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Foreign Policy 1865-1920 Flashcards

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1
Q

Manifest destiny

A

Belief WASPS mission to expand their civilisations and institutions across breadth of North America

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2
Q

Isolation

A

A policy of remaining part from the affairs or interests of other groups esp political affairs of other countries

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3
Q

Colonialism

A

America full of partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically

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4
Q

Colony

A

Country governed internally by a foreign power

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5
Q

Protectorate

A

Country with its own internal gov but under the control of an outside power

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6
Q

Sphere of influence

A

Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

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7
Q

Perclusive imperialism

A

Getting involved with another country - possibly taking it over - mostly to stop another country from doing so

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8
Q

Overall US politics before 1890

A

Seeking to keep America free of wars

Defensive

Seeking to keep America free of diplomatic tangles - steering clear of alliances

Seeking to keep clear of imperialism

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9
Q

Grant on foreign policy

A

1865 Grant wrote to his sister - reflected feeling of manifest destiny

Belief on continentalism (the consolidation of US to occupy North American continent) went hand it hand w belief in America as future world power

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10
Q

Specific reasons for making America look inward

A

Sense of American exceptionalism and desire to avoid international entanglements with Old Europe went back to founding father principles

Relations w Britain were complicated by tensions over US Canada border

Britain supported Confederacy during Civil war

Spain was anxious to protect its colonial empire against US expansion

Conservative regimes such as Austria-Hungarian Empire feared dangerous ideas of American democracy

Americans were hostile to interference of Mexico prompted by Emperor Napoleon 111 of France

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11
Q

Name continental expansion till 1865

A

1803 Louisiana Purchase

1818 Florida ceded by Spain

1830s - 45 American settled pushed through annexation of Texas

1846- Mexican War gained new territories in California and South West

1840s Oregan Trail enabled settlers to cross Great Plains and start new settlements in Pacific North West

After 1865- Vast new territories incorporated in US- Alaska, GReat Plains and far west

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12
Q

What was continentalism before 1865

Justified by

A

Reconciliation needed after civil war

Stabilisation of relations between Mexico and Canada

Order and stability to west

Complete the territorial consolidation of the nation

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13
Q

What is the concept of isolation

A

Relative term

Strands-

Anti colonialism

Geographical location - sense of seperation by ocean

Land of free - refuge from persecution

Underpinned by 1823 Monroe Doctrine

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14
Q

What President was the monroe doctrine made under

A

Monroe was

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15
Q

Who was Secretary of State during Monroe Doctrine formation

A

John Quincy Adams

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16
Q

What was America concerned with before Monroe Doctrine

A

Intervention from other European countries

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17
Q

What did the Monroe Doctrine do

A

Warn other countries - USA will remain neutral unless they intervene in US sphere on which case US will be involved

It became a vital foundation in American US foreign policy

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18
Q

Monroe Doctrine during civil war and after

A

Used in response to the attempt by France and Austria to establish an empire in Mexico

During civil war - seemed likely Archduke Maximilian would establish a secure imperial rule in Mexico

Once civil war over - there were furious protests from Congress and Press to stop foreign invasion

Grant and other generals wanted army to be sent to Mexico to defend Monroe Doctrine

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19
Q

Mexico

How did America react to France’s attempt to establish an empire in Mexico

A

Furious protests from Press and Congress against foreign invasions

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20
Q

Mexico -

How did this relate to the Monroe Doctrine

A

Represented a European power intervening in US hemisphere which Monroe Doctrine Warned not to do

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21
Q

Mexico

Who wanted military action

A

Grant and other army generals

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22
Q

Mexico - what did Secretary of State Seward do

A

Opted to rely on diplomatic pressure instead

Carefully avoided upon conflict

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23
Q

Mexico

How did the incident end

A

France lost interest

Mexicans fought a guerilla war and won

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24
Q

Mexico

What is the significance of this incident

A

Indication of Monroe Doctrine - importance and status and power

Can be an example of USA wanting to avoid being involved to a certain extent

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25
Q

When was France and Austria trying to invade Mexico

A

1862-1867

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26
Q

Seward

A

Wanted diplomatic pressure in Mexico

Seward pursuer an ambitious interventionist foreign policy, acquiring naval bases in the Caribbean and across the Ishnis of Panama

