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Exonomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Positive effects of BB

A

1860-1900 eco grow 400%

New immigrants w ideas

Exploitation of natural resources

Railroads standardised time

Technology inc productivity

Bigger market

Westward expansion

More migrants- workforce

Agriculture / early 80s and 90s

Alaska Yukon

Infrastructure - urbanisation
2 ports - west coast
-Seattle
-Los Angeles

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2
Q

Neg effects of BB and industrialisation

A

Low wages, child labour - poor working conditions extreme political views- communism, archaism, socialism

Poverty- dumbbell tenements, overcrowding, cholera

Poor assimilation- little Italy , orange riots, KKK, new vs old immigrants

Over production

Railroads discriminate against farmers aswell as high tariffs

No give Loans to farmers and when did- high

Laissez faire- anti Sherman

Farmer loss of status

Hard money

Vanderbilt

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3
Q

5 examples of corruption in business and gov

A

Laissez faire

Corporations

Holding companies

Interlocking directorate

Scandals

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4
Q

Corruption laissez faire

A

Business grew rapidly but gov was naive
They didn’t have quality leadership to deal w cut throat businessmen so laissez faire

Believed business was good for economy

Didn’t know where to start w corruption

Didn’t want to stop growth

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5
Q

Corruption

Holding companies

A

One company buys assets of another

This corporations can gain control over many other businesses

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6
Q

Corruption

Interlocking directorate

A

People on board of directors of various corporations are also on the board of competing corporations

Allowed by gov hand off policy

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7
Q

Corruption

Scandals

A

Lack of regulation

Workers abused and taken advantage off

Deregulation allowed IS to become work leader in business

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8
Q

Corruption

Tammany Hall

A

1860-70s

Headquarters of democrat party in NY
Headed by Tweed
Graft bribery and rigged elections

Took $200 from city

Some money created jobs, public buildings and helped local economy

Some used for tweed to make his life comfy

Some widows

Those who objected disappeared

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9
Q

How was tweed taken down

A

Nast 1871 brought light to corruption

Cartoons damaging led to his downfall

Tammany Hall offered to pay 100,000 to stop but he didn’t

1873- Tweed fled to Spain but caught

Tilden prosecuted Tweed

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10
Q

Corruption in politics

A

Gov all levels say provider of essential services

Not welfare

Neighbourhood associations came to bridge gap between gov and what people needed

Helped new arrivals w jobs, support for small business and legal assistance etc

Did ask a price- set up system to pay them back eg w votes and they gained power

Leaders became known as bosses and got elected

Loyalty to their associations gave them success and votes - loyalty was not to their elected position - often corrupt

Machine politics

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11
Q

What is machine politics

A

Bosses who controlled votes via their associations

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12
Q

Corruption in business and government

Corporations

A

Gov made growth easier through corporations

Early in the century it was legal

By creating corporations, individual stockholders are only at risk of losing the amount of their original investment

Also made it easy to raise more capital by selling mor me stock

Allowed business to grow and develop

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13
Q

Corruption-

Name 2 scandals

A

Whiskey ring

Credit Mobilier

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14
Q

Explain the whiskey ring

A

1875

Group of whiskey distillers who conspired to defraud the federal government of taxes

Whiskey ring bribed internal revenue officials and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes to themselves

Bestow secretary of Treasury exposed Ring- 110 convictions

Allegations were that the tax money was used in the Republican national campaign- this aroused the public

Grant was not suspected but his private secretary was, grant defended him

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15
Q

Explain credit mobilier

A

1872-73

Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company - The Credit Mobilier - of America and gave it contracts to build the railroad

They sold/gave shares in the construction to influential congressmen

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16
Q

Industrial expansion

Impacts

A

America- industrial and agricultural giant

By 1894- worlds greatest manufacturing power

Created new industries faster then any other nation

Rush of immigrants provided labour

Industry and agriculture grew rapidly - railroads etc

Expand internationally

Farmers focus on single crops- providing for world

Factories specialised in few products

Railroads bonded nation together
-connect raw materials w factories
-so huge 4 time zones made to manage
Commuter trains- more workforce

Technological innovations

  • 1860-1890- 40,000 patents issues
  • 1876 telephone
  • 1886 US telephone
  • Edison - photograph and lightbulb 1879
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17
Q

Impacts of industrial expansion:

Technological expansion

A

1860-1890 - 400,000

Much technological innovation and applied science

1876 telephone

1885 US telephone and telegraph founded

Edison - many inventions - photograph and lightning (1879)

W backing of JP Morgan - Edison electric provides current to 85 customers in NYC

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18
Q

Over all big gov policy

A

Hard money

Tariff

Lack of intervention

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19
Q

What did gov do about soft money belief

A

Not adopted

1873 coinage act ended bimetellism in the US enforced by

1900 Gold Standard

‘Crime of 93’ 8:Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed by Congress

Reinforced hard money politics

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20
Q

Industrialisation - changing workforce

A

Machines - common - unskilled labour required

Immigrants women and children part of workforce

Wage slaves - replaced if ill and low wages

Company towns - close to work as transportation is high. Many can’t afford so live in 1 house

