Exonomy Flashcards
Positive effects of BB
1860-1900 eco grow 400%
New immigrants w ideas
Exploitation of natural resources
Railroads standardised time
Technology inc productivity
Bigger market
Westward expansion
More migrants- workforce
Agriculture / early 80s and 90s
Alaska Yukon
Infrastructure - urbanisation
2 ports - west coast
-Seattle
-Los Angeles
Neg effects of BB and industrialisation
Low wages, child labour - poor working conditions extreme political views- communism, archaism, socialism
Poverty- dumbbell tenements, overcrowding, cholera
Poor assimilation- little Italy , orange riots, KKK, new vs old immigrants
Over production
Railroads discriminate against farmers aswell as high tariffs
No give Loans to farmers and when did- high
Laissez faire- anti Sherman
Farmer loss of status
Hard money
Vanderbilt
5 examples of corruption in business and gov
Laissez faire
Corporations
Holding companies
Interlocking directorate
Scandals
Corruption laissez faire
Business grew rapidly but gov was naive
They didn’t have quality leadership to deal w cut throat businessmen so laissez faire
Believed business was good for economy
Didn’t know where to start w corruption
Didn’t want to stop growth
Corruption
Holding companies
One company buys assets of another
This corporations can gain control over many other businesses
Corruption
Interlocking directorate
People on board of directors of various corporations are also on the board of competing corporations
Allowed by gov hand off policy
Corruption
Scandals
Lack of regulation
Workers abused and taken advantage off
Deregulation allowed IS to become work leader in business
Corruption
Tammany Hall
1860-70s
Headquarters of democrat party in NY
Headed by Tweed
Graft bribery and rigged elections
Took $200 from city
Some money created jobs, public buildings and helped local economy
Some used for tweed to make his life comfy
Some widows
Those who objected disappeared
How was tweed taken down
Nast 1871 brought light to corruption
Cartoons damaging led to his downfall
Tammany Hall offered to pay 100,000 to stop but he didn’t
1873- Tweed fled to Spain but caught
Tilden prosecuted Tweed
Corruption in politics
Gov all levels say provider of essential services
Not welfare
Neighbourhood associations came to bridge gap between gov and what people needed
Helped new arrivals w jobs, support for small business and legal assistance etc
Did ask a price- set up system to pay them back eg w votes and they gained power
Leaders became known as bosses and got elected
Loyalty to their associations gave them success and votes - loyalty was not to their elected position - often corrupt
Machine politics
What is machine politics
Bosses who controlled votes via their associations
Corruption in business and government
Corporations
Gov made growth easier through corporations
Early in the century it was legal
By creating corporations, individual stockholders are only at risk of losing the amount of their original investment
Also made it easy to raise more capital by selling mor me stock
Allowed business to grow and develop
Corruption-
Name 2 scandals
Whiskey ring
Credit Mobilier
Explain the whiskey ring
1875
Group of whiskey distillers who conspired to defraud the federal government of taxes
Whiskey ring bribed internal revenue officials and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes to themselves
Bestow secretary of Treasury exposed Ring- 110 convictions
Allegations were that the tax money was used in the Republican national campaign- this aroused the public
Grant was not suspected but his private secretary was, grant defended him
Explain credit mobilier
1872-73
Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company - The Credit Mobilier - of America and gave it contracts to build the railroad
They sold/gave shares in the construction to influential congressmen
Industrial expansion
Impacts
America- industrial and agricultural giant
By 1894- worlds greatest manufacturing power
Created new industries faster then any other nation
Rush of immigrants provided labour
Industry and agriculture grew rapidly - railroads etc
Expand internationally
Farmers focus on single crops- providing for world
Factories specialised in few products
Railroads bonded nation together
-connect raw materials w factories
-so huge 4 time zones made to manage
Commuter trains- more workforce
Technological innovations
- 1860-1890- 40,000 patents issues
- 1876 telephone
- 1886 US telephone
- Edison - photograph and lightbulb 1879
Impacts of industrial expansion:
Technological expansion
1860-1890 - 400,000
Much technological innovation and applied science
1876 telephone
1885 US telephone and telegraph founded
Edison - many inventions - photograph and lightning (1879)
W backing of JP Morgan - Edison electric provides current to 85 customers in NYC
Over all big gov policy
Hard money
Tariff
Lack of intervention
What did gov do about soft money belief
Not adopted
1873 coinage act ended bimetellism in the US enforced by
1900 Gold Standard
‘Crime of 93’ 8:Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed by Congress
Reinforced hard money politics
Industrialisation - changing workforce
