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History > Reconstruction- During Grant's Presidency > Flashcards

Reconstruction- During Grant's Presidency Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the presidential election

A

1868

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2
Q

How did the presidential election go

A

Knows as Reconstruction election

Democrats put forward Seymour

Republicans put forward Grant

Outcome- Grant won

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3
Q

What did the 15th Amendment do

A

Said the vote can’t be denied for blacks (any race/colour etc)

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4
Q

How did black people get given the vote

A

W the 14th and 15th Amendment

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5
Q

Why did Republicans pursue the 15th Amendment

A

To ensure the South was not dominated by Democrats

To get blacks to vote republican and fast before moderate and radicals split

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6
Q

What progress was the African American community making

A

Independent churches created unity

Political participation- 600 African Americans served in Southern state legislatures down to 1890s

Education- still limited- schools underfunded

80% blacks still illiterate by 1877

Segregation- Sumner tried to issue bill to stop it- DIED

lack of land reform- cycle of poverty in rural areas

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7
Q

Why weren’t blacks voting

A

Kkk (although where Army was present, KKK members imprisoned)

Violence

Blacks worked on land
Land owners said they couldn’t vote - land reform

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8
Q

1865-1867

There was mass black participation in politics

Explain

A

8/10 voters were freedmen

Republican role lasted longest in states w the black vote
Eg Mississippi

Black contenders 1865-67

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9
Q

Name supremist groups

A

Kkk

Red shirts

White league

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10
Q

How many members did the KKK have in 1867

A

14,000

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11
Q

When was the KKK disbanded and why

What did they do

A

1869 due to threats from gov

They abandoned it’s social clubs and became a secret organisation intent on terrorist activities

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12
Q

How many members were in the Redshirts in 1874

A

14000

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13
Q

What did the federal government do in 1870 and 1871 to deal with opposition from KKK etc

A

3 enforcement acts

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14
Q

When were the 3 enforcement acts passed

A

1870 and 1871

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15
Q

Why were the 3 enforcement acts passed

A

The strengthen the provision of the 14th and 15th amendments and try to limit discrimination

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16
Q

What was another name given to the Enforcement acts

A

Klu klux klan laws

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17
Q

Example of white league attack

A

White league involved in Battle of Liberty 1874

Led to 38 deaths and 79 wounded

18
Q

After violence (1874) what happened to government

A

Republican governor replaced by Democratic

19
Q

What was The Mississippi Plan

And what happened in Mississippi in relations to supremacy and its effects

A

Saw a campaign of physical threats and blatant violence against black and white republican voters in the south

Enabled white supremesists to take over the government of Mississippi illegally in 1875

White democrats and veterans of the Confederate army forced themselves into parliamentary org disguised as rifle clubs

75 killed in Mississippi in 1874 with Red shirts reasserting their dominance

Federal troops did restore order 2 weeks later

BUT REDSHIRTS reapplied pressure

Democrats won control of Mississippi

1874- same tactics used in 3 southern republican states so Democratic gov solidified the south for years to come

20
Q

1874
Democratic gov solidified south

What did they argue

A

That black enfranchisement went against state rights BUT they didn’t control enough states to alter anything

21
Q

What 3 things restricted blacks from voting? (But not whites)

A

Grandfather clause- you could vote if your grandfather did
Poor illiterate whites could
Black ancestors were slaves

Literacy test- most blacks illiterate

Poll tax- have to pay at least £2000 in tax yearly
Blacks were poor

22
Q

What can be seen as good progress of reconstruction in AA lives

A

Political participation- 600 AA served in southern state legislatures down to 1890s

Summer tried to stop segregation proving strong support for AA

8/10 votes came from freedmens (3% in 1900 and 10% in 1965)

Republican role lasted longest in states e largest black vote- Mississippi, South Carolina etc

Black conventions 1865-1867

Black constituted the majority in South Carolina legislature and were involved in all legislatures

Some ambitious public work schemes- roads etc- created employment and development

23
Q

What can be seen as bad progress for AA or needs improvement

A

Education was limited 80% still illiterate by 1877

Growth of extreme groups

Segregation started to take hold and Sumner died 1874 so couldn’t stop it

No blacks became governors

Black office holders joined the elite BUT they often differed from black voters,being free for some time so had different priorities