Workers - 10 hour day at least 
No health and safety regulations 
Social issues like 
Delayed marriage as women work 
Dirty tenements 
Disease
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21
Q

Unionisation

A

National labour union 1866
-first national labour organisation
Supported workers rights - 8 hour day, arbitration and paper money
-ended by death of leader

Knights of labour

  • Initially secret group but once ended membership increased
  • Successful riot over reduced wages for workers at wellbash railroad
  • one of leaders inv in Haymarket square - associated w anarchy so membership decreased

American Federation of Labour 1866

  • highly successful
  • unified various local unions
  • advocates 8 hour days, safety, laws etc
  • favoured closed shops - only union workers could be hired
  • only allowed skill workers to join
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22
Q

Name 4 industrial worker strikes

A

Molly magures

Great railroad strike 1877

Homestead strike 1892

Pullman strike 1894

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23
Q

Explain the molly maguires strike

A

Coal miners in Pennsylvania restored to violent to express their frustration

Pinkerton detectives arrested 20 leaders and some were hung

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24
Q

Explain the Great Railroad Strike

A

1877

First nationwide strike

Railroad workers walked off job

Blockaded trains following pay cut

Rutherford Hayes ended strikes w federal troops

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25
Q

Explain the Homestead strike

A

Steel workers in Carnegie’s plant were locked out

The Union was broken and Homestead remained deunionised till 1937

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26
Q

Pullman strike

A

Railroad workers went on strike stopping almost all train service in Midwest

Cleveland set federal troops —> said the strike hindered the delivery of US mail (constitutional ground)

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27
Q

What law allowed mass Chinese immigration

Elaborate

A

Burlingame Treaty 1868

Most favoured nation status granted to China

Opened door to immigration w our restrictions

By 1880, Chinese around 9% pop of state

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28
Q

What did the Chinese’s do in the US

A

Many single men wanted to be rich and go back

Large part of building railroads

Failed to assimilate - don’t care about culture as planned on leaving

  • When railroads were finished 1/2 went back -But didn’t have easy life
  • Many worked as domestic servants - learning new skills that were not required in China like cooking and cleaning
  • started Chinatown enclaves

Some white workers attacked Chinese’s as cheap Chinese’s labour was taking their jobs

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29
Q

Dennis Kearny

A

Irish immigrant

Formed workingmens party

Attempted to rewrite constitution to deny Chinese’s votes and jobs

Movement went national

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30
Q

What stopped Chinese immigration

A

Chinese’s Exclusion Act 1882

-banned all Chinese’s immigrants for next ten years

Then it could be renewed

1902 made indefinite

Immigration not reopened till 1943

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31
Q

What in the US prompted people from all over the world to come to seek fortune

A

California Gold

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32
Q

Immigrants prior 1880

A

Norther Western European’s

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33
Q

Immigration after 1880

A

Southern and Eastern European’s - Italians , Slavs, Czechs, Russians etc

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34
Q

What was the reaction to the new immigrants

A

Political corruption - political machines were made to deal with the terrible conditions

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35
Q

How had the spoils system expanded since the Guilded Age

A

Politicians gave jobs to family supporters etc

Often these people weren’t qualified

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36
Q

Who was Hamilton Fish

A

Grants Secretary of State

Reorganised the Department of state

Attempted to adhere to a merit system - where applicants had to pass competency exam

Considered a visionary

The idea was talked about but never utilised

TO GET RID OF SPOILS SYSTEM

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37
Q

What had the spoils system caused in the Republican Party

A

SPLIT

Stalwart vs Half Breed

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38
Q

What was the trigger cause for the 1st proper reform against the spoils system

A

Garfield’s death

His replacement Arthur was a stalwart

Not a big reformer but Public outcry —> so he reformed

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39
Q

Reforms against the spoils system

A

Civil service commission - impacted 10% of jobs

Pendleton civil service reform act 1883

  • said that each president has ability to enlarge % of civil servants (merit based jobs)
  • this would not need congressional vote
  • everyone would get equal treatment when applying for jobs apart from veterans and widows of them and disabled veterans
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40
Q

Key issues for farmers

A

Decline in crop prices

Impact of civil war

Under consumption of new immigrants

Monopolistic tendencies of brokers in cities (charging a price they saw as fair)

Railroads greedily monopolies w captured markets

Railroads for given large land grants and paid less tax than farmers (disproportionate)

Railroad owners - free passes to politicians, office holders, representative, lawyers etc condemned as a form of bribery to favour them

Local banks charge 8-10% interest based on rush

Tariff non inflationary

Decline of grange - no voice

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41
Q

2 political forces and how they impacted the Republican and Democrat party

A

Populism- causes changes and deep division in Democrat party

Progressivism- influences Republican Party esp under Roosevelt

By 1912- Progressivism became central issue in US politics

A new national progressive party was formed
Progressivism deeply divided the Republicans and Wilson was strongly influenced by it so led the revival of the Dem party

