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History > FDR Roosevelt And The New Deals > Flashcards

FDR Roosevelt And The New Deals Flashcards

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1
Q

FDR aims to end depression

RELIEF

A

1933

CCC

FERA

HURC

NIRA PWA

CWA

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2
Q

How does FDR aimed to end depression

RECOVERY

A 
1933 
emergency banking act 
Economy act 
AAA
TVA
NIRA

1934
Silver purchase act
FHA

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3
Q

How does FDR aim to end the depression

REFORM

A

1933
Glass-Steagall Act
Truth in securities

1934
Securities act
Indian reorganisation act

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4
Q

Why did FDR win the 1932 election

A 
Hoover - 
Depression 
Lacked charisma 
Poor relations with press 
Voluntarism 
Silver shirts - right - ineffective 
Socialists weakened by red scare - less then 1m votes polled 
Roosevelt had background in politics 
1920 dem candidate for vice 
1928 gov on NY
Set up ‘brains trust’ to listen to ideas 
Wanted gov intervention 
1932 - new deal 
57% popular vote
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5
Q

What did FDR do in the first hundred days

A

Passed 15 bills

Abandoned gold standard - decline value of dollar - increase in goods. Idea was people would spend and - more jobs and unemployment would end - But people DID NOT SPEND - no risk

Optimism

Set aside billions for federal relief to unemployed, recognising the inability of charities and state gov to cope w issue

Initiated the biggest public work programme

Instructed new institutions to restore economy

Halted banking panic

Federal emergency relief act - money to states to help poor and unemployed

FERA gave $500 to feed poor and unemployed

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6
Q

First week of the 100 days

A

4 day banking holiday - and half to all transactions in gold —>

2X a week Press conference —> invited people to write w their problems (Hoover did once a year)

Emergency Banking Act -> allowed banks to open on 13th March under supervision —> restored confidence

Introduce Beer Wine revenue act - end prohibition

Fireside chat - said safe to return savings to bank
When banks opened - more money invested than withdrawn

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7
Q

Change in FDRs actions within the first 100 days in comparison to 1900-1933

A

Federal emergency relief act - in comparison to voluntarism
BUT many stages cut relief spending knowing Hopkins would have to give them FERA money anyway

Roosevelt declines GS - :O

Fireside chat

????

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8
Q

Continuity in FDRs actions within the first 100 days in comparison to 1900-1933

A

Federal emergency act A 5 million to poor hungry

Emergency banking act —> opened bank 15 March under government supervision

Beer wine revenue act

????

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9
Q

How did FDR deal with 25% unemployment

A

Public work schemes eg CCC, PWA etc

Created 3700 playgrounds
22,000 housing projects
500 water treatment plants

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10
Q

How did FDR deal with wasteful competition driving down prices and profits

A

National industrial recovery act NRA 1933 - got companies together to set codes for fair competition
Created min wage and max hours

VOLUNTARY

Created 2 m jobs

Did not solve overproduction

BB set codes in their favour

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11
Q

How did FDR deal with the rural situation?

The rugged individualism of the 20s still strong and 58 farms per 1000 changed hands in 1929
19.5 were forced sales

In Oregon sheep were slaughtered as too expensive to sell
Chicago people rifled through rubbish looking for food
1932- word wheat price $0.3 bushel , less than cost of production

A

CCC men ages 17-25 = 9 months work on camps earning $30. $25 had to be sent home
10% drop out rate —> army stile rule
BUT white dominated and youth
3m benefit 1942- skills and price

TVA - cheap hydroelectricity
9/10 electricity 1935 :O

CWA
employed 4.25m in 33/34- avoided starvation

Farm credit administration
Relief
Diffuse farm crisis

AAA
Destroyed 4.5m acres of cotton and price rose 10c to 65c that year
1942 farm incomes doubled from 1932 levels
Agricultural debt reduced $1b

But war in Europe encouraged US production

BUT
Argued
AAA and FCA no help sharecroppers

AAA declared unconstitutional in US vs Butler 1936

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12
Q

Did FDR reduce poverty and unemployment

25% unemployment
1932- 3.8m one parent families headed by a woman
In Arkansas schools closed for 10 months —> lack of funds
11m farm workers = acute difficulties

A

‘Forgotten man’

Economy continued to grow until mid 30s and when FDR cut the money, it shrank

The 1937 recession proved spending shrunk

33% decline in industrial production, 35% fall in wages, 13% fall in national income

Spending in war solved depression???