Many of these schemes failed to materialise but he did gain Midway Island in Pacific and Alaska Purchase

Died in 1869- successor was Fisk

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27
Q

When was Alaska Purchase

A

1867

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28
Q

Was the acquisition of Alaska planned or opportunist

A

Opportunist

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29
Q

Alaska - why did Russia change their policy

A

The Russian American company became a drain on resources

Russia feared US might just try seize the territory anyway

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30
Q

How much did America purchase Alaska for

A

$7.2 million

31
Q

What was the initial reaction to the Alaska Purchase

A

Denounced my politicians and press as foolish expensive mistake

32
Q

Alaska

How did the initial reaction to the purchase of it change

A

Strong commercial links were established to Wear Coast Ports like Seattle and SAN Francisco

The economic potential of the region for fish fur mining and logging became widely recognised even before

ALASKA YUKON GOLD RUSH LATE 1890s

There was further dispute w Alaska but this resolved 1903

33
Q

What were the complication in Canada

A

In 1865 Canada like US was an unfinished nation w tenuous links to west

The US-Canadian border has been agreed by treaties in 1842-6

However, this only covered Eastern Canada from Great Lakes to Atlantic

The west was an open question

34
Q

3 issues causing tension in Canada

A

Fenian Raids

Red River Colony

Western Canadian province of British Columbia

35
Q

What is the Irish Republican Brotherhood

A

A secret revolutionary group founded in Dublin by Stephens

Mohomy headed its American wing- known as the Fenian brotherhood - who’s ultimate goal was to free Ireland from British rule

While the IRB original ambitions were limited in Ireland itself, a militant Fenian faction led by Roberts advocated extending war of liberation to British North America

36
Q

What were the aims of the Fenian Brotherhood

A

Wanted to enter negotiations with British empire to exchange Canada for Ireland’s independence

More realistic members of Fenian Brotherhood understood this was far fetched

They focussed instead on possibility that the attack could precipitate war or at least cause enough disturbance to force British empire to reinforce Canada w large number of regular troops

Either of these - favourable climate for armed uprising in Ireland itself

37
Q

When was the Fenian Raids

A

1866-1871

38
Q

Explain the Fenian raids

A

5 of them

Initially US turned a blind eye because of Alabama Claims. This was because of the apparent support given by British Canadians to the Confederacy during Civil War

For example - the Union objected to the building of Confederate ships in British docklands

Negotiations to settle this began and issue was settled with 1872 compensation

39
Q

Explain the 1872 compensation

A

US gov took action against Fenians

Raids aroused genuine fear of American annexation

These fears pushed the Canadian provinces to join together in a national confederation

A 2nd area of dispute was the Red River Colony

Americans saw the fertile red river as ideal settlement and wanted to extend American control northwards

Tensions ran high 1866-70

40
Q

How did Steward escalate the imperialism after the 1872 compensation

A

After purchase of Alaska- 1867-seemed American annexation of entire Pacific coast might occur

Seward was an annexationalist and he and many Canadians were confident British Columbia would voluntarily become part of US

Eventually- fears of annexation filled by commitment to built national railroad to connect British Columbia w rest of nation

Completed 1866- fears of annexation abated

From 1871- tensions were generally low apart from Alaska boundary issue- amicably revolted 1903

41
Q

Who was Blaine

A

Secretary of State 1881+1889-92

Leading republican pres candidate 1884

By 1881- wanted to promote freeer trade esp within Western Hemisphere

Blaine under Garfield and Harrison emphasised ‘Good Neighbour Policy’ creates bilateral treaties to secure US trade

42
Q

Explain United Fruit

A

In guilded age - US companies like United Fruit became largest land wonders and employers on many central US nations

43
Q

US business and Latin America

A

US business flooded Latin America with goods, brought raw materials and undercut local Latin American business

