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American History - Ben > Social (1945-75) > Flashcards

Social (1945-75) Flashcards

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1
Q

2

Describe positive changes in housing (1945-1960)

A
  • Home ownership expanded from 50% (1945) to 62% (1960)
  • Number of people living in suburbs grew from 17% in 1920 to 33% by 1960
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2
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Describe negative changes in housing (1945-1960)

A
  • Sub-urbanisation left inner-cities, with higher concentration of ethnic minorities, lacking investment as tax revenues declined due to absence of middle-class
  • Process has started during war years
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3
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3

Describe the growth of leisure activities (1945-60)

A
  • Facilitated by consumerism: frozen-food, TVs, lesire-saving devices
  • By 1960, 87% Americans owned at least one TV
  • over 4k shopping malls in late 1950s compared with 8 in 1946
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4
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1

Describe the problem with shopping centre construction

A

Forced small business closure

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5
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4

Describe changes in marriage (1945-60)

A
  • Golden Age of nuclear family
  • divorce rate fell from 17.9 per 1000 marriages in 1946 to 9.6 by 1953
  • Average age of marriage for females fell from 21.5yrs in 1940 to 20.1yrs by 1956
  • Within average 7 months of marriage, women were pregant
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6
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4

Describe cinema (1945-60)

A
  • Less popular than inter-war years
  • Average weekly attendance fell from 90m to 47m, from 1946-56
  • Expansion of drive-in cinemas - 4k across 50s and early 60s
  • Labelled as ‘passion pits’ due to privacy of drive-ins and affordability for dates
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7
Q

3

Describe Hollywood (1945-60)

A
  • Saw rise of rebellious anti-hero
  • ‘Respected’ actors like Tyrone Power and Van Johnson replaced
  • More socially rebellious characters played by James Dean, Paul Newman, Marlon Brando
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8
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4

Describe television (1945-60)

A
  • Number of TV sets rose from 60k in 1947 to 37m in 1955
  • by 1956, $15.6m spent on sale and repair of TV sets
  • estimated that watching TV was favourite leisure activity of 1/2 nation by 1960
  • Major film actors like Loretta Young and Ray Milland recruited to TV - TV rivalling film
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9
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3

Describe popular programmes (1945-60)

A
  • Regular audience of 50m watched ‘I love Lucy’
  • Lucille Ball
  • Shows like Donna Reed Show and Leave it to Beaver reinforced stereotypes about women and family values
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10
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4

Describe Lucille Ball

A
  • I Love Lucy star actress
  • Broke mould by being both actress and producer on show
  • 1953, awarded $8m contract
  • controversially had communist ties (joined Communist Party in 1936)
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11
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2

Describe advertising in TV (1945-60)

A
  • Advertisers sponsored programes such as The Colgate Comedy Hour
  • 1955, Disney-produced Davy Crockett series accompaneid by $300k merchandise sales
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12
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4

Describe the immigration of hispanics 1930s-75

A
  • Huge inward immigration of Hispanics to West USA
  • first wave of immigration in 1930s Dust Bowl alongside okies
  • second wave of immigration 1942-60s - ‘Bracero programme’ set up by Mexican and US govts to supply guest workers
  • 2m Mexican-Americans by 1975
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13
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3

Describe change of hispanics 1930s-75

A
  • Substantial increase in immigration
  • advent of illegal immigration organised by people-smuggling gangs
  • Emergence of Chicano Movement in 1960s
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14
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3

Describe continuity of hispanics 1930s-75

A
  • ‘Bracero programme’ marked continuity with previous hispanic immigration
  • Continued calls to restrict illegal immigration and ensure social integration
  • Sesame Street’s creation in 1966 largely driven by desire to find effective ways for Hispanics to speak English
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15
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5

Describe the Chicano Movement

A
  • Social and political hispanic mvement that encouraged cultural revitalisation and rejected assimilation
  • Influenced heavily by Black Power movement and Black Panthers
  • Used tactics such as boycotts, draft evasion, school walkouts, etc
  • Inlcuded ogranisations such as Brown Berets and MAYO
  • Encountered heavy state surveillance and repression

MAYO - Mexican American Youth Organisation

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16
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3

Describe the East LA walkouts 1968

A
  • March 1968
  • 20-30k students walked out
  • Protest against poor quality of education
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17
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3