No state initiated land reform

Redistribution of land failed

Lack of land- reform- cycle of poverty in rural areas- share cropping

House of Representatives 6% black

Tax in North high due to expense

Wasteful and corrupt bribery life

Attempts by states to stop blacks voting was successful

24
Q

Grants administration overall

A

15th Amendment
Kkk Act
Civil rights 1875(despite declared unconstitutional 1883)

White violence in colfax and other places-
Republicans only keeping power due to intervention of federal troops
Redeemers - helped by Grants Amnesty Act 1872- allowed large number of ex confederates to return to political life

Supreme Court issues 3 rulings in 1876 which went in favour of conservatives who take literal meaning of laws

Presidency clouded by scandals

Republican parry divided between stalwart and liberal republicans- little energy to devote to Reconstruction

Economic issues came to forefront due to scandal
Panic of 1873- financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted 1873-79 and longer in some countries eg France and Bri ‘long depression’

25
Q

Explain scandals under grant

A

Black Friday- speculators tied To Grant cornered the gold market and ruined the economy for several years

Salary grab

New York custom house ring

Credit mobilier Scandal 1872
Union Pacific railroad and credit mobilier construction company
Charged railroads at a higher rate
$9 mill in stock secretly given as bribed to IS powerful Washington

26
Q

When was the financial panic

A

1873

27
Q

Explain the financial pains of 1873

A

89 railroads crashed

18,000 businesses failed in 2 years

1876- unemployment 14%

28
Q

What was the ‘issue’ with the Supreme Court

A

Dominated by conservatives who took a very conservative view of acts l- deemed them to be unconstitutional

14th and 15th Amendment open to interpretation

29
Q

What was the result of the supreme courts comservativeness (3)

A

Slaughterhouse cases 1873

US vs Cruikshank

1876 US vs Reece

30
Q

What did the slaughter house cases do

A

Allowed legal segregation

As 14- ‘equality’

Segregation- separate but equal

Dejure segregation

Started the wave of Jim Crow Laws

31
Q

What is dejure

A

Legal segregation

32
Q

What did 1876 US vs Reece do

A

Allowed voting restrictions

1900- 3% black men can vote

This did not apply to north tho

33
Q

What is de factor segregation

A

Segregation but not legal

Applied in north u

34
Q

What was the last successful piece of legislation in Congress

A

Civil rights act 1875

35
Q

Explain the Civil Rights Act 1875

A

Aimed to eliminate social discrimination and forbade discrimination in all public places such as theatres hotels and restaurants

Bill stated that blacks should be treated as equals under the law and that they could sue violates of law in federal court

Unfortunately- proved ineffective- Democrats made sure the bill was unenforceable
Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional

Act stated that blacks had to file claims to defend their own rights and the federal gov can’t do it for them

But many blacks still poor and the House of Democrats knew the lawsuit would require money and effort

36
Q

How did Democrats slowly regain power

A

Republicans became weaker as northerners stopped caring about reconstruction

Depression of 1873 and pressure of KKK drive most white unionists, carpet baggers and scalawags our of south mid 1870s leaving blacks alone to fight for racial legislation

Democrats regained their seats in state legislation beginning W majorities in Virginia, Tennessee in 1869 and moving steadily onwards to other states

Many democrats used violence and some republicans were even murdered in Mississippi in the 1875 elections

Blacks were terrorised not to vote

1877 Democrats has mojority in every southern state

Some radicals died- Sumner 1868

37
Q

Explain the sharecropper cycle of poverty

A

Sharecropper given land and seeds
Exchange- promises owner 50% crop

Sharecropper buys good and clothes on credit from land owner store

Sharecropper plants and harvests crop

Sharecropper gives landowner 50%. Sharecropper gets half earnings minus the costs that heat

Then landowner says sharecropper owes more hen earns

To pay debt, sharecropper promised landowner a greater share next year

(By the time sharecropper had shared crops and paid debt, rarely had money left. Many were uneducated and couldn’t argue w landowners or merchants that cheated them)
A sharecropper frequently became tied to one plantation, having no choice but to work until debt is paid

38
Q

What was the effect of sharecropping

A

Cycle of poverty - can’t vote- less eligible

Close to slavery- in debt so had less power

White superior

Can’t travel if in debt

Can’t purchase land- no social mobility

Can’t pay for education- unskilled

39
Q

Who were carpet baggers

A

During military rule

Came to north to impliment policy of reconstruction

40
Q

Who were scalawags

A

Assisted carpet baggers

White southerners who cooperated with blacks and aimed to impose reconstruction in the south

History (19 decks)

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