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13
Q

Did people have faith in FDR

A

Confidence someone was doing something

FDR bold experimentations

FIRESIDE CHATS

Re-elected 1961- 61% popular vote and 55% in 1940

Opposition from communists, far right etc

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14
Q

Did FDR’s banking policies help?

49 banks going under a day in 1933
$41 b deposits in USA but only $6b to cover it

A

March 33- closed banks. Emergency banking act - assessed viability of banks and restored faith

1936- no bank failures

Stabilised stock exchange, securities and exchange commission

Businessmen resented it at time

Some - left - argue he should have nationalised banks - some day it wouldn’t pass in Congress and it was too socialist

Hoover asked him to close banks for FDR no support
Argued - wanted credit

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15
Q

Define relief

A

Temporary emergency help - short term employment

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16
Q

Define recovery

A

Financial stability - long term employment

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17
Q

Explain reform

A

Stopping - safety net / rights - permanent progress

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18
Q

FDR first new deal

Was relief a success

A

!

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19
Q

FDR 1st new deal

Was recovery a success

A

!

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20
Q

First new deal

Was reform a success!

A

!

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21
Q

FDR first new deal

Was industry a success!

A

!

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22
Q

FDR first new deal

Was agriculture a success

A

‘

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23
Q

AAA

A

1933- first new deal

Agricultural adjustment act

Used farm subsidies to regulate farm production

Disbanded after WW2

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24
Q

TVA

A

First new deal -1933

Purpose: regional planning of a deprived area w hydro-electricity production, environmental conservation, flood control and education and health projects. Involved stages such as Virginia and Alabama

It is still in operation but criticised for its unanticipated environmental impact

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25
Q

PWA

A

1933 first new deal

Purpose: run by Ickes
Programme financed 34,000 federal, state and local projects costing s total of $6 billion - a large source of employment.

Discontinued 1939 as X sufficient success in reducing employment or promoting private investment.
BUT
Gave over 4 million unemployed people paid work on useful local projects and helped to raise moral and create optimism that depression would end

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26
Q

Farm credit Act

A

Purpose: provided short and medium term loans to enable farmers struggling and low incomes to keep their homes and land by refinancing their mortgages

It removed the fear of losing both home and employment. It gave security of the future to enable farmers to take advantages of other gov agricultural programmes to raise production

First new deal 1933

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27
Q

NIRA

NRA

A

1933 new deal
National industrial recovery act
National recovery administration

Attempted to establish national economic planning by revising and running a series of codes for industries. The codes were to control production, prices, labour relations and trading practices. Run by General Hugh Johnson

NRA was ruled by unconstitutional by Supreme Court in 1935 and came to end

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28
Q

CCC

A

1933
Civilian conservation corps

Provided work for young men ages 18-25 paying $30 a month but $25 sent to family
Stayed in camps organised on military lives and worked on regional enviro projects such as rational parks where they built trail, recreation facilities and access roads

Disbanded 1942

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29
Q

Baking act

A

1933 new deal

Prohibited commercial banks from selling stock or financing corporations.
Created (FDIC) which guaranteed savings deposit up to $2500 (later raised to $5000, and now as €100,000) Protected the ordinary depositor from loss of savings

It separated investment banks from commercial banks so that investors’ money could no longer be used for speculative ventures on the stock marker. The guaranteeing of individual deposits diminished the fear that investors might lose all their savings through the misuse of their funds by the bank

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30
Q

FERA

A

1933 new deal

Purpose: families were paid relief benefits for taking work organised by the gov w $500 mill given to states and local gov

Suspended 1935 as Works progress administration projects started and financial aid was given as a result of the unemployment insurance of the SSA 1937

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31
Q

FCC

A

1934 first new deal
Federal Communications Commission

Agency to regulate wired and wireless communications, later to regulate television as well.Part of a new programme of gov regulation of new enterprises

Continues today

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32
Q

FHA

A

Federal housing administration
1934 first new deal

Purpose: federal guarantees of private mortgages with reduced down payments from 30% to 10%, and extended repayment time from 20-30 years. Enabled more Americans to purchase own homes

Continues today

33
Q

SEC

A

1944 first new deal
Securities and exchange commission

purpose: regulatory agency for trading in stocks and bonds to comply with federal laws