But Republicans dealt better w it explaining the Republican rule

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42
Q

How were democrats split

A

Bourban Democrats

  • led fyt against Whiskey ring
  • support Gold standards
  • support Eastern Business interests
  • Wilson was a Bourban in 1912- made a deal w Bryan on opposing side of Democrats. This United the party

Anti-urban Wing populist democrats

  • Agricultural - poor farmers of south and west
  • support free silver
  • oppose gold standard
  • support farmers
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43
Q

Republican dominance

Republican support

A

AA in south

Industrialists

WC who believed they did well

Landowners

Mid west

Gold standard

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44
Q

Republican dominance - democrat support

A

Tammany Hall - helped new immigrants

Southern support

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45
Q

Republican dominance

Republican strength

A

For Wall Street (instead of people)

Financed well by BB ($20 million)

Mark Hana

Political machine

Good at financing - JP Morgan - industrialist

Tariff appealed to wealthy and industrialists

Gold standard

McKinley front porch campaign

Republican aggressive foreign policy aims — thought would help America - providing aid to Cuba though would aid US economy

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46
Q

Republican dominance

Democrat weakness

A

Deeply divided

Panic of 1893 and eco depression
Cleveland got financial backing off Wallstreet - Morgan $62mill- helping Wall Street not the little man

Suspicious of free silver

Extreme southern dems - religion - Bryan

Eastern conservatives who backed Cleveland were lukewarm in supporting Bryan

Bryan - inflation - alienated conservatives

Populists - angry wanted to run own candidate

Dem - under Bryan opposes international intervention

Party - divides after poor showing in midterm elections

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47
Q

What has Republican dominance and Democrat weakness led to

A

McKinley won 1896 election presidential

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48
Q

Who were populists

A

First appeared as a political party at state level in 1890 and quickly became mass movement

Support in south, western plains and rock mountains

In 1892- set out manifesto in Omaha platform

Did well in 1892 elections and gained more support in 1894 mid term

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49
Q

Omaha platform

A

Populist party set our political manifesto - Omaha 1892

Tariff reductions

Graduated income tax

Public ownership of railroads

Direct election of senators

Federally funded irrigation research

Ban on land ownership for aliens

Free coinage of silver

Laws allowing farmers to store goods in federal warehouse

Low interest loans w crops as collateral

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50
Q

1892 election results

A

Cleveland wins

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51
Q

What was the 1892 election based on

A

Eco issues

Cleveland - gold standard and lowering tariffs

Republican and pop - free silver

Republican- protectionist tariffs

Late 1880s and early 1890s - settlement of Transmississipi west - saw thousands of dark settlements established

However bankers and credit that fuelled initial rush dried up and farmers ran into debt

1880s climate unusually high rainfall - prosperity

After 1887- climatic conditions returned and drought and erosion

Many farmers bankrupt

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52
Q

What 2 factors led to Bryan becoming the Democrat candidate

A

Weakness of Democrats

Problems w populists

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53
Q

How did Bryan become the democrat candidate

Weakness of Democrats

Elaborate

A

Panic 1893 and eco depression

1894 mid term elections did poorly divide more

Cleveland’s response was to ally with pro business elites

Bourban democrats stuck to traditional laissez faire and the gold standard

1895- Cleveland for financial backing from Morgan and $62 million propped up the gold reserves.
‘This gave amunition to Cleveland’s opponents —> he sided with big money and Wall Street not ‘Little man’

‘Gold Dem’ won’t vote for Bryan

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54
Q

How did Bryan become the Democrate candidate

Problem with populists

A

Dem joined forces w populists

1896 election needed - Dem needed new candidate and a way to combat populism

At the national nominating convention in Chicago - the silver rites won a key debate and Dem adopted cause of free silver into its programme

The convention then gave the nomination to Bryan

Some populists felt betrayed - wanted to run own candidate
But split would give victory to Republicans so didn’t

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55
Q

Bryan as presidential nominee

A

Good talked ‘whistle stops’ on trains - gave speeches

Was backed by people in south and west esp farmers

Silverrite opposed gold standard
‘You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold’

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56
Q

Describe the Republican Party in 1890

A

Very different to Lincoln

Fewer AA could vote - south was a lost cause

Main block of support was BB— workers who did well from high tariffs (Dem opp bus circumstances can change this)

Campaign style suffered greatly - Bryan whistle stop tours and biblical punchlines

McKinley did not need to do this- they had money and modern political machines

Republican campaign was driven by master political strategist Mark Hanna

He was a rich businessman and brilliant fundraiser

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57
Q

What happened to Bryan

A

Obtained control of Dem- presidential nomination 1900

Aftermath - Spanish American war - became fierce opponent of imperialism and his campaign was based on this
McKinley defeated Bryan and his influence weakened

Won party nomination in 1908- defeated by Taft
Dem win- 1912- Wilson made Bryan Secretary of State
1915 disagreed w Wilson as Britain no want war and resigned

Remained active in politics 
-supported Wilson’s re-election 
-wanted prohibition 
Did not want Darwinism 
He became a promoter of Florida Real Estate - contributed to Florida Land boom in 1920s
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58
Q

