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History > Reconstruction- During Johnsons Presidency > Flashcards

Reconstruction- During Johnsons Presidency Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the weaknesses of the federal government (7)

This made Reconstruction hard

A

Power they had was v limited

Separation of powers (eg when Pres vetoed Wade Davis Bill)

constant battle of Congress vs Pres

Federal gov- small- no large bureaucracy to put in large scale reform

Power of presidency was strengthened by Lincoln’s war role

Resentment of civil war- hard to make decisions
Political parties divided

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2
Q

What 3 things did the freedmens bureau give

A

Medical facilities

Relief for both races

1865-70 established 4500 schools, 9500 teachers

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3
Q

How did the freedmens bureau help with education

A

Established 4500 schools
Hired 9500 teachers

In New Orleans 1871- black children entered desegregated facilities (this wasn’t shared w southern states tho)

Supported by Northern Freedmens societies and black religious groups

, free schools and higher educational facilities were formed like Howard, Fisk and Atlanta

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4
Q

How did the freedmens bureau give medical aid/health

A

Over a hundred hospitals, medical aid for 500,000

Distributed 20m items of food

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5
Q

How did the freedmens bureau give lawful aid

A

Negotiated contracts to ensure fairness

Established courts for freedmen which was operated by the army

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6
Q

How did the Freedmens bureau give land/homes

How successful was this

A

Sherman permitted liberated black to settle on abandoned plantations in South Carolina and Georgia
By 1866, 30,000 settles here

Johnson- area should be seized and divided into small portions and sold

FB rented ‘40 acres and a mule’ for 3 years in which they could buy land

Many ex confederates were pardoned and for land back

Congress passed Southern Homestead act 1866- made 17.4m hectares of Federal land in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Alabama to all races, but few could survive

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7
Q

What did the southern Homestead act do

A

made 17.4m hectares of Federal land in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and Alabama to all races

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8
Q

When was the southern homestead act

A

1866

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9
Q

What happened to the freedmen bureau in 1868

A

Act of Congress 1868- most of Freedmen bureau terminated apart from

Education department and payment of pensions department

This continued till 1872

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10
Q

Who is in charge of the freedmens bureau

A

Congress

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11
Q

What issues does the freedmens bureau deal w

A

Freedmen rights

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12
Q

What is to happen to abandoned land according to freedmens bureau

A

‘40 acres and a mule’-> it can be rented by freedmen, poor whites

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13
Q

What are the responsibility of the Bureau officials

A

Divide districts

Appoint superintendent

Census protect

Help make contacts and abide by them

Register all able to work,

Look after vagrant (no job or house) and turn them over to guards

Help orphans

Give no rations to the able bodied

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14
Q

What guidance is given to freed persons making contracts

A

Must comply

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15
Q

What punishments can be given out thru the freedmens bureau

A

Being turned over to guards

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16
Q

What restrictions are placed on freed persons?

A

Discourage wandering

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17
Q

Who are American citizens

A

All born in US except untaxed Native Americans

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18
Q

What are the rights and obligations of citizens

A

Make and enforce contracts

Sue

Be parties

Give evidence

Inherit

Purchase

Lease (sell hold and convey property)

Equal benefit of law

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19
Q

Who has control over offences and violations of law

A

District attorneys, deputy Marshall courts

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20
Q

What role might the freedmens bureau play in upholding the law

A

Help secure these rights

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21
Q

Was Andrew Johnson a supporter of Lincoln and emancipation

A

Yes

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22
Q

When was Andrew Johnson’s Proclonation of Amnesty

A

May 1865

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23
Q

How was Johnson’s proclamation of amnesty

A

Similar to Lincoln’s

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24
Q

Overall what was the opinion of Presidential reconstruction of Johnson in the eyes of Republicans

A

Disappointment to radical republicans

And caused the spilt of Republicans

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25
Q

What was Johnson’s aims

A

Act- quick to bring south back into political mainstream

Would issue pardons to all southerners except Confederate soldiers and rich plantation owners if they swore an oath of allegiance to the Union

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26
Q

How many pardons did Johnson grant

A

13,000

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27
Q

What did the pardons of southerners (except confederal soldiers and rich plantation owners) who swore an oath of allegiance, do and make way for