Describe the Chicano Moratorium

A
  • Coalition of anti-war Mexican-Americans
  • August 1970 March drew 30k spectators
  • Single-largest anti-war demonstration by single ethnic group by that point
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18
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3

Describe the Indian Claims Commission

A
  • Set up 1944
  • Designed to compensate NA for their past exploitation so they could take their place as US citizens (assimilation)
  • Carried out under Truman
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19
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5

Describe Native American termination under Eisenhower

A
  • August 1953
  • House Concurrent Resolution, Number 108, announces termination policy
  • Reservations should be broken up
  • NA encouraged to move to urban areas to find work and hence live as most US citizens
  • Began with the sale of valuable lands belonging to the Menominee in Wisconsin and the Klamath in Oregon
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20
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5

Describe the effect of the termination policy

A
  • Many who left reservations ended up in unemployment and alcoholism and simply returned to the reservations
  • 1960, only 13k out of 40k NA had left the reservations permanently
  • 1960, only 3% of reservation land has been sold
  • Policy was abandoned
  • Contributed to the Red Power and more militant activism of the 60’s
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21
Q

4

Describe NAs by 1975

A
  • Unemployment 10x higher than avergae citizens
  • Life expectancy rate 20 years below average
  • Sucide rate 100x higher than whites
  • Wounded Knee
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22
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4

Describe the Wounded Knee Occupation 1973

A
  • 200 Olgaga Lakota and followers of American Indian movement staged 71-day occupation of Wounded Knee
  • Protest followed failure of OSCRO to remove corrupt tribal president Richard Wilson
  • Also protested US Government failure to fulfill treaties
  • 200 FBI agents and police surrounded area
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23
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4

Describe the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Occupation 1973

A
  • Recieved international publicity
  • Polls showed widespread public support
  • Support from well known figures e.g. Marlon Brando, Johnny Cash
  • Though political attention centred on Watergate scandal
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24
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7

List the reasons for the emergence of the Youth Culture

A
  • Youth affluence
  • Youth entertainment
  • Baby boom
  • Consumerism had expanded gap between childhood and adulthood
  • Greater opportunities to travel (‘Golden Age of Flying’)
  • GI Bill 1944
  • Idealism of Kennedy’s ‘New Frontier’
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25
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5

Describe the impact of the GI Bill 1944 on 1940s youth affluence

A
  • Govt provided $800-1.4k a year for veterans to attend college
  • Covered 50-80% of total costs
  • Included extra funding in addition to tuition, permitting youth to have funds for life outside of schools
  • Veterans 10% more likely to go to college
  • Greater social mobility
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26
Q

4

Describe youth affluence in 1950s

A
  • Teenage market with specifically targeted products worth $10bn by 1955
  • 1957, estimated average teenager had $10-15 to spend weekly
  • Compared to $1-2 in 1940s
  • Teenage average annual spending rose from $10bn in 1950 to £25bn in 1959
27
Q

3

Describe youth films (1945-75)

A
  • Teenage violence influenced by more rebellious cinema
  • Rebel without a Cause (1955) made anti-hero James Dean a cult hero
  • Included scenes of intoxication, trouble with police and argument with family
28
Q

4

Describe rock and roll music

A
  • Gave teenagers their own genre of music
  • Eruption of Elvis Prestley in 1956 broke record songs
  • Older generations dispproved of his sensual style of gyration
  • Riased pinky at 1957 LA Concert to protest calls to tone down his moves
29
Q

2

List Elvis Prestley songs

A
  • Hound Dog (1956)
  • It’s Now or Never (1960) was No1 for 5 weeks
30
Q

3

Describe teenage violence in the 1950s

A
  • 1954 publication of The Seduction of the Innocent by psychologist exposed brutality of comic books, forcing their content to be toned down
  • Murders carried out by teenagers in 1956 rose by 26% on previous year
  • Many argued this was result of growth of ‘latch-key kids’ whose both parents constantly worked
31
Q

2

Describe the continuity of the youth movement in the 1950s

A
  • ½ male teenagers still drafted into armed forces
  • Average age of female marriage dropped from 21.5 years in 1940 to 20.0 years in 1960
32
Q

3

Describe the conscription for the Vietnam War

A
  • Lasted 1964-73
  • Done through randomised draft system
  • approximately 1.9m personnel drafted
33
Q