Machines - common - unskilled labour required
Immigrants women and children part of workforce
Wage slaves - replaced if ill and low wages
Company towns - close to work as transportation is high. Many can’t afford so live in 1 house
Workers - 10 hour day at least No health and safety regulations Social issues like Delayed marriage as women work Dirty tenements Disease
Unionisation
National labour union 1866
-first national labour organisation
Supported workers rights - 8 hour day, arbitration and paper money
-ended by death of leader
Knights of labour
- Initially secret group but once ended membership increased
- Successful riot over reduced wages for workers at wellbash railroad
- one of leaders inv in Haymarket square - associated w anarchy so membership decreased
American Federation of Labour 1866
- highly successful
- unified various local unions
- advocates 8 hour days, safety, laws etc
- favoured closed shops - only union workers could be hired
- only allowed skill workers to join
Name 4 industrial worker strikes
Molly magures
Great railroad strike 1877
Homestead strike 1892
Pullman strike 1894
Explain the molly maguires strike
Coal miners in Pennsylvania restored to violent to express their frustration
Pinkerton detectives arrested 20 leaders and some were hung
Explain the Great Railroad Strike
1877
First nationwide strike
Railroad workers walked off job
Blockaded trains following pay cut
Rutherford Hayes ended strikes w federal troops
Explain the Homestead strike
Steel workers in Carnegie’s plant were locked out
The Union was broken and Homestead remained deunionised till 1937
Pullman strike
Railroad workers went on strike stopping almost all train service in Midwest
Cleveland set federal troops —> said the strike hindered the delivery of US mail (constitutional ground)
What law allowed mass Chinese immigration
Elaborate
Burlingame Treaty 1868
Most favoured nation status granted to China
Opened door to immigration w our restrictions
By 1880, Chinese around 9% pop of state
What did the Chinese’s do in the US
Many single men wanted to be rich and go back
Large part of building railroads
Failed to assimilate - don’t care about culture as planned on leaving
- When railroads were finished 1/2 went back -But didn’t have easy life
- Many worked as domestic servants - learning new skills that were not required in China like cooking and cleaning
- started Chinatown enclaves
Some white workers attacked Chinese’s as cheap Chinese’s labour was taking their jobs
Dennis Kearny
Irish immigrant
Formed workingmens party
Attempted to rewrite constitution to deny Chinese’s votes and jobs
Movement went national
What stopped Chinese immigration
Chinese’s Exclusion Act 1882
-banned all Chinese’s immigrants for next ten years
Then it could be renewed
1902 made indefinite
Immigration not reopened till 1943
What in the US prompted people from all over the world to come to seek fortune
California Gold
Immigrants prior 1880
Norther Western European’s
Immigration after 1880
Southern and Eastern European’s - Italians , Slavs, Czechs, Russians etc
What was the reaction to the new immigrants
Political corruption - political machines were made to deal with the terrible conditions
How had the spoils system expanded since the Guilded Age
Politicians gave jobs to family supporters etc
Often these people weren’t qualified
Who was Hamilton Fish
Grants Secretary of State
Reorganised the Department of state
Attempted to adhere to a merit system - where applicants had to pass competency exam
Considered a visionary
The idea was talked about but never utilised
TO GET RID OF SPOILS SYSTEM
What had the spoils system caused in the Republican Party
SPLIT
Stalwart vs Half Breed
What was the trigger cause for the 1st proper reform against the spoils system
Garfield’s death
His replacement Arthur was a stalwart
Not a big reformer but Public outcry —> so he reformed
Reforms against the spoils system
Civil service commission - impacted 10% of jobs
Pendleton civil service reform act 1883
- said that each president has ability to enlarge % of civil servants (merit based jobs)
- this would not need congressional vote
- everyone would get equal treatment when applying for jobs apart from veterans and widows of them and disabled veterans
Key issues for farmers
Decline in crop prices
Impact of civil war
Under consumption of new immigrants
Monopolistic tendencies of brokers in cities (charging a price they saw as fair)
Railroads greedily monopolies w captured markets
Railroads for given large land grants and paid less tax than farmers (disproportionate)
Railroad owners - free passes to politicians, office holders, representative, lawyers etc condemned as a form of bribery to favour them
Local banks charge 8-10% interest based on rush
Tariff non inflationary
Decline of grange - no voice
2 political forces and how they impacted the Republican and Democrat party
Populism- causes changes and deep division in Democrat party
Progressivism- influences Republican Party esp under Roosevelt
By 1912- Progressivism became central issue in US politics
A new national progressive party was formed