Continues today

34
Q

Why was the second new deal introduced

A

Forced for change at work in Congress - mid term congressional elections in 1934 returned a more radical House of Representatives which was expecting legislative action and would support it

Support court overturning new deal legislation

Need to respond to radical forces

Some historians argued that as USA became more polarised FDR sought support of Left - as politics polarised

BB and SB need to be held more accountable. BB and wealthy had too big of influence

35
Q

Wagner Act

A

1935 2nd new deal

Purpose: strengthened the power of labour unions by allowing collective bargaining

Comments: created a way of peacefully solving labour disputes without resorting to violence which Ahmad characterised employment disagreements in the past

36
Q

WPA

A

Workings progress administration 1935

Purpose: established work relief programmes funding a vast range of projects directed at different areas, including the Federal Art Project (FAP) Run by Hopkins

Comment: ran for 8 years and employed 8.5 million people using local officials to administer the projects

37
Q

NYA

A

National youth administration
NYA

purpose: established by the WPA to encourage the education and training of young people

Comment: disbanded during WW2

1935 2nd new deal

38
Q

REA

A

Rural electrification administration

1935 2nd new deal

Purpose: gave loans for cheap rural electricity in areas where these was no public utility supply.

Comment: the Act was very successful in 1935/ only 10% farms had electricity. By 1940 it was 40% by 1950 90%

39
Q

SSA

A

1935 second new deal
Social security act

Purpose: created guaranteed retirement payment for over 65s,
set up federal insurance for the unemployment and provided additional assistance for the disabled,
for public health and for dependent women and children

Comment: continues today

40
Q

FSA

A

1937
Farm security administration

2nd new deal

Purpose: gave guaranteed loans to small farmers and tenants to buy small properties or to rehabilitate farms. This enabled more farmers to stay on their farms

Comment: maintained migrant labour camps for agriculture workers as part of its remit that no one should be excluded for its benefits

41
Q

Fair labour standards act

A

1938 2nd new deal

Set a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and a maximum working week or 40 hours for business involved in interstate commerce, and particularly for workers not in unions

Oppressed by southern conservatives on ground of excessive gov interference w business

Comment: have benefits of shorter working week and a maximum hourly week by statutes, rather than by union negotiations. This was the last new deal reform to become law

42
Q

National housing act

A

1938
2nd new deal

Purpose: established the USA Housing authority and set up housing projects for low income families (forgotten man)

Comment;. Encouraged house building and home ownership, but was also discriminatory against black Americans and inadvertently promoted suburban over indemnity housing

43
Q

When was the Roosevelt recession

A

1937

Eco collapse -1938
-relief

44
Q

What did the 2nd new deal have more of?

A

Reform

45
Q

Positive and negative of Wagner Act

A

By 1940- extend Wagner - 12 million workers
Membership inc

Not good for bb
Union membership violence - eg ford
Not till 1946 that workers could bring charges against employers for unfair work practises

46
Q

NYA advantages and disadvantages

A

+long term skill

-disbanded- not needed

47
Q

REA advantages and disadvantages

A

+help farmers etc

-1940- only 40%

48
Q

SSA advantages and disadvantages

A

+ help to individuals by gov intervention
+protection
+pensions
+unemployment insurance

  • doesn’t help all
  • old age pension not until 1942
  • no help many female and black etc
49
Q

FSA advantages and disadvantages

A

+helped farmers

50
Q

Fair labour standard act advantages and disadvantages

A

-southern dem no want it - feared southern industry w traditionally low wage structure would lose its competitiveness

+ minimum wage etc - help SOL

51
Q

National housing act advantages and disadvantages

A

+helped low income families

-discriminate against black Americans

52
Q

How radical was the second new deal

A

Many argue Wagner Act was entirely work of Senator Wagner and FDR considered vetoing it

Some say it only went through so quickly because Roosevelt passed it
Regardless trade membership inc
3m in 1930, and 9mill 1940. 15m 1950

SSA- state discrepancies over how much was received - the federal government didn’t have manpower to deal w such huge change and was dependent on states

Some argue even though millions had been helped - system that created depression still remained

53
Q

What do right wing historians argue about FDRs new deal

A

Too radical

BB and wealthy said one too far

Hated revenue acts which raised taxation and opposed greater gov intervention

Conservative dem said too far

Roosevelt recession - due to Federal policies that reduced consumer income, federal reserve raised interest rates etc

