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American History - Ben > New Deals (1932-41) > Flashcards

New Deals (1932-41) Flashcards

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1
Q

3

Describe the 3 pillars of the New Deals

A
  • Relief
  • Recovery
  • Reform
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2
Q

5

Describe the failings of Hoover in the 1932 election

A
  • Only ran for 2nd term as saw no other viable Republican candidate
  • Public works programmes in 1932 came too late to turn around depression
  • Became synonymous with depression and prohibition
  • only made 7 radio speeches - unlike the utilisation of radio by FDR
  • lacked charisma of FDR
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3
Q

3

Describe FDR as NY Governor

A
  • Had enacted intervention policies in New York
  • built hydroelectric power on St Lawrence River
  • Allowed test for ND policies, which proved effective
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4
Q

3

Describe the image of FDR in 1932

A
  • courted press
  • in national radio address in April 1932, called for govt to help ‘the forgotten man’
  • talked directly to voters through radio
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5
Q

3

Describe FDR’s risk-free campaign

A
  • Wide expectation he would win - aimed to avoid any criticism
  • Was not associated with clear ideology, unlike Bryan
  • Few, vague policies and even self-contradictory platform
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6
Q

1

Describe FDR’s support of interventionist policy in 1932

A
  • In Georgia, promised ‘bold experimentation’ to beat Depression and initiate economic redistribution
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7
Q

3

Describe FDR’s criticism of interventionist policy in 1932

A
  • attacked Hoover’s ‘extravagant’ spending
  • pledged a 25% cut in federal budget
  • in SF, made a speech advocating economic regulation as last resort
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8
Q

5

Describe the New Deal Coalition

A
  • Northern support for Dems
  • urban Catholic voters
  • blue-collar workers
  • racial and religious minorities
  • powerful interest groups: city machines, universities, labour unions, etc
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9
Q

4

Describe the results of the 1932 election

A
  • Dominated electoral college, winning 472 votes
  • Won 57% of the popular vote the highest ever for Democrat Presidents
  • New Deal Coalition reflected voter shift to North
  • Arguably, nomination of North-eastern reformer Al Smith in 1928 started this shift
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10
Q

3

List the different stages of the New Deal

A
  • 1st - 1933-34
  • 2nd - 1935-37
  • 3rd - 1938-40
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11
Q

1

How many Alphabet Agencies were there?

A

59 new agencies were set up between 1933 to 1938

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12
Q

4 - (3) (4) (2) (2)

Describe the Acts/agencies of the 1st ND

A
  • Agriculture
    • AAA 1933
    • TVA 1933
    • Farm Credit Act 1933
  • Banking
    • Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933
    • Glass-Steagal Act 1933
    • Truth-in Securities Act 1933
    • Securities Act (SEC) 1934
  • Industry
    • National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) 1933 - NRA and PWA
    • Civil Works Administration (CWA) 1933
  • Relief
    • Federal Emergency Relief Act 1933 (FERA)
    • Civilian Conservation Corps 1933 (CCC)
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13
Q

6

Describe the Acts/agencies of the 2nd New Deal

A
  • Works Progress Administration (WPA)
  • Wagner Act 1935
  • Social Security Act 1935
  • Banking Act 1935
  • Rural Electrification Administration 1935
  • Farm Security Administration (FSA) 1937
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14
Q

6

Describe the first 100 days

A
  • Set presidential convention
  • 15 Acts in first 100 days
  • Not fully cohesive plan - often even contradictory
  • FDR wanted to allow for econ recovery + reform banking and finance infrastructure
  • thus could better address any downturn in future
  • Spoke to electorate with fireside chats’ on radio to explain policies
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15
Q

4

Describe the problems in agriculture by 1933

A
  • Mechanisation, fertiliser and pesticides led to overproduction and low prices
  • Prohibition reduced demand for grain
  • 25% land lost between 1929-33
  • Floods had washed away crops and topsoil in Tenesee Valley
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16
Q

2

Describe the problems in cotton by 1933

A
  • 1933, unsold cotton in the US exceeded the annual world consumption of American cotton
  • 1933, farmers had planted 400k acres more than in 1932
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17
Q

3

Describe how agriculture was valued in the New Deal

A
  • Given higher priority than industrial recovery:
  • 30% of labour force worked in agriculture
  • If agricultural workers could afford more, industry would be stimulated
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18
Q

4

Describe the Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Government would subsidise farmers to reduce production of staple items of corn, tobacco, rice
  • By producing less, prices and farmers incomes would increase
  • Set up Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)
  • Programme meant to be self-financing - tax imposed on food processing companies
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19
Q

2

Describe how the Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933 reduced overproduction of cotton

A
  • 10.5m acres destroyed by AAA
  • Price of cotton (bale?) rose from 6.5c (1932) to 10c (1933)
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20
Q

3

Describe how the agricultural Adjustment Act reduced overproduction of meat (beef)

A
  • Western ranchers sought to bring beef cattle under the production of the AAA in 1934
  • By 1935, the Government had purchased 8.3 million cattle
  • In return, ranchers agreed to reduce breeding cows by 20% in 1937
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21
Q

2

Describe how the agricultural Adjustment Act reduced overproduction of meat (pork)

A
  • 6 million piglets were bought and slaughtered
  • Many carcasses were processed and fed to the unemployed
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22
Q

4

How effective was the Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933?

