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American History - Ben > Social (1890-1920) > Flashcards

Social (1890-1920) Flashcards

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1
Q

4

Describe lynchings 1890-1920

A
  • 3724 lynchings between 1889-1929
  • 85% of victims were AA
  • only 4 lynchers arrested
  • 1901, proposed anti-lynching bill introduced by former slave Congressman George Henry White openly opposed by elected politicians
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2
Q

4

Describe Ben Tillman

A
  • Democrat Governor of SC
  • Nicknamed ‘Pitchfork Ben’
  • Openly encouraged lynching mobs - even participated personally
  • Escaped criticism through his local political dominance
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3
Q

1

Why was their a lack of civil rights activism 1890-1920?

A

Hard to make progress in white dominated South

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4
Q

2

Describe the Springfield riot 1908

A
  • lynch mob ran riot in Springfield, Illinois (birthplace of Lincoln)
  • 9 black people and 8 white people killed
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5
Q

3

Describe W.E.B Du Bois

A
  • his collection of essays ‘The Souls of Black Folk’ (1903) is landmark of AA literature
  • founded Niagara movement in 1905 - opposed racial segregation and disenfranchisement
  • founded NAACP in 1909
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6
Q

4

Describe the NAACP

A
  • Founded 1909
  • Coalition of black intellectuals and white liberals (latter was initially majority)
  • committed itself to the abolition of segregation and to enforce equal voting rights
  • By 1919, had 90k members in 300 branches
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7
Q

2

Describe the revival of the KKK 1890-1920

A
  • Revival of KKK from 1915
  • 1915 - Epic silent film ‘the birth of a nation’ glorifies KKK
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8
Q

4

Describe Ida Wells

A
  • black newspaperwoman in Memphis
  • wrote articles in 1891 critical of education available to AA children
  • 1892, attacked the lynching fever and a mob destroyed the paper’s office
  • Her office was ransacked and she fled the South
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9
Q

3

Describe Frazier Baker

A
  • 1897, appointed postmaster of Lake City under McKinley administration
  • Local campaign forced his removal
  • 1898 , white mob attacked his home and murdered him and his infant daughter
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10
Q

2

Describe segregation 1890-1920

A
  • Between 1887-1892, 9 states passed laws requiring segregation on public conveyancers
  • Plessy v Ferguson 1896
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11
Q

3

Describe Plessy v Ferguson 1896

A
  • 1892, Homer Plessy imprisoned for refusing to move off white first-class carriage
  • Violated Separate Car Act 1890 in Louisiana
  • Ruled segregation and Jim Crow constitutional permitted ‘separate but equal’
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12
Q

4

Describe Booker T Washington

A
  • Founded Tuskegee institute in 1881
  • Moderate compared to W.E.B Du Bois
  • Atlanta Compromise 1895
  • TR invited him to WH in 1901
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13
Q

4

Describe the Atlanta Compromise 1895

A
  • Promoted industrial education, industrial occupations and learning of other practical trades for AAs
  • Suggested AAs should not focus efforts on equality or integration
  • Work with system not against it
  • first supported then opposed by WEB Du Bois
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14
Q

3

Describe political progress in the AA situation 1890-1920

A
  • Booker T Washington invited to WH - denoucned by Tillman
  • Wilson public statements gave hope
  • NAACP formation 1909
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15
Q

5

Describe political limitations in the AA situation 1890-1920

A
  • Ben Tillman
  • Black leaders like Du Bois disillusioned by cautious approach of Pres Taft
  • Wilson electorally dependent on South
  • Plessy v Ferguson 1896
  • Atlanta Compromise 1895
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16
Q

1

Describe the ‘Great Migration’

A

Movement of 6m AA from rural Southern areas to urban areas of Northern states between 1916-70

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17
Q

2

Describe the push factors for the ‘Great Migration’

A
  • Ongoing racial oppression in JC laws
  • Poor economic conditions
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18
Q