Progressivism deeply divided the Republicans and Wilson was strongly influenced by it so led the revival of the Dem party
But Republicans dealt better w it explaining the Republican rule
How were democrats split
Bourban Democrats
- led fyt against Whiskey ring
- support Gold standards
- support Eastern Business interests
- Wilson was a Bourban in 1912- made a deal w Bryan on opposing side of Democrats. This United the party
Anti-urban Wing populist democrats
- Agricultural - poor farmers of south and west
- support free silver
- oppose gold standard
- support farmers
Republican dominance
Republican support
AA in south
Industrialists
WC who believed they did well
Landowners
Mid west
Gold standard
Republican dominance - democrat support
Tammany Hall - helped new immigrants
Southern support
Republican dominance
Republican strength
For Wall Street (instead of people)
Financed well by BB ($20 million)
Mark Hana
Political machine
Good at financing - JP Morgan - industrialist
Tariff appealed to wealthy and industrialists
Gold standard
McKinley front porch campaign
Republican aggressive foreign policy aims — thought would help America - providing aid to Cuba though would aid US economy
Republican dominance
Democrat weakness
Deeply divided
Panic of 1893 and eco depression
Cleveland got financial backing off Wallstreet - Morgan $62mill- helping Wall Street not the little man
Suspicious of free silver
Extreme southern dems - religion - Bryan
Eastern conservatives who backed Cleveland were lukewarm in supporting Bryan
Bryan - inflation - alienated conservatives
Populists - angry wanted to run own candidate
Dem - under Bryan opposes international intervention
Party - divides after poor showing in midterm elections
What has Republican dominance and Democrat weakness led to
McKinley won 1896 election presidential
Who were populists
First appeared as a political party at state level in 1890 and quickly became mass movement
Support in south, western plains and rock mountains
In 1892- set out manifesto in Omaha platform
Did well in 1892 elections and gained more support in 1894 mid term
Omaha platform
Populist party set our political manifesto - Omaha 1892
Tariff reductions
Graduated income tax
Public ownership of railroads
Direct election of senators
Federally funded irrigation research
Ban on land ownership for aliens
Free coinage of silver
Laws allowing farmers to store goods in federal warehouse
Low interest loans w crops as collateral
1892 election results
Cleveland wins
What was the 1892 election based on
Eco issues
Cleveland - gold standard and lowering tariffs
Republican and pop - free silver
Republican- protectionist tariffs
Late 1880s and early 1890s - settlement of Transmississipi west - saw thousands of dark settlements established
However bankers and credit that fuelled initial rush dried up and farmers ran into debt
1880s climate unusually high rainfall - prosperity
After 1887- climatic conditions returned and drought and erosion
Many farmers bankrupt
What 2 factors led to Bryan becoming the Democrat candidate
Weakness of Democrats
Problems w populists
How did Bryan become the democrat candidate
Weakness of Democrats
Elaborate
Panic 1893 and eco depression
1894 mid term elections did poorly divide more
Cleveland’s response was to ally with pro business elites
Bourban democrats stuck to traditional laissez faire and the gold standard
1895- Cleveland for financial backing from Morgan and $62 million propped up the gold reserves.
‘This gave amunition to Cleveland’s opponents —> he sided with big money and Wall Street not ‘Little man’
‘Gold Dem’ won’t vote for Bryan
How did Bryan become the Democrate candidate
Problem with populists
Dem joined forces w populists
1896 election needed - Dem needed new candidate and a way to combat populism
At the national nominating convention in Chicago - the silver rites won a key debate and Dem adopted cause of free silver into its programme
The convention then gave the nomination to Bryan
Some populists felt betrayed - wanted to run own candidate
But split would give victory to Republicans so didn’t
Bryan as presidential nominee
Good talked ‘whistle stops’ on trains - gave speeches
Was backed by people in south and west esp farmers
Silverrite opposed gold standard
‘You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold’
Describe the Republican Party in 1890
Very different to Lincoln
Fewer AA could vote - south was a lost cause
Main block of support was BB— workers who did well from high tariffs (Dem opp bus circumstances can change this)
Campaign style suffered greatly - Bryan whistle stop tours and biblical punchlines
McKinley did not need to do this- they had money and modern political machines
Republican campaign was driven by master political strategist Mark Hanna
He was a rich businessman and brilliant fundraiser
What happened to Bryan
Obtained control of Dem- presidential nomination 1900
Aftermath - Spanish American war - became fierce opponent of imperialism and his campaign was based on this
McKinley defeated Bryan and his influence weakened
Won party nomination in 1908- defeated by Taft
Dem win- 1912- Wilson made Bryan Secretary of State
1915 disagreed w Wilson as Britain no want war and resigned