44
Q

When was the Pan-American Conference

A

1889

45
Q

What is another name for the pan American conference

A

First international conference of American states

46
Q

Explain the pan-American conferences

A

Established the Americas as a loose affiliation of nations

Blaine developed ideas for conference which he hoped would establishes new diplomatic ties between different nations of America’s

His reasons:
Blaine’s wariness of British interference in America was strong - he saw inc trade with Latin America as the best way to keep Britain from dominating region

He believed by encouraging exports, he could increase American prosperity.
Garfield agreed with him and Blaine called for Pan American conference 1882 to mediate disputes among Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increased trade

47
Q

What was the initiation of the Panama Canal

A

At same time - Blaine hopes to negotiate a peace in War of Pacific then being fought by Bolina, Chile and Peru

Blaine sought to expand US influence in other areas calling for renegotiation or Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, allowing US to construct a canal through Panama w/out British involvement in strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii

His plans for US involvement in world stretched beyond Western Hemisphere as he sought commercial treaties wit Korea and Madagascar

By 1882- new secretaries reversed Blaine’s Latin American initiatives

(Ferlinghusen and Bayard)

48
Q

What did construction of the Panama Canal lead to?

A

Important trade routes to Asia

49
Q

1865-1890

Evidence of isolationism

A

Seward did opt to rely on diplomatic pressure on Mexico against France

Monroe Doctrine - stay out of European affairs and neutral

No US troops staying outside national boundaries in 1870,80 or 90s

50
Q

1865-1890 evidence of future imperialism

A

Call for military intervention against France in Mexico

Monroe Doctrine potential to intervene

Manifest destiny arguably a form of imperialism

Territorial consolidation in this period

51
Q

What was the National Myth

A

Settling of ‘empty west’ and a giant leap forward for modernity and progress fulfilling a civilising mission

Natives were noble savages and a barrier to progress

Natives were depicted as racially and culturally inferior and a problem for gov

52
Q

What was the reality for native Americans

A

Numerous nations - each with own ways and customs - own ancestral land own political and social structures

53
Q

How was conquest and colonisation of west made possible

A

War, treaties, executive decisions by gov enforced by US army

54
Q

By 1871 how many key battles occurred

A

101- the worst up to this period was Sand Creek Massacre in Colorado 1874

55
Q

Native Americans

Phase 1: recognise Indian nations and make ‘equal peace treaties’ with them

A

Treaty of medicine lodge 1867
- 3 treaties between Indian Peace Commission set up by Congress and the Indian Nation of Southern Plains

The result was new border intention - to ensure control over white encroachment onto native land

Treaty of Fort Laramie 1866-68 was similar -
It was established w Scoux Nation after Redclouds War 1866-68

Lead by Red Clouds to stop white encroachment (invasion on territory)

56
Q

Native Americans

Phase 2:
Shifts to ‘reservation or assimilation (WASPS) requiring Natives to accept life in demarcate reservations or assimilate as citizens

A

Requires natives to accept life on reservations or to assimilate as citizens
In part- intended to protect natives from exploitation and corruption

Grant appointed Quaker missionaries as agents to ensure higher ethical standards

From 1877- Hayes and Schurtz (Secretary of Interior) continued to reform Bureau of Indian Affairs to root out corruption

Result was some improvement but agents were often unable to enforce their authority over white settlers

Attitudes still remained that Natuves were culturally inferior

57
Q

How were native found in a cycle of white power

A

Initiation of conflict by white settlers

Decision by US gov and Bureau of Indian affairs

US army

58
Q

3 main theatres of war leading to 1877 and establishment of US military control

Native Americans

A

Great Plains and North West:
1874 Apache Wars ended when Cochise agreed a peace treaty

Breaches of 1868 peace treaty by white settlers and gold prospectors led to renewers wars in the Black Hills and to a major defeat of US army at Battle of Little Bighorn 1876

Following this - the Scoux and Cheyenne = brutally suppressed

North: Comanche and Cheyenne defeated in Red River War 1874-75.