(What happened because of it)

A

This opened the way for state conventions to set up a new lawful state government which would
accept the abolishment of slavery and renounce the illegal action of breaking away from the Union in 1861

This created opp from Republicans

28
Q

Name 3 radicals

A

Stevens

Summer

Wade

Davis

29
Q

Thadddeus Stevens

A

Primary political focus- abolishment of slavery

Publically condemned the Confederacy

Initiated the exclusion of traditional Southern senators and representatives from a congressional meeting in 1865

1866 radical republicans made progress in congress due to him

His version of Reconstruction was resisted by Johnson-

Stevens introduced resolution for Johnson’s impeachment

Played role in drafting 14th amendment and reconstruction act of 1867

30
Q

Charles Sumner

A

US senate

Supported abolition

Authorised Nations first civil rights legislation in 1866

31
Q

Ben Wade

A

US senator

Wade Davis Bill

Would have succeeded to Presidency had Johnson been removed by the Senate in impeachment trial of May 1868
This didn’t happen

32
Q

How was Johnson’s presidency described in one word

A

Liberal

33
Q

May 1865- Reconstruction progress?

A

Plan to bring 7 southern states back into union w out governments in place

Almost all who took paths would get land back and elect state conventions

Almost all would relieve pardons

Accept 13th amendment

Aimed to give poorer whited more control an purge the aristocracy

34
Q

Summer 1865- Reconstruction progress?

A

Unforeseen results emerged

Disqualified voters applied for pardons- Johnson handed them liberally

Johnson cancelled plans to punish treason

End of 1865- all 7 states created new governments which effectively restored the situation prior to war

THIS ALL ANGERED RADICALS AND MODERATES SO THEY UNIFIED

RESULTS

  • Ex confederates became back in power
  • Confederate army officers and large planters assumed state officials
  • Confederate politicians assumed election to Congress
  • BLACK CODES
35
Q

What were the black codes

A

Laws issued by southerners between 1865-66

They were intended to replace slave codes

Designed to keep freedmen as close go slavery as possible

36
Q

Give examples of 5 black codes and explain

A

Mississippi Vagrant Act 1865- over 18s Black have to work or fined

Louisiana Farm Labour Act 1865-
Fined if standard of work not good

Florida Act on public places 1866
Black has to stay away from white services or whipped/ stand in pillary for 1 hour

Mississippi Apprentice Law 1865
-18 blacks/mixed orphans sent to ‘owners’

Mississippi Penal Law 1865
Any black doing anything ‘mischievous’ is fined/imprisoned

37
Q

What were the effects of the black codes

A

Denied many civil rights eg freedom of movement

Denied freedom of speech

Have to be employed to avoid fines

Unaccounted black children- back to ex confederates

38
Q

Why were the black codes ‘legal’

A

Blacks were not given civil rights yet

39
Q

Did these black codes apply everywhere

A

No

Different states had different black codes

40
Q

What freedoms did the black codes restrict

What could blacks not do

A

Make contracts

Own property

Sue in court

Go to school

Enter a legal marriage

Vote

Serve on a jury

Own or carry guns

Testify against white people

Had heavier penalties in court

41
Q

Name 3 race riots

A

Memphis

New Orleans race riots

Colfax massacre 1873

42
Q

Memphis race riot

A

During the civil war- the black population in Memphis- X4

There was a collision between a black and white man-> a group of black veterans tried to stop the attest of a black man

A crowd of angry whites soon arrived

Violence occurred

46 black deaths and 85 wounded

43
Q

New Orleans race riots

A

34 deaths

119 wounded

44
Q

Colfax Massacre

A

April 13 1873

In colfax

Clash between blacks and whites

3 whites and estimated 150 blacks died

Occurred due to Louisiana governors race 1872- Republicans narrowly won

In colfax and other places of state- organised a white militia to challenge mostly black state militia under control of governor

13/4- 300 armed men inc member of supreme eg kkk Attacked court house building

Militia for cannon to fire courthouse- 60 black defenders fled and others surrendered