Remained active in politics -supported Wilson’s re-election -wanted prohibition Did not want Darwinism He became a promoter of Florida Real Estate - contributed to Florida Land boom in 1920s
Mckinley wins 1896 election
Gold triumphs silver
Elaborate
1900 gold standard
Republican dominance
Depression ends during McKinley- causes panic in moment but forgotten once prosperity begins
How did populism die out
After McKinley won- populist lost most of following and died out
Populist was swallowed up by Dem party
Most of its beliefs was roots of progressives
By 1908- populism was 1 strand of Dem party
Progressivism replaces populism
Absorption showed the resilience of 2 party politics
Consequences of McKinley’s win at 1896 election
Period of Republican dominance as ‘natural part of gov’
Continuing weakness of Dem
What is populism
Political idea
Common people are exploited by elite - intend to resolve
For ‘little man’
Belief - political and social goals best achieved by action of masses
Not confined to class and didn’t arise from specific conditions
What did the populists achieve
Discovery of gold in Canada Alaska and South Africa- Gold not as deflationary
Many of their ideas later taken up by diff parties
Populism paves way for progressivism - Kept issues on the agenda
What did populists not get
1897- tariffs highest ever
1900 US on gold standard
1900 elections- dem lost - imperialism at heart
Pop absorbed by Dem
Brief relationship between McKinley Roosevelt and Taft
Allies in same party but difference
Even when ran together - McKinley and Taft 1900- significant differences
Roosevelt was suspicious of Hanna
Roosevelt and Taft were great allies in 1908 but 4 years later they divided leading to Wilson winning
Explain McKinley’s presidency
teamed up with Rooseveldt in 1900 had significant differences but they were a good team
He won without needing the southern black vote
His position was strengthened by the Spanish American war he wasn’t so keen himself but he took in the glory
The Democrats were still weak
The administration was filled with wealthy men and business friendly politics he continued protective tariffs and Dingley tariff pushed it higher in 1907
The economy was entering a point of exceptional growth committed to gold currency act and strengthened by discovery of gold in Alaska which increased circulation
Populism was fading- the exceptional growth of dark prices also liaised it
Muckraker
Ida Tarbell
Helped lower lynching
National scale
Muckraker
BT Washington and WEB Dubois
PROBLEM - AFF equality
REFORM- NAACP
NATIONAL SCALE
Muckraker
Elizabeth Cadis, Stanton, Susan B Anthony
Problem- suffrage
Reform - 19th Amendment
NATIONAL
Muckraker
Triangle shirt waste factory
Problem - working conditions
Reform - safety legislation
Local/state
Muckraker
Jacob Riis
Adaams
Problem- living conditions
Reform - tenement house commission - Hull house
Local/state
Muckraker
Upton Sinclair
Problem - consumer protection
Reform - meat inspection and pure food and drug act
NATIONAL
Economic issue
Monopolies and trusts - who solved and how
MUCKRAKER
Roosevelt
Interstate commerce act
Clayton anti trust act
Trade commission act
Economic issue
Tariffs
Which muckraker solved and how
TAFT
Underwood tariff
?
Economic issue
Banks
Who solved and how
Muckraker
Wilson
Federal reserves
Economic issue
Who solved and how
16th Amendment
How important was Roosevelt in the development of Progressivism 1900-1920
Movement to help people inc immigrants against rise and abuses of BB against laissez faire
A series of acts were introduced to protect workers who immigrants working the Chicago near packing industry - food and drug act 1906
Elkins and Hepburn acts which looked at interstate tried to stop price fixing and were used against standard oil and shut it down
Conservation was developed
While Roosevelt was out of office - campaigned for change
TR set up Bull moose progressive party to stand against Taft in 1912- divided the party so Wilson won
Wilson chosen die go progressive credentials
How important was Roosevelt in the development of progressivism 1900-1920
Not him?
Developed out of vacuum of populism
Anti corrupt elements who disliked Guilded Age - like writers and journalists and Mukrakers
Actions took place on all levels - state, federal, (executive and legislative) and judiciary. Mayors too
Taft developed progressivism but more cautious
Wilson argued to be progressive
What was progressivism
Most influential movement in US politics between 1900 and 1917
Progressivism was angry idealistic reaction against perceived evils of money and capitalism
It was emphasises by mckraking journalists and reform minded politicians
7 muckrakers
Thomas Nast
Jacob Riis
Ida b Wells
Lewis Hine
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens
Upton Sinclair
Thomas Nast
Muckraker
Political cartoonist - on political corruption by NYCs Politicsl machine Tammany Hall led by tweed
He was successful as Tweed was convicted on embezzlement and died in prison
1875
Jacob Riis
Muckraker
Wrote how the other half lives 1890
Wrote about living conditions of urban poor - focussed on tenements
Success?