Mckinley wins 1896 election

Gold triumphs silver
Elaborate

A

1900 gold standard

Republican dominance

Depression ends during McKinley- causes panic in moment but forgotten once prosperity begins

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59
Q

How did populism die out

A

After McKinley won- populist lost most of following and died out

Populist was swallowed up by Dem party

Most of its beliefs was roots of progressives

By 1908- populism was 1 strand of Dem party

Progressivism replaces populism

Absorption showed the resilience of 2 party politics

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60
Q

Consequences of McKinley’s win at 1896 election

A

Period of Republican dominance as ‘natural part of gov’

Continuing weakness of Dem

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61
Q

What is populism

A

Political idea

Common people are exploited by elite - intend to resolve

For ‘little man’

Belief - political and social goals best achieved by action of masses

Not confined to class and didn’t arise from specific conditions

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62
Q

What did the populists achieve

A

Discovery of gold in Canada Alaska and South Africa- Gold not as deflationary

Many of their ideas later taken up by diff parties

Populism paves way for progressivism - Kept issues on the agenda

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63
Q

What did populists not get

A

1897- tariffs highest ever

1900 US on gold standard

1900 elections- dem lost - imperialism at heart

Pop absorbed by Dem

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64
Q

Brief relationship between McKinley Roosevelt and Taft

A

Allies in same party but difference

Even when ran together - McKinley and Taft 1900- significant differences

Roosevelt was suspicious of Hanna

Roosevelt and Taft were great allies in 1908 but 4 years later they divided leading to Wilson winning

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65
Q

Explain McKinley’s presidency

A

teamed up with Rooseveldt in 1900 had significant differences but they were a good team

He won without needing the southern black vote

His position was strengthened by the Spanish American war he wasn’t so keen himself but he took in the glory

The Democrats were still weak

The administration was filled with wealthy men and business friendly politics he continued protective tariffs and Dingley tariff pushed it higher in 1907

The economy was entering a point of exceptional growth committed to gold currency act and strengthened by discovery of gold in Alaska which increased circulation

Populism was fading- the exceptional growth of dark prices also liaised it

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66
Q

Muckraker

Ida Tarbell

A

Helped lower lynching

National scale

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67
Q

Muckraker

BT Washington and WEB Dubois

A

PROBLEM - AFF equality

REFORM- NAACP

NATIONAL SCALE

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68
Q

Muckraker

Elizabeth Cadis, Stanton, Susan B Anthony

A

Problem- suffrage

Reform - 19th Amendment

NATIONAL

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69
Q

Muckraker

Triangle shirt waste factory

A

Problem - working conditions

Reform - safety legislation

Local/state

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70
Q

Muckraker

Jacob Riis

Adaams

A

Problem- living conditions

Reform - tenement house commission - Hull house

Local/state

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71
Q

Muckraker

Upton Sinclair

A

Problem - consumer protection

Reform - meat inspection and pure food and drug act

NATIONAL

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72
Q

Economic issue
Monopolies and trusts - who solved and how

MUCKRAKER

A

Roosevelt

Interstate commerce act

Clayton anti trust act

Trade commission act

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73
Q

Economic issue

Tariffs

Which muckraker solved and how

A

TAFT

Underwood tariff

?

74
Q

Economic issue
Banks
Who solved and how

Muckraker

A

Wilson

Federal reserves

75
Q

Economic issue

Who solved and how

A

16th Amendment

76
Q

How important was Roosevelt in the development of Progressivism 1900-1920

A

Movement to help people inc immigrants against rise and abuses of BB against laissez faire

A series of acts were introduced to protect workers who immigrants working the Chicago near packing industry - food and drug act 1906

Elkins and Hepburn acts which looked at interstate tried to stop price fixing and were used against standard oil and shut it down

Conservation was developed

While Roosevelt was out of office - campaigned for change

TR set up Bull moose progressive party to stand against Taft in 1912- divided the party so Wilson won

Wilson chosen die go progressive credentials

77
Q

How important was Roosevelt in the development of progressivism 1900-1920

Not him?

A

Developed out of vacuum of populism

Anti corrupt elements who disliked Guilded Age - like writers and journalists and Mukrakers

Actions took place on all levels - state, federal, (executive and legislative) and judiciary. Mayors too

Taft developed progressivism but more cautious

Wilson argued to be progressive

78
Q

What was progressivism

A

Most influential movement in US politics between 1900 and 1917

Progressivism was angry idealistic reaction against perceived evils of money and capitalism

It was emphasises by mckraking journalists and reform minded politicians

79
Q

7 muckrakers

A

Thomas Nast

Jacob Riis

Ida b Wells

Lewis Hine

Ida Tarbell

Lincoln Steffens

Upton Sinclair

80
Q

Thomas Nast

A

Muckraker

Political cartoonist - on political corruption by NYCs Politicsl machine Tammany Hall led by tweed

He was successful as Tweed was convicted on embezzlement and died in prison

1875

81
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Muckraker

Wrote how the other half lives 1890
Wrote about living conditions of urban poor - focussed on tenements

