frontier - close —> no new land in ‘west’ to expand to Americans felt need to keep up with other European Imperial nation’s who were building colonies Admiral Mahan encouraged US to build a modern navy so it would compete w European militants Many believed in social Darwinism need to ‘civilise inferior races’ by spreading technology, Christianity and Democracy

Answer 23

Anti imperialist because of history of US and values of constitution

Answer 24

Anti imperialist 1823 Monroe Doctrine Closing frontier Pacific feelings Finance and arms racing Mixed immigration population Manifest destiny Resources and raw materials 1893 eco depression Europe expansion Aggressive expansion —> Roos and Lodge Japan Mahan’s

Answer 25

Founding fathers didn’t want it Values enshrines in the constitution

Answer 26

US interest to avoid foreign entanglements in foreign conflicts unless US interest involved American continents would not be colonised by European nations Any attempts at colonisation would be seen as unfriendly

Answer 27

By 1890- continental America = fully settled

Answer 28

Many advocated pacifism like Bryan who was leader of the Democrat Anti imperialist group Worked closely with Wilson Religious beliefs shaped their beliefs

Answer 29

Feelings against navy and army as expensive to maintain and many believe building an army creating antagonism

Answer 30

Diverse US pop made intervention in foreign policy difficult

Answer 31

‘God given right’ to settle Continental America Concept that US - civilising mission Kennan ‘White mans burden belief ... superior to other races and ... duty to bring up to standards of white People

Answer 32

Oversea territory or expansion of boundaries could be a source of resources, help give US a share of world trade Comp for markers and enable US to have friendly ports for merchants navy fleets By 1878- US exported more than imported - requiring it to seek more consumers

Answer 33

Made some anxious to pursue expansion for trade and national pride

Answer 34

By 1890- most European nations had empires US should have 1 too

Answer 35

During 1980s their ideas gained support from Harrison, Cleveland and McKinley

Answer 36

Japan was a rising influence in east Rising population —> demand for resources, fast industrialisation

Answer 37

Mahan was an influential naval officer Developed new ideas about importance of sea power He wrote several pop books and articles recommending expansion of US navel power Close advisor to T Roosevelt and assistant secretary for navy in 1890s

Answer 38

Wilson democracy and progressivism Self defence Wilson and democracy Anti German feeling

Answer 39

Wilson said won’t take America to war In private convos- sympathy for Britain BUT balanced attitude with public “Made safe for Democracy”- America not fully democratic Was democracy just an excuse? But American ‘policeman of the world’- moral obligation EXCUSE

Answer 40

Wilson ‘make safe for democracy’ Russian revolution - with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats) - Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it

Answer 41

Zimmerman telegram - Germany’s foreign secretary sent secret note to Mexico 1917 - Germany urged Mexico to attack US and in return Mexico would gain back territory previously lost to US - Americans and Wilson are outraged by the Zimmerman telegraph when they were published in newspapers Unrestricted submarine warfare -German interference with US submarines -sinking of Lusitania - according to international law, civilian ships must be warned before sinking - allowing passengers to escape for safety -Germany not doing this -1915 sinking of British liner - had 128 Americans -USA MAD -Germany said - carrying ammunition and explosives - debates today stuff Sussex torpedoes 24 March 1916- injuring 4 Americans, Wilson and Secretary of State finally informed Ger gov that unless they gave up submarine warfare- US would break off diplomatic relations -the German response was ‘Sussex Pledge’ of 3 March - conceding to American demand Many countries who didn’t go to war lost more lives than American Significance- formed support from US public to join war and sense of self defence This was not extremely strong though

Answer 42

Theories that war was simply a way of America making money - evidence poor Trade Although US supplied materials to both sides, it supplied more to allies - end of neutrality - helps economy Allies -1914-500 million. 1917-4.5 billion Germany 1914-169 million. 1917-1.1 billion LARGE FACTOR

Answer 43

Propaganda- each side pictured each other as savage beasts Many Americans came to favour Britain and France However according to newspaper articles, majority public opinion was that America should stay out of war Russian revolution - with the Tsar gone, it was easier to support the allies (Democrats) - Russian revolution and withdrawal (treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed Germany to focus on western front entirely Revolution not core reason USA went to war but added support to idea of it

Answer 44

Isolationism Back to Republican dominance

Answer 45

LON- USA didn’t join - disliked TOV Wanted isolationism But Bri and Fra members - solve further disputes in future through sanctions Wilson - 14 point like freedom of seas Rejected by Germany and once war over - and Germany wanted peace settlement to be based on them, they were not allowed too, which frustrated Wilson (bear end war) Paris peace conference - big 3- divided opinion Result in TOV which Germany saw unfair ‘dictac’ forced to sign Led to tention and Germany in debt due to repetitions Land distribution America declines LON and TOV —> goes into Independent Internationalism

Answer 46

Nativists Americans first Boom in support for KKK early 1920s Economic problems were setting for a period of violence and political upheaval in 1919-20 ``` ‘Restrictionist’ 1917 Espionage Act 1918 Sedition Act 1918 immigrant act 1921 emergency quota act 1924 immigrant act ``` Red Scare - widespread fear Recession in North America 1919 Chicago race riot - racial conflict 23 black and 15 white died US propaganda demonised Germany’s encouraged patriotism Xenephobia Eg German language stopped in schools Flow of immigration halted during conflict War intensified fear and hostility towards ‘aliens’- loyalty unreliable Prohibition ended 1933 Racial and national stereotyping Eg communist or Russian (suspected)

Answer 47

European merchant ships disappeared from Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and American ships and traders were quick to fill gap. By April 1917, Americas total industrial potential and its share of world manufacturing output - 2 and a half X that of Germany’s overstrained economy US world creditor as European powers sought loans and credits to pay for war purchase. 3 years of neutrality led to huge wealth for US - as it both exports trade and lent money to belligerents. Exports rose from £500 million 1814, to $3500 million 1917 US became main international leader Britain agreed to buy enough cotton to stabilise price of American cotton - which would have caused a crisis in American south Wilson 1917 ‘when the war is over, we can force them into our way of thinking because by that time they will among other things be financially in our hands’ Late 19 century - US debtor nation = borrowing from Europe to finance US economic growth. But from 1917, US became creditor nation = making loans worth billions of dollars to other countries, to fight war and to repair massive losses caused by it New world economy was based on web of debt was totally dependent upon American financial resources Recession 1918-1918 - more severe depression 1920 Several indices of economic activity suggest recession was moderately severe

Answer 48

Dislocation of European food- American agriculture boomed American farmers could get high prices for everything produced Huge demands of modern industrialised welfare means Britain and France depended heavily on US for was supplies They also depended on US for war loans to pay for them Liberty bonds - made US gov debt more than $25 million Inflation high and companies and corporations stared the reduce wages and lay off workers to keep down operating costs