A
  • Drought helped make the 1933 wheat crop the poorest since 1896 and agreements were reached to limit the acreage in subsequent years
  • Total farm income rose from $4.5bn in 1932 to $6.9bn in 1935
  • Popularity of the AAA was high among farmers - 95% of tobacco growers signed up
  • SC ruled AAA unconstituional in 1936 - though achieved signficant progress before this
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23
Q

3

Describe the Tennessee Valley Authority 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Set up to deal with underdevelopment and poverty in the Tennessee Valley
  • Most grandiose project of ND
  • TVA effectively became central planning authority for region
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24
Q

6

Describe the tasks of the TVA

A
  • construct 20 huge dams to control floods
  • create hydroelectricity for region (existing supplies limited to 2% farms)
  • control soil erosion through forest restoration
  • provide jobs by setting up fertiliser factories
  • to develop welfare and edu programmes
  • teach farmers in ways of modern methods e.g. crop rotation
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25
Q

4

Describe the success of the TVA

A
  • built 16 hydroelectric dams between 1933-44
  • By 1934, more than 9k people found employment with the TVA
  • Residents saw increase in average earnings by 200% from 1929-49
  • modernisation can be largely credited to TVA
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26
Q

3

Describe the failures of the TVA

A
  • roughly 3.5k families in eastern Tennessee lost their homes when the Norris Dam was built
  • project flooded an area of roughly 239 square acres in the Norris Basin
  • federal govt offered little help in resettling displaced families
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27
Q

2

Describe the Farm Credit Act 1933

A
  • Enabled farmers to keep homes and land
  • gave security to farmers
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28
Q

6

Describe the situation in banking at the time of F Roosevelt’s election

A
  • 1932, banks were closing at the rate of 40 per day
  • Oct 1932, Governor of Nevada declared bank holiday and closed every bank in state
  • By inauguration, banks fully closed in many states
  • 5500 banks failed by 1933 (1 in 5)
  • Local banks held limtied physical cash
  • Money supply had fallen by 30% by 1933 due to little confidence
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29
Q

5

Describe how FDR dealed with banking upon inaugaration

A
  • At inauguration stated: ‘the only thing to fear is fear itself’
  • 6th March 1933 - FDR closed all banks for 4 days to allow treasury officials to draft emergency legislation
  • RFC authorised to buy stock to support banks and take on their debts - in doing so effectively became largest bank in world
  • FDR used ‘fireside chats’ to encourage the public to refill bank deposits
  • By April 1933, $1bn returned to bank deposits , ending crisis
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30
Q

2

Describe the Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933

A
  • gave Treasury power to investigate all banks threatened with collapse (‘stress-test’)
  • passed by Congress after only 40 mins of debate
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31
Q

5

Describe the Glass-Steagall Act 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Individual bank deposits insured up to $2500
  • insurance fund would be administered by FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
  • Bank officials not allowed to take personal loans from own banks
  • Government authority over purchase of governmentt securities centralised from Fed Reserve Banks to Fed Reserve Board in Washington
  • Commercial banks relying on small-scale deposits banned from type of investment banking that fuelled 1920s speculation
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32
Q

1

Describe the Truth-in-Securities Act 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Required brokers to offer clients realistic info about the securities they were selling
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33
Q

2

Describe the Securities Act 1934 (1ND)

A
  • Set up a new agency, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)
  • Would oversee stock market activities to prevent fraudulent activities such as insider dealing
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34
Q

2

Describe the two bodies of the National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA), June 1933 (1ND)

A
  • National Recovery Administration (NRA)
  • Public Works Administration (PWA)
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35
Q

6

Describe the NRA (1ND)

A
  • Headed by General Hugh Johnson
  • Aimed to offer something to all groups
  • Suspension of anti-trust legislation for 2 years benefitted businessmen
  • set wage and price controls via codes
  • codes agreed between management, labour and government
  • codes included 40hr working week, minimum weekly wage, ban on u16 working
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36
Q

4

Describe the failures of the NRA

A
  • Johnson attempted ‘Buy Now’ campaign in Oct 1933 to encourage spending and thus stimulate production
  • Unsuccessfully advocated for 10% wage increase and 10 hour cut in the working week
  • Arguably only served to legalise worker exploitation - opposite of intention
  • SC deemed it unconstitutional in 1935
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37
Q

3

Describe the Public Works Administration (1ND)

A
  • Headed by Sec of Interior, Harold Ickes
  • Given $3.3bn to ‘pump-prime’
  • Would build roads, dams, hospitals, schools, etc to stimulate econ growth through multipliers
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38
Q