Yes NYC passed on building codes to protect safety and health
Ida B Wells
Muckraker
Wrote ‘A Red Record’
It provided statistics of lynching of AA
Success?
NAACP joined fight for federal anti-lynching legislations
Lewis Hine
Muckraker
Documentary photographer 1908
National child labour committee commissioned Hine to phone child labour to pressure congress to change laws
Success?
Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform and was instrumental in changing child labour laws in US
IDA TARBELL
Muckraker
Work - magazine ‘History of Standard Oil company 1904’
Exposed ruthless tactics of standard oil company through articles in McClure magazine
Success?
In standard oil vs US in 1911- the company was declared a monopoly and broken up
Lincoln Steffens
Muckraker
Wrote ‘The shame of the Cities’ (1904)
Examined political corruption in US cities
Success?
Cities began to use city commission and managers instead of informal political groups
Upton Sinclair
Muckraker
Wrote The Jungle in 1906
It investigates dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in meat packing industry
Success?
1906 meat inspection act and pure food and drug act passed
How was Roosevelt the bully pullpit and what did it lead to
Roosevelt was always willing to use a theatrical power of the presidency he called a bully pulpit.
bully pulpit is a public office a position of authority that provides its occupants with an opportunity to speak out in any issue
This made him an enemy of big business he regularly denounce the wealthy criminal class and corporations and cartels he promised to regulate big business and limit its excess
However this is up for debate as some saw Roosevelt as less anti business
He believed it was essential for prosperity
He was just as fierce at denouncing socialist and populists as ‘pinheads’ and ‘cranks’
Who were the wealthy criminal class
Often citied that 20 men controlled US through trusts and monopolies
The riches of the elite made that easy targets
There were 4000 millionaires in US 1901
Rockafellar and standard oil is worth $200 million in 1901 and he became first billionaire in 1913
Carnegie and US steel was sold for $480 million in 1901
Why did the 1907 panic not result in a depression
1907- stock markets collapsed- it appeared there would be another disastrous depression
Gov was bailed out by Morgan - who injected millions into the stock market to shore up prices and restore confidence
Depression was avoided but gov reliance of BB and the inemptiness to deal with crisis revealed
Progressives demanded further reform
Why didn’t Roosevelt run for 1908 election
He was in a strong position but decided not to run
The economy was booming
Republicans were a certain win
He said he believed in Washington’s idea - a president should only run for 2 terms
This was not legally enforced till Truman’s presidency
Why did Taft lose power
After the Republicans were split by the progressive party
How was Taft seen as pleasing conservatives
Vice President was conservative
Sacked Pinchon- Roosevelt’s Forest Secretary
Moved to a trade oriented foreign policy with Latin America
He appointed conservatives to his cabinet. This was surprising as Roosevelt and him = close allies. Roosevelt did not approve
Payne Aldrich Tariff - inc tariff
Many historians argue Roosevelt and Taft’s differences were more style and not substance
Elaborate
He launched anti-trust legislations as often as Roosevelt inc a controversial attack on US steel
Conservatives were reassured - he’d be more restrained
Problems in Republicans:
Explain Republicans dissatisfaction w Taft in 1910
1910- progressive republicans joined democrats to attack ultra conservative speaker of house- Carrol of Illinois
This illustrated Republican dissatisfaction with TAFT
Dem not committed to progressivism - success - mid elections 1910
Taft appointed conservatives to his cabinet
The progressive wing of the party- led by La Follette became more rebellious and started to organise a National Progressive League to drag Republicans back to reform
Roosevelt decided to make a comeback -> this was devisive and disruptive
His unofficial presidential campaign undermined Taft and La Follette
What happened at the Republican National Convention 1912
In normal circumstances- Republicans would have stood a good chance
Dramatic contest between 2 friends - now enemies
Taft won first ballot- this left Roosevelt w out nomination but Taft was fatally wounded by party Division
July 1912- having bullied La Follettes to stand down, Roosevelt won nomination for national progressive party
The democrats were revitalised under Wilson
How did Wilson become democrat presidential nominee
Democrats unite
Everyone thought Clark would win but he did not get 2/3
Tammany Hall was corrupt and a powerful political machine backed by Clark
Anti business Bryan united with Wilson
Wilson won
Reasons for Republican Party dominance 1896-1912
Hanna
Modern political machine of republicans aided by millions $
Battleground states
Voters unconvinced by free silver