FDR called for congress 1937 to pass measures such as new relief spending, and anti lynching bill - but latter did not work.
Unemployment declined but 1939- 17% still unemployed

Liberty league set up in 1934 supported by members of Republican Party and conservative dems- aim was to promote private property and enterprise. It has 250,000 members in July 1936. After FDR’s victory - lessened in popularity

54
Q

How do left wing historians see FDR new deal

A

Too conservative

Small civil service and a lack of informed research

Hostility to ‘big’ gov since 1877

when TVA set up - private companies worked on gov behalf and this gave them a lot of power

Left advocates radical schemes like Old Age Revolving Pensions to popular leaders such as Huey Long

Upton Sinclair- scheme where unemployed be out to work in state run co-operatives

Long - ‘share our wealth system’- old age pension, and free college education - very popular

Coughlin’s radio messages were very influential. Mass support. Believed in redistribution of wealth. But anti-se metic - lost support

55
Q

Later 30s: opposing fascism and reaffirming traditional values

LEFT WING

A

US communists who in 1930 attacked FDR now praised him and summoned writers and such to the anti fascist cause

The Spanish Civil war creates a new sense of worth for this group

The communist Party publicised lynching and took part in photography programmes highlighting the plight of African Americans

56
Q

Later 30s: opposing fascism and reaffirming traditional values

RIGHT WING

A

Right wing motives can be seen in Hollywood movies such as The Grapes of Wrath - when a grass root family moved from dust bowl to California.
Revealing strength of ordinary people to overcome

Confrontation with fascism came largely e sport. In 1936- Owens won the 100m

A German American friends of new Germany developed 1936
Existing into late 30s with membership of 5000
Movement declines once war announced

57
Q

Criticisms of FDR new deal in general

A

Lacked fierce leadership

Slightly passive not fiercely active in view

Secretive

Not assertive to everyone - Too compromising

Arrogant/domineering

Lack of specific policies

58
Q

General good criticisms of FDR

A

Compliments FDRs un aggressive approach towards implementing new deal

Master manipulator

59
Q

Did the new deal end the depression

YES

A

In 1933 14 million unemployed

In 1939 it was 9 million

60
Q

Did the new deal end the depression

Economic

A

FDR believed in balanced budget —> reluctant to spend excessively on federal projects. Led to a reduction of budget deceit over course of presidency. In 1938 the deficit was lower than the $2.5b

National total of personal income decreased $15 billion 1929-1939
Despite pop inc of 9m during decade

1933- 18 mill unemployed
1939 9 mill unemployed

Roosevelt recession - 20% jobless by 1938

But most historians argue 1935 neutrality act 1939 was why unemployment fell

US spent $360m a day to sweat axis powers. Vanquished unemployment. Vanquished unemployment

Inc hiring of minorities women and elderly brought a middle class

Richest 5% saw share of income drop 25-17%

Large scale commercials farmers prospered benefiting from higher consumer prices, inc productivity, the development in chemicals that created fertilisers. Tenant and sharecroppers left and moved north and the agricultural pop fell 17%

61
Q

Did the new deal end the depression

Politics

A

FDR allowed labour unions to take their place in the labour market and reluctantly recognised that the federal government had a role in settling disputes

Organised labour grew mightier growing from 9m to 14.8m unionised members

Far more strikes and inflation because of scarcity of goods created eco issues that were partially solved by congress letting FDR freeze wages, create rationing, control prices and rents in 1942. Only 8% ruse in remainder of war

Buying war bonds = curtailed inflation by decreasing purchase pier

Roosevelt raises taxes with the Revenue act 1942 raising top tier from 65% to 95%

62
Q

Did the new deal end the depression

Social effects

A

Mass culture continues in 30s and 40s

Most proline could still afford movies

1939- 65% of Americans went to the movies at least once a week. Musicals and dramas created escapism from depression and acted as propaganda with Sherlock homes films disguised anti- Nazi sentiment
AA were in films
Women as heroines as scatterbraines-but as era developed - Mae West portrayed women as far more promiscuous, mocking conventions

63
Q

1940 election

A

Dem won -85% electoral vote

Dem: 55% pop
Rep: 44% pop

64
Q

How did new deal hinder AA

A

1932- AA unemployment twice as high as normal Americans

NRA- no rage hour protection to lower level positions where AA were concentrated

AAA- African Americans excluded from as AAA pursued policies that favoured farm landlords at expensive of tenants and sharecroppers