In the Nez Pierce War 1877, Chief Joseph this Nez Perce warriors fought their way over 5 states towards Canada until they were forced to surrender by General Miles

59
Q

When was US military control effectively established

Native American land

A

1877

60
Q

What happened despite US military control 1877 on Native American land

A

Outbreaks of rebellion like Geronimos War from 1881-86 and Ghost Dance Rebellion of the Lahota Scoux which was crushed at wounded knee 1890

By this point, influx of white settlers pushed natives to margins of society
The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 saw 2km acres of Indian Territory as free land to white settlers

61
Q

Sitting Bull

A

Found in red clouds war 66-68

War leader in Black Hills War 1876

After defeat 1877 Sitting Bull went into exile in Canada till 1881- returned to surrender

Killed 1890- resisting police sent to arrest him

62
Q

Joseph of Nez Perce

A

Chief of Wallowa Nez Perce 1871

Negotiated peace with US army 1873 but army broke agreement in 1877 leading to Nez Perce war

Became prominent campaigner for return of Indian land

Invited to meet Hayes 1873
Invited to meet T Roosevelt 1903

63
Q

Geronimo

A

Fought series of wars against Mexico and US after family killed in Mexican attack

Apache wars ended 1874 when Cochise made peace and Apache people confined to a reservation but Geronimo escaped to Mexico 1881

Geronimo War - till 1866 agreed to make peace

Later - celeb - ????????

64
Q

General Nelson Miles

A

Made colonies 1866- 26 years old

Fought in many wars (Indian) eg red river

1866- given command of effort to capture Geronimo

Supervised defeat of Ghost dance rebellion

Fought Spanish US war

65
Q

Carl Schurz

A

Came to US 1882 after political exile - became pro Republican journalist in Wisconsin

1869-74 —> senator for Missouri, 1st Ger-American in Senate

1877- appointed secretary of interior , response for Indian affairs

Later - influential newspaper editor and member of Anti-imperialist league

66
Q

Americanisation : Assimilation

Native Americans

A

By 1880 most native Americans were settled on reservations and by 1877 they held 138m acres though much was unsuitable for agriculture

During guilded age many attempts to interstate natives to American life

67
Q

What was formed to develop more orderly methods of conducting Indian relations

A

Bureau of Indian affairs - later amended by act of 1849 -

transferred Office of Indian Affairs to department on interior -

within century - controlled virtually every aspect of Indian existence

68
Q

What did the office of Indian affairs do

A

Removal tribes to reservations - disease and starving - forced gov to begin providing tribes with food and other supplies

Administrating distribution of this aid became responsibility of BIA

But by 1860s- agency not discharging its duties response

Unscrupulous Indian agents inc misery on reservations generated hostility

1867- Congress appointed a Peace Commision to study problems of the BIA’s administration of reservations

69
Q

What was the Peace Commision

A

1876- congress formed it to study the problems of the BIA’s administration of reservations

The commision recommended many changes included the appointment of honest more effective agents and the establishment of a separate, independent agency for Indian affairs

Some improvements were forthcoming but the recommendations to remove the BIA from the Interior Department and establish it as an independent agency was never followed

70
Q

BIA during 1880s

A

Assimilation era

BIA’s presence in reservations increase dramatically

Indian agents became responsible for operating schools, despising justice, distributing supplies, administrating allotments and leasing contracts

By 1900, Indian agents had in effort become the tribal government

71
Q

When was the Dawes act

A

1877

72
Q

What is the Dawes act

A

Provided each head of Indian family with 160 acres of farmland or 320 grazing land

Then all remaining open for white

Force assimilation

1899- Oklahoma land rush - 2 eastern women came to Nez Persh- determined to implement Dawes Act

Fletches - leader - ‘friends of indians’

Natives didn’t agree with the act and said they had no choice

Fletcher marked new boundaries - measuring women - for 4 years tried to divide land fairly while fending off whites who wanted the best land

Before Dawes act - 150 million acres in Indian hands
20 years later - 2/3 gone

73
Q

When was wounded knew and why did it occur

A

1890

Response to conditions in reservations

Final defeat

History (19 decks)

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