Success?
Yes NYC passed on building codes to protect safety and health

82
Q

Ida B Wells

A

Muckraker

Wrote ‘A Red Record’
It provided statistics of lynching of AA

Success?
NAACP joined fight for federal anti-lynching legislations

83
Q

Lewis Hine

A

Muckraker

Documentary photographer 1908
National child labour committee commissioned Hine to phone child labour to pressure congress to change laws

Success?
Hine used his camera as a tool for social reform and was instrumental in changing child labour laws in US

84
Q

IDA TARBELL

A

Muckraker

Work - magazine ‘History of Standard Oil company 1904’
Exposed ruthless tactics of standard oil company through articles in McClure magazine

Success?
In standard oil vs US in 1911- the company was declared a monopoly and broken up

85
Q

Lincoln Steffens

A

Muckraker

Wrote ‘The shame of the Cities’ (1904)
Examined political corruption in US cities

Success?
Cities began to use city commission and managers instead of informal political groups

86
Q

Upton Sinclair

A

Muckraker

Wrote The Jungle in 1906
It investigates dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in meat packing industry

Success?
1906 meat inspection act and pure food and drug act passed

87
Q

How was Roosevelt the bully pullpit and what did it lead to

A

Roosevelt was always willing to use a theatrical power of the presidency he called a bully pulpit.

bully pulpit is a public office a position of authority that provides its occupants with an opportunity to speak out in any issue

This made him an enemy of big business he regularly denounce the wealthy criminal class and corporations and cartels 
 he promised to regulate big business and limit its excess

However this is up for debate as some saw Roosevelt as less anti business
He believed it was essential for prosperity
He was just as fierce at denouncing socialist and populists as ‘pinheads’ and ‘cranks’

88
Q

Who were the wealthy criminal class

A

Often citied that 20 men controlled US through trusts and monopolies

The riches of the elite made that easy targets

There were 4000 millionaires in US 1901

Rockafellar and standard oil is worth $200 million in 1901 and he became first billionaire in 1913

Carnegie and US steel was sold for $480 million in 1901

89
Q

Why did the 1907 panic not result in a depression

A

1907- stock markets collapsed- it appeared there would be another disastrous depression

Gov was bailed out by Morgan - who injected millions into the stock market to shore up prices and restore confidence

Depression was avoided but gov reliance of BB and the inemptiness to deal with crisis revealed

Progressives demanded further reform

90
Q

Why didn’t Roosevelt run for 1908 election

A

He was in a strong position but decided not to run

The economy was booming

Republicans were a certain win

He said he believed in Washington’s idea - a president should only run for 2 terms
This was not legally enforced till Truman’s presidency

91
Q

Why did Taft lose power

A

After the Republicans were split by the progressive party

92
Q

How was Taft seen as pleasing conservatives

A

Vice President was conservative

Sacked Pinchon- Roosevelt’s Forest Secretary

Moved to a trade oriented foreign policy with Latin America

He appointed conservatives to his cabinet. This was surprising as Roosevelt and him = close allies. Roosevelt did not approve

Payne Aldrich Tariff - inc tariff

93
Q

Many historians argue Roosevelt and Taft’s differences were more style and not substance

Elaborate

A

He launched anti-trust legislations as often as Roosevelt inc a controversial attack on US steel

Conservatives were reassured - he’d be more restrained

94
Q

Problems in Republicans:

Explain Republicans dissatisfaction w Taft in 1910

A

1910- progressive republicans joined democrats to attack ultra conservative speaker of house- Carrol of Illinois

This illustrated Republican dissatisfaction with TAFT

Dem not committed to progressivism - success - mid elections 1910

Taft appointed conservatives to his cabinet

The progressive wing of the party- led by La Follette became more rebellious and started to organise a National Progressive League to drag Republicans back to reform

Roosevelt decided to make a comeback -> this was devisive and disruptive
His unofficial presidential campaign undermined Taft and La Follette

95
Q

What happened at the Republican National Convention 1912

A

In normal circumstances- Republicans would have stood a good chance

Dramatic contest between 2 friends - now enemies

Taft won first ballot- this left Roosevelt w out nomination but Taft was fatally wounded by party Division

July 1912- having bullied La Follettes to stand down, Roosevelt won nomination for national progressive party

The democrats were revitalised under Wilson

96
Q

How did Wilson become democrat presidential nominee

A

Democrats unite

Everyone thought Clark would win but he did not get 2/3

Tammany Hall was corrupt and a powerful political machine backed by Clark

Anti business Bryan united with Wilson

Wilson won

97
Q

Reasons for Republican Party dominance 1896-1912

A

Hanna

Modern political machine of republicans aided by millions $

Battleground states

Voters unconvinced by free silver

Republicans popular w BB and urban voters

Dem less popular- associated w issues connecting to farming silver and populism

Popular e AA at end of civil war

Lack success of 3rd party type issue throughout US history which Democrats championed

Division signing Dem party - many conservative didn’t like Bryan’s ideas/ as 1913 sorted and won

Popularity w Repub such as Roosevelt (T)

98
Q

What was Wilson’s presidency known as

A

Interlude (interval) between republicans (poss due to / in pop)

Gained a respectable image as a world leader during and esp after WW1

His years were important —> remembered as years of progressivism and internationalism