Leader of attackers JAMES HADNOT accidently shot by own men

Militia responded by shooting Black prisoners

Those wounded earlier (esp Blacks) singles out for execution —

45
Q

What was the result of the race riots of presidency

A

Undermined Johnsons lenient Reconstruction programme

46
Q

Which Republican proposed to continue the Freedmens bureau

A

Lyman (moderate)

47
Q

How was the extension of the freedmens bureau introduced

A

Lyman
Proposed to continue it

Congress
Extended it for 3 years

Johnson
Vetoes it - Feb 1866

Congress
Overrides veto

APRIL 1866 moderates and radical alliance pushed congress into adopting the 14th Amendmenf to the Constitution to secure the Civil rights act 1866

48
Q

What was the civil rights act 1866

A

14th amendment

49
Q

What was the 14th amendment

A

An attempt to build equal citizenship rights into the Constitution and to penalise any states that denied the vote to male citezens

3rd clause of amendment- disqualified from office anyone who had supported the confederacy, thus cancelling most pardons previously issued by Johnson

50
Q

What was Johnson’s response to the 14th amendment

A

Attempted to join all moderate republicans in new political party- THE NATIONAL UNION PARTY to counter Radicals

This failed

51
Q

What were radicals view towards the 14th amendment

A

Radicals were upset the amendment didn’t explicitly give the vote

Solidified moderates and radicals

52
Q

What were Democrat views towards the 14th amendment

A

Upset as it disqualified all pre war office holidays

53
Q

What was Johnson’s view towards the 14th Amendment

A

Denounced it

54
Q

Which state accepted the 14th Amendment

A

Tennessee

55
Q

What happened in the December 1866 Congressional elections

A

Resulted in 2/3 anti Johnson majority in both houses and the senate

This made them powerful

56
Q

After the December 1866 congressional elections, radicals extended their aims to what

A

Black suffrage

Federal support for schools

Confiscation of Confederate estates

Military occupation of South

Moderate republicans accepted some of these aims

57
Q

When was the reconstruction act and how was it passed

A

March 1867

Johnson vetoed it

Congress pass over his veto
✅✅✅

58
Q

What acts were passed after the radical reconstruction act of March 1867

A

With this majority, 3 consecutive vetoes by Johnson were overridden by Congress in 1867, thus passing the Military Reconstruction Act, Command of Army Act, and Tenure of office Act

59
Q

Due to radical reconstruction in 1867, what had taken place by 1870

A

Southern states were readmitted mood
Some had to ratify the 14th amendment

Reconstruction Constitutions were most liberal in the history of the US

Legal means to overturn reconstruction often arose with rewriting the Reconstruction constitutions

60
Q

Military/radical/congressional reconstruction act

A

All southern states were not allowed a government

Military rule occurred

They were not allowed a government until they accepted the 14th amendment

Tennessee accepted straight away and eventually all states did

61
Q

Command of the army act

A

Johnson had to issue all military ordered through the General of the army (Grant) INSTEAD of dealing directly with military governors in the south

62
Q

Tenure of office act

A

Required consent of Senate for President to remove an office holder whose appointment had been originally confirmed by the senate

63
Q

How did Johnson’s impeachment come along

How did it end

A

After 1867

Congress out of session
Johnson suspended Stanton (secretary of war) and replaced him w Grant

Grant vacated the office when he heard Congress were deeply upset about this

The senate refused to accept the appointment

Johnson then removed Stanton and replaced him w another general

This forced the moderates who resisted impeachment to act (as he broke the Tenure or Office Act)

Shy of the 2/3 needed, Radicals didn’t need to remove Johnson, by the time of his trial in 1868, an election year; he cud simply be ignored

64
Q

What was the result of Johnson’s end of term

A

Republicans risked suicide by linking Democrats to secure vote

Anti Johnson group achieved aim and Johnson had no future

Republicans pursued last aim- black vote

65
Q

What were the major achievements by the end of Johnson’s presidency

A

14th amendment

Freedmens bureau

Congress uniting to act against a president

African American participation in public life

Readmission of southern states- union restored

66
Q

Issues at the end of Johnson’s presidency

A

Southern democrats only suppressed- not gone away

Rise of extremism

Moderates and radicals may not stay together

How to get 15th Amendment

How to settle issue of land

History (19 decks)

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