5

Describe the reasons for the student movement in the 1960s

A
  • Wanted greater control over their education
  • Inspired by MLK and Civil Rights campaign
  • Growing anti-Vietnam War sentiment, especially against conscription
  • New music culture saw the rise of protest music
  • Tightly-packed campuses led to faster exchange of left-wing ideas and action
34
Q

5

Describe youth involvement in the civil rights movement

A
  • Elizabeth Eckford 14 at Little Rock Nine events in 1955
  • Heavily involved in SNCC, CORE
  • 1964, student societies organised rallies in support of civil rights campaign
  • March from Selma 1965 led by 25yo John Lewis
  • Black Panthers: Huey Newton 24 at formation, Fred Hampton 21 at assassination
35
Q

3

Describe the reasons for youth opposition to the Vietnam War

A
  • Increasing US death toll
  • Controversial tactics
  • Influential black figures like MLK voiced opposition as disproportionate number of AA students called up to fight
36
Q

7

Describe the Vietnam War youth protests

A
  • Unified student movement with little opposition
  • 100 demonstrations involving 400k students in first half of 1968
  • 700k marched on DC in 1969
  • Demonstrations saw burning of draft cards as well as the US flag (illegal) which resulted in angry clashes with the police
  • March 1969, 9k students marched to protest ROTC’s presence on campus at University of Washington
  • SDS March 1965
  • Hanoi Jane 1972

ROTC - Reserve Officers Training Corps

37
Q

4

Describe the formation and structure of the SDS

A
  • Students for Democratic Society launched 1960
  • One of principal organisations of New Left
  • Roots in social democratic student branch of League for Industrial Democracy and civil rights movement
  • Operated under principles of the ‘Port Huron Statement’ 1962 - manifesto written by Tom Hayden and Haber
38
Q

2

Describe the growth of the SDS

A
  • in the 1960s, had 300 campus chapters
  • 30k supporters recorded nationwide at last national convention in 1969
39
Q

4

Describe the actions of the SDS

A
  • Occupied university administration buildings across country
  • SDS march on Washington 1965
  • Opposed Johnson’s 1967 law to end draft deferment of those in graduate school
  • Responsible for ‘Chicago seven’ riot that destroyed pro-war Hubert Humphrey’s election campaign at 1968 Democrat convention
40
Q

3

Describe the SDS march on Washington 1965

A
  • April 1965
  • 15-25k college students marches to capital
  • Largest American peace protest hitherto
41
Q

4

Describe Hanoi Jane

A
  • Jane Fonda - daughter of famous Hollywood liberal star Henry Fonda
  • Visited North Vietnam in 1972
  • Allowed herself to be photographed sitting on North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun
  • Inspired furious Conservative hostility
42
Q

4

Describe the Kent State shooting 1970

A
  • Nationwide student strike against expansion of war into Cambodia
  • 28 National Guard soldiers fired 67 rounds, killing 4 students during SDS protest
  • Photographs distributed widely and won Pulitzer Prize
  • 100k demonstrated in DC 5 days after shooting
43
Q

4

Describe the Weathermen

A
  • Violent offshoot of SDS
  • Bombed recruitment centres and government buildings
  • Nixon used FBI to undermine weathermen
  • Took greater role in anti-war movement following SDS collapse in 1969 after factionalism
44
Q

7

Describe the ‘hippie’ movement

A
  • Emerged in early 1960s
  • Characterised by long hair, distinctive clothes and alternative lifestyle
  • Travelled in flower-themed buses and vans
  • Slogan: ‘make love, not war’
  • Opposed Vietnam War
  • Associated with heavy usage of Cannabis and LSD
  • SF became hippie capital of USA
45
Q

3

Describe the impact of the student movement on youth culture

A
  • Cemented political nature of ‘youth culture’
  • More fashion conscious
  • Moved away from norms of older generation
46
Q

4

Describe the achievements of the student movement

A
  • Did not bring end to Vietnam War - but forced shift in policy to withdrawal (though Nixon escalated war in many respects)
  • Certainly influenced LBJ decision to drop out of 1968 election
  • Provided publiclty for continued prevalence of racism
  • Support of white students for black civil rights campaign strengthened movement
47
Q

3

Describe the female stereotyping of advertising 1950s

A
  • Ladies’ Home Journal publsihed articles on cooking, cleaning and fashion, playing into the desirable homemaker image
  • Dr Spock’s influential book on childcare sold 1m copies every year throughout 1950s
  • Focus on white mc women
48
Q