First southernor elected president in almost 60 years

99
Q

Problem within democrat party before 1912 win

A

Bryan and Cleveland - opp from within party - nomination convention was dominated by anti-Bryan, pro business conversations

Badly damaged by divisions that tore it apart 1890s

Populism soon faded by rival songs - had little in common

The Republican Party was backed by BB - had booming economy at heart

1910- when internal strains were felt in the Republican that Democrats gained momentum

Bryan divides opinion and his central theme in 1896- the demand for ‘free silver’ was to alienate voters in Northeast as enthuse voters in south and The Great Plains

—> Republicans benefit from few conditions and won war against Spain

100
Q

1912 election socialism

A

At peak-

Never higher poss due to Wilson’s progressivism

101
Q

1912 democrat party platform

A

Gov control of monopolies - bad - eliminate

Tariff reduction

One term president

Direct election of senators

Create a department of labour

Strengthen Sherman anti trust act

Did not support women suffrage

Opposed a central banks

102
Q

1912 Progressive Bullmoose Party platform

A

Women’s suffrage

Graduated income tax

Inheritance tax for rich

Lower tariff

Limits on campaign spending

Currency reform

Minimum wage law

Social insurance

Abolition of child labour

Workmen’s compensation

103
Q

1912 Republican Party platform

A

High import tariffs

Limitations of female and child labour

Workman’s compensation laws

Against initiative, referendum and recall

Against ‘bad’ trusts

Creation of federal trade commission

Stay on gold standard

Conservation of natural resources - finite

104
Q

1912 socialist party platform

A

Graduated income tax

Mainmeans of production - owned by state - fairness

105
Q

What was Wilson’s new freedom

A

Collection of speeches he made during his presidential campaign in 1913

The speeches promised significant reform for greater economic opportunities for all while ensuring tradition of limited gov

106
Q

What was socialism seen as

A

Attack on capitalism and nationalism

Progressivism under Bryan and Wilson and Republicans - merely apologising for crimes of capitalism

Enforced anti trust legislation to socialism

Opposed to the staggering burden of militarism

1912- socialist vote 6% in presidential election

107
Q

Wilson new freedom- the 3 Ts

A

Wilson promised to bring down the ‘triple wall of privelige’

Tariff
T-banks
Trusts

But new freedom was different to Roosevelt’s progressivism
Wilson believed in a return to freedom for small business and open competition instead of domination of large Cartels

108
Q

What was the 16th Amendment

A

Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes in incomes

1913 ratified

109
Q

What was the Lever Act

A

1917- banned use of grain in production of alcohol- as patriotic and eco measure

As grain should be used for war and why drink during war

110
Q

Explain how prohibition occurred

A

Volstead Act (defines liquor - state issue) and amendment passed in 1919

2 states enforced it

Taken to Congress - federal issue

1920-33 noble experiment

111
Q

How was prohibition repealed

A

21st Amendment sling with Beer Act 1932

Only amendment that is repealed by another amendment

2/3 states enforced need act - congress 21 amendment - back to state issue

112
Q

Loop hole for prohibition

A

Law does not imply that you cannot drink alcohol

113
Q

For and against prohibition.

A

For

  • Anti Saloon League
  • KKK
  • Women’s Temperance Union
  • suffragettes
  • BB- rockafellar - Us would be more industrial and production would go up if people did not drink
  • southern and rural and Midwest and northeast rural WASP saw alcohol as ruin - saloons - prostitutes
  • KKK

AGAINST

  • new immigrants from Eastern Europe eg Italy where drinking was custom
  • Catholic’s - have wine to mass
114
Q

Reasons for prohibition

A

WW1

Moral

Political

115
Q

Moral reasons for prohibition

A

Against Christian values
Growth of domestic violence and organisations

When war occurs - immoral to drink

WASPS- southern dem against progressivism

Health

Force immigrants to assimilate

Anti saloon league - opp go sale of alcohol

KKK

116
Q

Political reasons for prohibition

A

WW1- want grain to help allies win war not for alcohol

Women Christian temperance Union

KKK

117
Q

Reasons for prohibition

WW1
Industrial efficiency

A

Industry could be more productive

War patriotism

Anti saloon league
Rockafellar gave $350,000 to Union
Ford gave money to saloon league

They believed it would increase their sales

118
Q

17th Amendment

A

Direct election of senators
1912
?