1

Describe the pull factors for the ‘Great Migration’

A
  • Reports of good wages and living conditions - spread by AA newspapers and word of mouth
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19
Q

4

List the different factors of segregaton 1890-1912

A
  • Plessy v Ferguson 1896
  • Lack of unified political movement - Atlanta Compromise
  • Lynching (including Tilman)
  • Regional tensions in urban North
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20
Q

6

Describe mass immgration 1890-1920

A
  • 1890-1920, 20m imms, mostly from Europe (18.4m 1890-WW1)
  • Record 8.5m imms in 1900-1910
  • By 1900, NY had more Italians than Naples and over double the Irish as Dublin
  • By 1914, 1.4m Jews in a NY pop of 4.7m
  • Chinese and Japanese imms usally settled in SF
  • By 1890, 1/10th of population was Chinese
21
Q

4

Describe the effects of immigration on cities

A
  • Agencies ensured employment within hours of arrival
  • Formed unskilled cheap workforce in rapidly growing industries
  • Assmilated and became important consumers
  • Shaped character of cities e.g. Polish Triangle in Chicago
22
Q

1

Describe urbanisation 1890-1920

A
  • Percentage living in urban areas grew from 20% (1860) to 51% (1920)
23
Q

3

Describe the poor conditions of urban areas 1890-1920

A
  • By 1900, over ⅔ of those arrivals from 1880-1900 existed below subsistence level
  • Regularly lived in tenement housing
  • Low wages meant women and children often had to work
24
Q

3

Describe tenement housing 1890-1920

A
  • Overcrowded - up to 12 people
    * In 1900, only 4% of NYC tenements had indoor plumbing
  • Disease common - 1 in 5 children dying before the age of 5 in some urban areas
25
Q

3

Describe political reformist responses to mass urbanisation 1890-1920

A
  • In 1901, NYC established the Tenement House Department
  • City Beautiful Movement emerged in 1900s - aimed to improve urban design and provide more green spaces
  • Progressive Movement and goo-goos advocated for political reforms and better working conditions for immigration
26
Q

1

What did the Tenement House Department (NYC) do?

A

required landlords to provide basic sanitation and ventilation

27
Q

4

Describe the reaction to immigration 1890-1920

A
  • Groups like American Protective Association put pressure on government to limit immigration
  • Trade Union and existing urban worker opposition as imms often used as strikebreakers
  • Southern/Eastern Europeans did not assimilate into US culture as much as Northern Europeans
  • Fears they brought radical left ideas of anarchism and socialism
28
Q

2

Describe the Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

A
  • Japan agreed to deny valid US passports for workers intending to emigrate to USA
  • except to certain categories of business and professional men
29
Q

5

Describe change for women in WW1

A
  • 1m in war effort
  • Employment rate grew from 24% to circa 40% (1918)
  • 90k served in armed forces in Europe as clerks, nurses, etc
  • Greater freedoms - smoking, drinking, going out unchaperoned
  • Participation in WW1 weighed heavy on passage of 19th amendment (1920)
30
Q

4

Describe continuity for women in WW1

A
  • Few in specialised-industry - only 6k in aircraft manufacture
  • Role seen to buy war bonds
  • Unions still opposed hiring of women
  • Little job security as dimissed after war
31
Q

5

Describe change for AAs in WW1

A
  • ‘War for Democracy’ saw 360k volunteer and 200k serve abroad
  • Industrialisation in North accelerated Great Migration
  • Black consciousness spurred by interaction with attitudes of less racist French
  • Black Press comprised 200 weekly papers and 6 monthly magazines
  • The NAACP periodical The Crisis increased circulation from 41k to 74k (1917-1918)
32
Q

3

Describe the ‘Great Migration’ in WW1

A
  • 500k Southern AAs moved to Northern cities
  • 1914 to 1918, population of Detroit rose from 5k to 41k
  • Pay considerably better than cotton fields of South
33
Q