Republicans popular w BB and urban voters
Dem less popular- associated w issues connecting to farming silver and populism
Popular e AA at end of civil war
Lack success of 3rd party type issue throughout US history which Democrats championed
Division signing Dem party - many conservative didn’t like Bryan’s ideas/ as 1913 sorted and won
Popularity w Repub such as Roosevelt (T)
What was Wilson’s presidency known as
Interlude (interval) between republicans (poss due to / in pop)
Gained a respectable image as a world leader during and esp after WW1
His years were important —> remembered as years of progressivism and internationalism
First southernor elected president in almost 60 years
Problem within democrat party before 1912 win
Bryan and Cleveland - opp from within party - nomination convention was dominated by anti-Bryan, pro business conversations
Badly damaged by divisions that tore it apart 1890s
Populism soon faded by rival songs - had little in common
The Republican Party was backed by BB - had booming economy at heart
1910- when internal strains were felt in the Republican that Democrats gained momentum
Bryan divides opinion and his central theme in 1896- the demand for ‘free silver’ was to alienate voters in Northeast as enthuse voters in south and The Great Plains
—> Republicans benefit from few conditions and won war against Spain
1912 election socialism
At peak-
Never higher poss due to Wilson’s progressivism
1912 democrat party platform
Gov control of monopolies - bad - eliminate
Tariff reduction
One term president
Direct election of senators
Create a department of labour
Strengthen Sherman anti trust act
Did not support women suffrage
Opposed a central banks
1912 Progressive Bullmoose Party platform
Women’s suffrage
Graduated income tax
Inheritance tax for rich
Lower tariff
Limits on campaign spending
Currency reform
Minimum wage law
Social insurance
Abolition of child labour
Workmen’s compensation
1912 Republican Party platform
High import tariffs
Limitations of female and child labour
Workman’s compensation laws
Against initiative, referendum and recall
Against ‘bad’ trusts
Creation of federal trade commission
Stay on gold standard
Conservation of natural resources - finite
1912 socialist party platform
Graduated income tax
Mainmeans of production - owned by state - fairness
What was Wilson’s new freedom
Collection of speeches he made during his presidential campaign in 1913
The speeches promised significant reform for greater economic opportunities for all while ensuring tradition of limited gov
What was socialism seen as
Attack on capitalism and nationalism
Progressivism under Bryan and Wilson and Republicans - merely apologising for crimes of capitalism
Enforced anti trust legislation to socialism
Opposed to the staggering burden of militarism
1912- socialist vote 6% in presidential election
Wilson new freedom- the 3 Ts
Wilson promised to bring down the ‘triple wall of privelige’
Tariff
T-banks
Trusts
But new freedom was different to Roosevelt’s progressivism
Wilson believed in a return to freedom for small business and open competition instead of domination of large Cartels
What was the 16th Amendment
Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes in incomes
1913 ratified
What was the Lever Act
1917- banned use of grain in production of alcohol- as patriotic and eco measure
As grain should be used for war and why drink during war
Explain how prohibition occurred
Volstead Act (defines liquor - state issue) and amendment passed in 1919
2 states enforced it
Taken to Congress - federal issue
1920-33 noble experiment
How was prohibition repealed
21st Amendment sling with Beer Act 1932
Only amendment that is repealed by another amendment
2/3 states enforced need act - congress 21 amendment - back to state issue
Loop hole for prohibition
Law does not imply that you cannot drink alcohol
For and against prohibition.
For
- Anti Saloon League
- KKK
- Women’s Temperance Union
- suffragettes
- BB- rockafellar - Us would be more industrial and production would go up if people did not drink
- southern and rural and Midwest and northeast rural WASP saw alcohol as ruin - saloons - prostitutes
- KKK
AGAINST
- new immigrants from Eastern Europe eg Italy where drinking was custom
- Catholic’s - have wine to mass
Reasons for prohibition
WW1
Moral
Political
Moral reasons for prohibition
Against Christian values
Growth of domestic violence and organisations
When war occurs - immoral to drink
WASPS- southern dem against progressivism
Health
Force immigrants to assimilate
Anti saloon league - opp go sale of alcohol
KKK
Political reasons for prohibition
WW1- want grain to help allies win war not for alcohol
Women Christian temperance Union
KKK
Reasons for prohibition
WW1
Industrial efficiency
Industry could be more productive
War patriotism
Anti saloon league
Rockafellar gave $350,000 to Union
Ford gave money to saloon league
They believed it would increase their sales
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
1912
?