119
Q

Sherman anti trust act

A

1890

Outlawed monopolies and practices that restrained trade

120
Q

National reclamation Act has

A

1902

Provided federal irrigation projects in western states

121
Q

Elkins Act

A

1903

Imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favoured shippers

122
Q

Hepburn Act

A

1906

Allowed gov to regulate and set maximum rates for railroads

123
Q

Meat inspection act

A

1906

Provided federal inspection of packing plants and meats sold across state lines

124
Q

Pure food and drug act

A

1906

Provided federal inspection on food, medicine for purity

125
Q

Sixteenth Amendment

A

1913

Income tax

126
Q

Seventeenth Amendment

A

1913

Direct election of senators

127
Q

Underwood tariff act

A

1913

Lowered tariffs on imported goods and established graduated income tax

128
Q

Federal reserve act

A

1913

Created federal reserve board to oversee banks and reserve funds

129
Q

Federal trade commission

A

1914

Established federal trade commission to monitor business

130
Q

Clayton anti trust act

A

1914

Spelled out specific activities that business can’t engage in

Strengthened anti trust act by outlawing creating of a monopoly through any means and states that unions were not subject to antitrust legislation

131
Q

Eighteenth Amendment

A

1919

Banned making selling or transporting of alcoholic beverages

132
Q

Nineteenth Amendment

A

1920

Female suffrage

133
Q

Roosevelt on Civil Rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy

A

1901- Washington enters White House and discusses stuff - shows black have voice and power

1912/3- comes out for female suffrage in Bullmoose Party

Meat inspection act

Pure food and drug act

134
Q

Taft on civil rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy

A

Supported 16th Amendment income tax- led to prohibition

Supporter of free immigration

Supported Washington’s initiative to uplift AA citizens - said education is key

Vetoed a congressional law imposing literacy test on unskilled labourers s

135
Q

Wilson on civil rights for AA
Civil rights for women
Democracy

A

18th Amendment

19th Amendment

16th Amendment

136
Q

Roosevelt on environmental conservation

A

53 new wildlife reserves

Newland act 1903- raised money from land and sales to finance irrigation projects

Gave strong support for preservation of 5 new national parks

Behind establishment of a national conservation in 1908 to oversee conservation in west and set aside 148 million acres of forest to protect timber reserves

Dozens of dams created in desert inc Roosevelt Dam on Arizona’s Salt River

National forests inc from 20m acres 1898- 193 million acres 1909

137
Q

Taft on environmental conservation

A

Dedicated conservationist and devoted extensive resources to protection of environ

But undone by handling of Ballinger dispute

Ballinger opened thousands of acres of public lands in Alaska and Wyoming Montana for price use and this angered many progressives

Pinchot was critical of it so in 1910 Taft fired him

138
Q

Wilson on environmental conservation

A

National park service 1916

Brough 40 existing parks and monuments under federal protection

Purpose was to conserve the national scenery, historic objects and wildlife for enjoyment of American people

139
Q 
Roosevelt on 
Better working conditions for industrial workers 
Trade unions 
Tariffs 
Child labour
A

Got actively involved in dispute ing coal miners in Eastern Pennsylvania

Called to White House when strike in 1902

Talks broke out
He put pressure
Employers agreed to 10% wage inc and inc a 9 hour day

But
No union recognition

140
Q 
Taft on
Better working conditions for industrial workers 
Farmers 
Child labour 
Tariff 
Trade unions
A

An 8 hour day was introduced for all employees in gov contracts

The department of labour and Commerce were established 1913- the former to help workers secure decent working conditions and the latter to supervise America’s commercial development

1900 Payne Aldridge Tariff - reduced tariff 40%

141
Q 
Wilson on
Better working conditions for industrial workers 
Farmers 
Child labour 
Tariff 
Trade unions
A

Child labour 1916 (overturned 2 years later)

Tariff reduced

Smith Lever Act 1914- helped farmers learn new agricultural techniques by the insurance on hone insurance

Federal farm loan act 1916- provided federal local districts —> so that farmers could get long term mortgages and loans at a lower rate than those would have at commercial bank

Adamson Act - 8 hour day and overtime pay for railroad workers who were inv on interstate commerce

Follette Seamen’s Act - helped improve safety, payment and conditions for merchant and sea men

New antitrust act - helped farmers strike and boycott

142
Q

Roosevelt on reducing power of trusts
BB and
Financial regulation of the economy

A

Enforced Sherman anti trust

1900 broke standard oil Rockefeller which put smaller companies out of business

1903 Elkins Act

1906 Hepburn Act

Established Bureau of Corporations in 1903- power to investigate allegations against trusts

Fund of $500,000 to allow gov to prosecute suits against companies

In 1904- after lengthy legal battle - the Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities to be broken up

143
Q

Taft on reducing power of trusts
Bb
And financial regulation
Of economy

A

In 1910 Mann Elkins Act - strengthened powers of Interstate commerce commissions giving it authority to supervise telephone, telegraph and allowed it to institute its own legal proceedings and created a new commerce Court to speed its proceedings

Encouraged xo guess to pass he comprimise. Payne Aldrich Tariff -1909

BUT took side of Secretary of interior and Canon against progressivism

but broke standard oil 1907

TRUST BUSTING - initiating 80 antitrust suits against large corporations

144
Q 
Wilson’s on 
Reducing power of trusts 
BB
Financial regulations 
Of US economy
A

1916 Workingmans Compensation Act - waves for temporarily disabled civil service employers

1910 Adamson Act- 8 hour day for railway worker!!!?

Provided a new anti trust - supersede the the inadequate Sherman Act 1890

It introduced the Clayton anti trust act 1914- can have strikes and boycotts - used 100 + times

Act of 1914- federal trace commission do reports and investigators etc

16th Amendment

Federal reserve act 1913- system of regional banks to help reserve funds for national commercial banks