3

Describe continuity for AAs in WW1

A
  • Segregation in armed forces
  • AA troops confined to labour battalions (construction, transportation, etc) rather than combat
  • Black Press investiagtions fearing subversion of AA troops
34
Q

4

Describe the causes of the Red Summer 1919

A
  • large scale ‘Great Migration’
  • industrial labor competition
  • overcrowding in urban ghettos
  • greater militancy among AA men that had fought to ‘preserve freedom’
35
Q

3

Describe the Red Summer 1919

A
  • Approx 25 race riots throughout USA
  • Chicago Race Riot 1919 most severe - 38 died (23 black, 15 white)
  • 19 more lynchings than year prior
36
Q

6

List anti-immigration and espionage laws 1917-24

A
  • 1917 Espionage Act
  • 1917 immigration act
  • 1918 Sedition Act
  • 1918 Immigration Act (Dillingham-Hardwick Act)
  • 1921 Emergency Quota Act
  • 1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act)
37
Q

2

Describe the Espionage Act 1917

A
  • Intended to prevent insubordination in military operations or recruitment
  • Debs prosecuted under this act
38
Q

2

Describe the immigration act 1917

A
  • Implemented literacy test that required over 16 year olds to demonstrate basic comprehension language
  • Excluded anyone from ‘Asaitic Barred Zone’, except for Japanese, Filipinos and China (already barred since 1882)
39
Q

1

Describe the Sedition Act 1918

A
  • Curtailed free speech during war
40
Q

2

Describe the Immigration Act (Dillingham-Hardwick Act) 1918

A
  • Gave government power to deport ‘undesirable aliens’
  • Specifically anarchist, communists and labor organisers
41
Q

5

Describe the Palmer Raids 1919-20

A
  • Triggered by anarchist bombings of the Italian Galleanists
  • Nov 1919, agents under the orders of Palmer’s justice department raided the offices of ‘radical organisations’ in 12 cities across America
  • Documents seized and suspects arrested
  • Dec 1919, 249 ‘radicals’ deported back to Europe
  • Jan 1920, all known communist party offices shut down after raids in 33 cities

Palmer - Attorney General

42
Q

6

Describe the aftermath of the Palmer Raids 1919

A
  • Similar action at local and state level
  • ‘Red flag’ laws banned left-wing insignia
  • Vigilante gangs operated against union activists in Washington State and California
  • Red Scare lost momentum during 1920
  • SC ruled evidence collected during the Palmer raids was illegal and could not be used in prosecution
  • Torpedoed Palmer’s expected 1920 campaign
43
Q

2

Describe the different reasons for the support of female suffrage

A
  • temperance movement wanted greater voting bloc behind cause
  • some mc white women believed it could reinstall white supremacy by countering growing black vote
44
Q

4

Describe the expansion of female suffrage in the 1910s

A
  • 1910 - Washington
  • 1911 - Oregon and CA
  • Number of female voters at 2m
  • Yet presidential franchise had not been granted in any Eastern states
45
Q

3

Describe the NAWSA

A
  • 1890, factions merged to form National American Woman Suffrage Association
  • Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • 1916, announced last blitz ‘Winning Plan’ campaign
46
Q

2

Describe the ‘Winning Plan’ campaign

A
  • avoid ‘detours’ into hopeless states, namely in South
  • focussed on moblising lobbying of federal government
47
Q

4

Describe the National Woman’s Party

A
  • Splinter group of NAWSA formed in 1916
  • led by Alice Paul
  • drew influence from militant tactics of British suffrage campaign
  • hunger strikes and White House pickets (1917)
48
Q

3

Describe the granting of the 19th amendment

A
  • WW1 slowed campaign but furthered argument by demonstrating women’s dedication to war effort
  • ‘Anthony Amendment’ (19th amendment) ratified in 1920
  • 1920 elec - more than 8m women voted

American History - Ben (22 decks)

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