3

Describe the female liberalisation of advertising 1950s

A
  • Ladies Home Journal ran collection highlighting WC ethnic women
  • 1960, magazine Redbook ran $500 competion encouraging entries on why women felt trapped
  • 24k entries
49
Q

5

Describe the 1950s baby boom

A
  • Nappies became $50m industry by 1957
  • 4m babies born each year in 1950s
  • Average age of marriage for a woman fell from 21.5 to 20.1 in 1940-1956
  • majority of women were pregnant withi 7 months of marriage
  • encouraged by magazines stating that ‘Femininity begins at home’
50
Q

1

Describe the change in women in the workforce 1945-60

A
  • 36% of married women in workforce in 1940; 60% in 1960
51
Q

5

Describe the continuity in women in the workforce 1945-60

A
  • Proportion of women in workforce only increased by 4% from 1950 to 1960
  • Most women willingly gave up war-time jobs
  • Media promoted giving up work to renew prosperity through rapid reconversion
  • Research by Betty Friedan in 1957 found that 89% of all-female Smith College graduates were homemakers
  • Paper Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (1947) blamed teenage drinking on career women
52
Q

2

Describe changes in women in education in the 1950s

A
  • 1950 - 721k were enrolled at university
  • 1960 - 1.3m
53
Q

2

Describe continuity in women in education in the 1950s

A
  • Only 2% of black women completed college 1940-1945
  • MRS degrees - women went to college/university to find husband rather than get degree
54
Q

2

Describe the image of women in the 1950s

A
  • Role seen to stabilise nuclear family
  • Advertising highlighted ‘misery’ of women working in factories in Communist states - in contrast to idealistic homemaking lifestyle in USA
55
Q

2

Describe the extent of the sexual revolution of the 1950s

A
  • Growth of the car industry facilitated a place for young couples to be alone together
  • Girls who got pregnant out of wedlock often forced to drop out of school and shunned by society
56
Q

4

Describe change in women and politics 1960-75

A
  • NOW (National Organization for Women) formed 1966
  • 1968, New York Radical Women led protestant against 1969 Miss America contest against systemic sexualisation of women
  • Democrat Shirley Chisholm became first black-female congresswoman in 1968, first AA woman to run for President in 1972
  • 1971, HoR passed ERA 354-24
57
Q

4

Describe the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A
  • Proposed amendment to guarantee equal legal rights on basis of sex
  • Reinforce 14th amendment
  • Proponents argue it would end legal discrimination in divorce, property, employment, etc
  • ‘Stop ERA’ campaign claimed it would remove necessary protections, strengthen abortion rights, etc
58
Q

4

Describe continuity in women and politics 1960-75

A
  • Female turnout in 1964 was 5% lower than the male turnout
  • Ratification deadline for ERA expired
  • NOW and the Women’s Liberation Movement vilified by the press
  • Dubbed ‘radical lesbian’ New Left organisations by hostile journalists
59
Q

2

Describe feminist literature 1960-75

A
  • Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963) - the ‘problem with no name’
  • Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics (1970) - criticised objectification of women in culture
60
Q

4

Describe the change in women in the workforce 1960-75

A
  • 1963 Equal Pay Act - criminalised gender pay gap
  • 1972, SC ruled that the constitution gave men and women completely equal rights
  • 1/5 women with children u6 and 1/4 of women with children over 16 held paid jobs in the 60s
  • by 1975, 2/3 of female college students rjected idea woman’s place was in home
61
Q

5

Describe continuity in women in the workforce 1960-75

A
  • Pay still only 73% of professional men’s by 1975
  • 43% of women worked, compared to 75% of men
  • 95% of company managers were male
  • 7% doctors were women
  • 4% lawyers were women
62
Q

1

Describe the change in women in education 1960-75

A
  • 1972 Education Amendment Act - outlawed educational gender discrimination
63
Q

2

Describe black women and poetry 1960-75

A
  • Audre Lorde, a lesbian, wrote notable poems such as The First Cities (1968)
  • Maya Angelou’s Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ‘fore I Diiie nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1972

Both were black women

64
Q

5

Describe Reproductive Freedom 1960-75

A
  • Birth control pill approved by government in 1960
  • 80% of women using contraception in 1970s
  • Average birth rate declined from 3.62 (1960) to 1.9 (end of 1970s)
  • Roe v Wade 1973 legallised abortion federally
  • Before SC judgement, abortion only legal in 5 states

American History - Ben (22 decks)

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