Sherman anti trust act
1890
Outlawed monopolies and practices that restrained trade
National reclamation Act has
1902
Provided federal irrigation projects in western states
Elkins Act
1903
Imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favoured shippers
Hepburn Act
1906
Allowed gov to regulate and set maximum rates for railroads
Meat inspection act
1906
Provided federal inspection of packing plants and meats sold across state lines
Pure food and drug act
1906
Provided federal inspection on food, medicine for purity
Sixteenth Amendment
1913
Income tax
Seventeenth Amendment
1913
Direct election of senators
Underwood tariff act
1913
Lowered tariffs on imported goods and established graduated income tax
Federal reserve act
1913
Created federal reserve board to oversee banks and reserve funds
Federal trade commission
1914
Established federal trade commission to monitor business
Clayton anti trust act
1914
Spelled out specific activities that business can’t engage in
Strengthened anti trust act by outlawing creating of a monopoly through any means and states that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation
Eighteenth Amendment
1919
Banned making selling or transporting of alcoholic beverages
Nineteenth Amendment
1920
Female suffrage
Roosevelt on Civil Rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy
1901- Washington enters White House and discusses stuff - shows black have voice and power
1912/3- comes out for female suffrage in Bullmoose Party
Meat inspection act
Pure food and drug act
Taft on civil rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy
Supported 16th Amendment income tax- led to prohibition
Supporter of free immigration
Supported Washington’s initiative to uplift AA citizens - said education is key
Vetoed a congressional law imposing literacy test on unskilled labourers s
Wilson on civil rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy
18th Amendment
19th Amendment
16th Amendment
Roosevelt on environmental conservation
53 new wildlife reserves
Newland act 1903- raised money from land and sales to finance irrigation projects
Gave strong support for preservation of 5 new national parks
Behind establishment of a national conservation in 1908 to oversee conservation in west and set aside 148 million acres of forest to protect timber reserves
Dozens of dams created in desert inc Roosevelt Dam on Arizona’s Salt River
National forests inc from 20m acres 1898- 193 million acres 1909
Taft on environmental conservation
Dedicated conservationist and devoted extensive resources to protection of environ
But undone by handling of Ballinger dispute
Ballinger opened thousands of acres of public lands in Alaska and Wyoming Montana for price use and this angered many progressives
Pinchot was critical of it so in 1910 Taft fired him
Wilson on environmental conservation
National park service 1916
Brough 40 existing parks and monuments under federal protection
Purpose was to conserve the national scenery, historic objects and wildlife for enjoyment of American people
Roosevelt on Better working conditions for industrial workers Trade unions Tariffs Child labour
Got actively involved in dispute ing coal miners in Eastern Pennsylvania
Called to White House when strike in 1902
Talks broke out
He put pressure
Employers agreed to 10% wage inc and inc a 9 hour day
But
No union recognition
Taft on Better working conditions for industrial workers Farmers Child labour Tariff Trade unions
An 8 hour day was introduced for all employees in gov contracts
The department of labour and Commerce were established 1913- the former to help workers secure decent working conditions and the latter to supervise America’s commercial development
1900 Payne Aldridge Tariff - reduced tariff 40%
Wilson on Better working conditions for industrial workers Farmers Child labour Tariff Trade unions
Child labour 1916 (overturned 2 years later)
Tariff reduced
Smith Lever Act 1914- helped farmers learn new agricultural techniques by the insurance on hone insurance
Federal farm loan act 1916- provided federal local districts —> so that farmers could get long term mortgages and loans at a lower rate than those would have at commercial bank
Adamson Act - 8 hour day and overtime pay for railroad workers who were inv on interstate commerce
Follette Seamen’s Act - helped improve safety, payment and conditions for merchant and sea men
New antitrust act - helped farmers strike and boycott
Roosevelt on reducing power of trusts
BB and
Financial regulation of the economy
Enforced Sherman anti trust
1900 broke standard oil Rockefeller which put smaller companies out of business
1903 Elkins Act
1906 Hepburn Act
Established Bureau of Corporations in 1903- power to investigate allegations against trusts
Fund of $500,000 to allow gov to prosecute suits against companies
In 1904- after lengthy legal battle - the Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities to be broken up
Taft on reducing power of trusts
Bb
And financial regulation
Of economy
In 1910 Mann Elkins Act - strengthened powers of Interstate commerce commissions giving it authority to supervise telephone, telegraph and allowed it to institute its own legal proceedings and created a new commerce Court to speed its proceedings