145
Q

Which President was the most conservationist

A

Roosevelt

146
Q

Which President reduced tariffs the most
Achieved most for women suffrage
And prohibition

A

Wilson

147
Q

What President was the most trust busting

A

Taft

148
Q

How did the 19th Amendment come along? I’m

A

Carnie Chapman Catt - head of NAWSA- stresses organisation lobbying

National woman’s party - aggressively pressured for suffrage Amendment

Work of patriotic women in war effort - influences patriarchy

149
Q

What is progressivism

A

Term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems of rapid industrialisation introduced in America

150
Q

Who were progressives

A

Mainly lives in cities

Educated

Concentrated on exposing the evils of corporate greed, combating feet of immigrants urging people to vote

151
Q

What did the progressives believe

A

Rejected social Darwinism

Poverty, violence, greed, racism etc

152
Q

When did progressives get a huge voice on the White House

A

Roosevelt came in power 1901

153
Q

What were the last acts of progressives

A

Women got the vote

Prohibition

154
Q

When did progressivism end

A

WW1 horror or war

People associated Wilson and progressives as leading to the war

155
Q

What initiated the progressive movement and what started it would

A

Response to politicsl corporate abuses

Religious groups, members of press and radical groups all cried for reform

156
Q

On which three levels did gov progressive reforms take place

A

City stage national

Local. Federal

157
Q

What was the difference between Washington and WEBDUbois

A

Washington- believer in teaching AA trade skills to earn a living and gain trusts of whites. He promoted economics as a means for equality - ACCOMODATIONALIST

Web Du bois- endorses Education A’s means for equality
Promoted anti lynching and Jim Crow laws
INTERGRATIONALIST

158
Q

Which court case established ‘seperate but equal’ doctrine

A

1896 Plessy vs Ferguson

159
Q

What were the muckrakers

What did they do

A

Members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose problems to the American people

160
Q

The exposure of ‘Boss Tweed’ corruption was due to what muckraker

A

Thomas Nast

161
Q

Meat Inspection Act - passes after being exposed by which book, authorised by whom

A

Sinclair - The Jungle

162
Q

Who was Jane Addams

A

Social reformer - pioneer in field of social work

Founded settlement house for immigrants HULL HOUSE in Chicago - provided shelter, clothing and other resources

Helped found NAACP

163
Q

What did Ida B Wells and WEB Du Bois have in common

A

Took active part in NAACP

164
Q

Which muckraker is most likely found taking pictures in tenement buildings

A

Jacob Riis

Wrote
How the other half lives

165
Q

Who was Lewis Hine - what did he do

A

Documentary photographer

Through national Child Labour Committee - Hine used his camera (taking pics of child labour) as a took for social reform and were instrumental in changing child labour laws in the US

166
Q

Political machines used patronage to fill city jobs, how was this corruption during progressive era

A

Reprganisation of local government using the commissioner and city manager styles of management and using a competitive hiring process - applications, testing and interviews

167
Q

What did the 1914 Clayton anti trust act do

A

Strengthened the Sherman anti trust act by outlawing the creation of a monopoly through any means and states that unions were not subject to anti -trust legislation

168
Q

Wha was the interstate commerce act

A

1887

Gave federal gov power to regulate railroad shipping and storage values

169
Q

Why was the 16th Amendment passed

A

Graduated income tax

?

170
Q

17th Amendment

Why is direct election of senators important

A

Political machines weakened

Party controlled state legislatures can’t elect to vote

171
Q

The temperance movement was responsible for which Amendment

A

18th Amendment

172
Q

Female suffrage which Amendment

A

19th

173
Q

Who was Robert Ls Follete and what did he do

A

State governor - helped get state reforms passed in their respective stages

(Secret ballot, initiative (petition of legislatures),
Referendum (if Amendment passed), recall (petition=elected representative removed from office), Direct Primary - (voters elect candidates to run for office)

174
Q

What was the most important impact of state reforms

A

To ensure state gov = more responsible to needs of people

175
Q

If a gov official did not hold up his promises/policies, or had lost confidence in the citezens, what power could the citezen exercise to remove the official from office?

A

Recall

176
Q

John wants to change the law in order for his to happen - he needs 100 signatures. this is an eg of ……………….

After he gets the req signatures - voters can vote on John’s petition ………..

A

Initiative

Referendum

177
Q

In 2012- 4 Republican presidential nominees.

Which progressive reform allowed this to happen by putting power in hands of American voter?

A

Direct primary

178
Q

What was the problem with the Sherman Anti-trust Act

A

Too vague for Supreme Court to enforce on companies

179
Q

6 reasons why progressivism occurred

A

Industrial workers were unhappy

Financial stability after panic

Stabilise farming and agricultural workers

Exhaust populism

Combat corruption - spoils - pendallion Act

Development of welfare in Europe - up to 1900 - Britain was best - then US - want to stay that way to

180
Q

What is real wage

A

What you can afford with our wage

181
Q

When did progressivism end

A

1921- Harding - went back to laissez faire and isolationism

History (19 decks)

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