FDR reluctant to support 1930s federal law against lynching

65
Q

How did new deal help AA

A

Switch in dem policies to help AA- black leader in Chicago ‘Mr Roosevelt gave us work and bread’

Harold Ickes- ran important public works programme - create jobs for unemployed

66
Q

How did the new deal shift voting habits

A

AA shifted support towards democrats

81% black People in NY voted Dem

67
Q

How did the new deal help native Americans

A

Indian reorganisation act 1934/ federal gov did not push native Americans to assimilate into mainstream society

Collier

68
Q

How did the new deal hinder native Americans

A

CCC discriminatory - lower wages etc

69
Q

How did the new deal help women

A

More representation of women in jobs etc

70
Q

How did the new deal hinder women

A

Civil works administration - only 7% jobs= women

Economy act 1933 forbade members of same family from working for federal gov

CCC bared women

71
Q

Do you think the new deals achievements for minorities outweigh its shortcomins?

A

Significant improvement compared to past

But could have been better

72
Q

May historians talk about FDR’s presidency being a turning point for African American civil rights - support and reject this claim

A

-South - power - racist - discrimination

+helped AA to extent - many pres didn’t - showed a shift in politics

73
Q

What the new deal was not

A

A coherent programme of relief and recovery

An attempt to redistribute wealth

An attempt to make the USA socialist or fascist (Roosevelt was a fiscal conservative)

A rigid adherence to maintaining a balanced budget

A programme that was concerned e depression in rest of world

A dramatic and radical solution but a conservative one or a set of improved measures - some of which were contradictory

The abandonment of capitalism or the rejection of enterprise and industrialisation

74
Q

Realities behind new deal

A

Era of eco growth ended

Structural reform of economy needed

USA sufficient with economic isolationism

Did little for women

Roosevelt most important idea- gov had positive responsibilities for the general welfare. Not that gov itself must do everything but that everything practicable must be done; gov must insure smth is done

75
Q

Life by 1940s

A

Over 60% of families went to movies each week age of talkies l. First Walt Disney caroons like 3 lil pigs and Mickey Mouse

1940 farmers building surplus - worrying as federal gov would have to pay them

1930 total expenditure: $9bill
1940: half a billion
By offering direct relief eg Wagner - Federal gov increased role

Political turnout inc 
1924; 50%
1940: 60%
AA- democrat 
FDR re-elected w reduced share of vote 
AA and women start to hold important positions in gov
76
Q

What happened to the Republican and Democrat party 1933-38

A

1934 mid term election - 10 republican senators went down in defeat

Second new deal criticised by republicans

Hoover crusader against new deal - hoping unrealistically to be nominated again for president

Most major newspaper publishers favoured Republican moderate Landon for president - Roosevelt used radio to reach people

Black vote held for hoover 1933

1940 majority of northern blacks voted democratic

Roosevelt helped black but did not challenge segregation or the denial of voting rights in south

Minority parties tend to factionalize after 1936 Republican Party spilt into conservative faction and liberal faction

Roosevelt alienated many conservative Democrats in 1937 by his unexpected plan to ‘pack’ the Supreme Court via Judicial Reform Bill 1937- sharp recession 1938 and major strikes

Conservative Democrats mostly from south joined with Republicans led to Taft created the conservative coalition which dominated domestic issues in congress until 1964

77
Q

What happened to the Republican and Democrat party 1939-52

A

1939-41 debate from republicans about whether to support Britain in war
In 1949 a total unknown Wilkie won over party, the delegates and was nominated. He crusaded against the inefficiencies of the new deal and Roosevelt’s break with strong tradition against 3rd term

Japanese attack 1941 ended isolationist-internationalist debate. Republicans further cut the democrat majority in 1942 mid-election

As a minority party, Republican had 2 wings / left wing supported most of new deal and right wing opposed it

1944 Roosevelt beat dewey but he had a good standing

Taft Hartley Act 1947 designed to balance rights of management and labour. It was the central issue of many elections in industrial states in the 1940s-50s but the unions were never able to repeal it

1948- republicans split left and right - Truman boldly called congress and sent it a load of liberal legislation consistent with Dewey platform and dared thencto act on it, knowing Conservative Republicans would block it

Eisenhower broke 21 year democrat
He did not roll back new deal but did expand social security system and built the interstate highway system

78
Q

Was Eisenhower and effective party leader

A

No

79
Q

What’s special about 1948 election

A

States rights party

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