Encouraged xo guess to pass he comprimise. Payne Aldrich Tariff -1909
BUT took side of Secretary of interior and Canon against progressivism
but broke standard oil 1907
TRUST BUSTING - initiating 80 antitrust suits against large corporations
Wilson’s on Reducing power of trusts BB Financial regulations Of US economy
1916 Workingmans Compensation Act - waves for temporarily disabled civil service employers
1910 Adamson Act- 8 hour day for railway worker!!!?
Provided a new anti trust - supersede the the inadequate Sherman Act 1890
It introduced the Clayton anti trust act 1914- can have strikes and boycotts - used 100 + times
Act of 1914- federal trace commission do reports and investigators etc
16th Amendment
Federal reserve act 1913- system of regional banks to help reserve funds for national commercial banks
Which President was the most conservationist
Roosevelt
Which President reduced tariffs the most
Achieved most for women suffrage
And prohibition
Wilson
What President was the most trust busting
Taft
How did the 19th Amendment come along? I’m
Carnie Chapman Catt - head of NAWSA- stresses organisation lobbying
National woman’s party - aggressively pressured for suffrage Amendment
Work of patriotic women in war effort - influences patriarchy
What is progressivism
Term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems of rapid industrialisation introduced in America
Who were progressives
Mainly lives in cities
Educated
Concentrated on exposing the evils of corporate greed, combating feet of immigrants urging people to vote
What did the progressives believe
Rejected social Darwinism
Poverty, violence, greed, racism etc
When did progressives get a huge voice on the White House
Roosevelt came in power 1901
What were the last acts of progressives
Women got the vote
Prohibition
When did progressivism end
WW1 horror or war
People associated Wilson and progressives as leading to the war
What initiated the progressive movement and what started it would
Response to politicsl corporate abuses
Religious groups, members of press and radical groups all cried for reform
On which three levels did gov progressive reforms take place
City stage national
Local. Federal
What was the difference between Washington and WEBDUbois
Washington- believer in teaching AA trade skills to earn a living and gain trusts of whites. He promoted economics as a means for equality - ACCOMODATIONALIST
Web Du bois- endorses Education A’s means for equality
Promoted anti lynching and Jim Crow laws
INTERGRATIONALIST
Which court case established ‘seperate but equal’ doctrine
1896 Plessy vs Ferguson
What were the muckrakers
What did they do
Members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose problems to the American people
The exposure of ‘Boss Tweed’ corruption was due to what muckraker
Thomas Nast
Meat Inspection Act - passes after being exposed by which book, authorised by whom
Sinclair - The Jungle
Who was Jane Addams
Social reformer - pioneer in field of social work
Founded settlement house for immigrants HULL HOUSE in Chicago - provided shelter, clothing and other resources
Helped found NAACP
What did Ida B Wells and WEB Du Bois have in common
Took active part in NAACP
Which muckraker is most likely found taking pictures in tenement buildings
Jacob Riis
Wrote
How the other half lives
Who was Lewis Hine - what did he do
Documentary photographer
Through national Child Labour Committee - Hine used his camera (taking pics of child labour) as a took for social reform and were instrumental in changing child labour laws in the US
Political machines used patronage to fill city jobs, how was this corruption during progressive era
Reprganisation of local government using the commissioner and city manager styles of management and using a competitive hiring process - applications, testing and interviews
What did the 1914 Clayton anti trust act do
Strengthened the Sherman anti trust act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means and states that unions were not subject to anti -trust legislation
Wha was the interstate commerce act
1887
Gave federal gov power to regulate railroad shipping and storage values
Why was the 16th Amendment passed
Graduated income tax
?
17th Amendment
Why is direct election of senators important
Political machines weakened
Party controlled state legislatures can’t elect to vote
The temperance movement was responsible for which Amendment
18th Amendment
Female suffrage which Amendment
19th
Who was Robert Ls Follete and what did he do
State governor - helped get state reforms passed in their respective stages
(Secret ballot, initiative (petition of legislatures),
Referendum (if Amendment passed), recall (petition=elected representative removed from office), Direct Primary - (voters elect candidates to run for office)
What was the most important impact of state reforms
To ensure state gov = more responsible to needs of people
If a gov official did not hold up his promises/policies, or had lost confidence in the citezens, what power could the citezen exercise to remove the official from office?
Recall
John wants to change the law in order for his to happen - he needs 100 signatures. this is an eg of ……………….
After he gets the req signatures - voters can vote on John’s petition ………..
Initiative
Referendum
In 2012- 4 Republican presidential nominees.
Which progressive reform allowed this to happen by putting power in hands of American voter?
Direct primary
What was the problem with the Sherman Anti-trust Act
Too vague for Supreme Court to enforce on companies
6 reasons why progressivism occurred
Industrial workers were unhappy
Financial stability after panic
Stabilise farming and agricultural workers
Exhaust populism
Combat corruption - spoils - pendallion Act
Development of welfare in Europe - up to 1900 - Britain was best - then US - want to stay that way to
What is real wage
What you can afford with our wage
When did progressivism end
1921- Harding - went back to laissez faire and isolationism