3

Describe the successes of the PWA

A
  • 13k schools built
  • 50k miles roads built
  • 4 vast National Parks, dams, electricity created in West
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39
Q

3

Describe the failures of the PWA

A
  • Discontinued in 1939
  • Did not provide ‘going rate’
  • ‘Crowded out’ private investment - jobs dependent on govt spending
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40
Q

4

Describe the Civil Works Administration 1933 (1ND)

A
  • $400 million grant from the PWA to provide emergency relief to the unemployed in the winter of 1933-34
  • Put 4 million people to work on public works projects
  • Closed down in March 1934
  • Though FERA agreed to fund more public works programmes itself
41
Q

3

Describe industrial recovery in the 1st New Deal

A
  • Economy grew 10% from 1933-36 (still did not match output of 1929)
  • Unemployment left at 14%
  • success limited due to scale of industrial decline
42
Q

5

Describe the Federal Emergency Relief Act, May 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Established Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
  • Run by Harry Hopkins, who had administered relief programmes in NY during FDR Governorship
  • Was given $500m to be divided equally among the states to help provide for the unemployed
  • Act stated that each state should set up FERA office and organise relief programmes
  • Set important precedent of direct stimulus for relief
43
Q

2

Describe how relief worked in the FERA

A
  • half of total spent on outright relief
  • other half dependent on state spending on relief (govt paid state $1 for every $3 it spent on relief)
44
Q

4

Describe limitations of the Federal Emergency Relief Act 1933 (1ND)

A
  • Caseworkers refused office space in some states
  • caseloads often bloated
  • By 1935, paying $25 per month on average to family for relief
  • below average monthly minimum wage of subsistence at $100
45
Q

2

Describe opposition to FERA

A
  • States such as Kentucky and Ohio refused to comply
  • Hopkins threatened to deny them any funds
46
Q

6

Describe the Civilian Conservation Corps 1933 (1ND)

A
  • CCC set up by Department of Labor in 1933
  • Targetd acute unemployment for men aged 17-24
  • Would offer training in community service, co-operation, etc
  • Many had not held proper job due to GD
  • Corps organised by military - tasks set by Interior and Agriculture Departments
  • Originally set up for 2 years, extended for further 7 years in 1935
47
Q

3

Describe the success of the CCC

A
  • 1935 - increased recruits to 500k
  • CCC installed 65k miles of telephone lines in inaccessible areas
  • Percentage of unemployed fell from 25% (1933) to 20% (1935)
48
Q

4

Why did FDR create the Second New Deal?

A
  • Democrats increased by 9 seats in both House and Senate in 1934 mid-terms, creating congressional mood for action
  • Political pressure from Huey Long
  • FDR increasingly frustrated by big business and SC opposition
  • Angered by US Chamber of Commerce attack on policies in May 1935
49
Q

6

Describe the Work Progress Administration (2ND)

A
  • Recruited for public works programmes
  • Consistently had 2m workers
  • By 1941, 20% of workforce had found employment within it
  • Wages approx $52 per month (higher than relief, though less than industrial going rate)
  • Built 1k airport landing fields, 8k schools and hospitals
  • Engaged in large-scale projects against initial aims (e.g. Lincoln Tunnel from Manhattan to NJ)
50
Q

2

Describe a limit of the WPA

A
  • WPA not allowed to compete for private contracts or build private houses
  • to prevent crowding out
51
Q

2

Why was Roosevelt hesitant to get involved in labour relations legislation?

A
  • Mistrust of labour unions, particularly among the conservative Southern Democrats whose support he needed
  • He did not want to further upset big business
52
Q

4

Describe the Wagner Act 1935 (2ND)

A
  • Guaranteed workers rights to collective bargaining through unions of their choice
  • Could choose union through secret ballot
  • Formalised 3-man National Labor Relations Board to ensure fair play
  • Employers forbidden from resorting to unfair practices e.g. discrim against unionists
53
Q

3

Describe the significance of the Wagner Act 1935

A
  • First Act to effectively give unions rights in law
  • Effectively committed federal government to long-term role in labour relations,
  • though FDR continued to take a back seat in labour negotiations
54
Q

1

Describe social security by 1935

A
  • Only Wisconsin provided unemployment benefit
55
Q

3

Describe the Social Security Act 1935 (2ND)

A
  • Provided for old-age pensions scheme funded by employer and employee contributions
  • Unemployment insurance to be paid for by payroll taxes levied on both employers and employees
  • Fed Govt would control pensions scheme; states would control unemployment insurance (thus could vary in adequacy)
56
Q

4

Describe the limitations of the Social Security Act 1935

A
  • pensions paid at min of $10 and max of $85 a month depending on past contributions of recipient
  • not payable until 1940
  • unemployment benefit set at max of $18 for 16 weeks
  • did not cover farmers or domestic servants
57
Q

4

Describe the Banking Act 1935 (2ND)

A
  • Intended to centralise banking under Federal Government control
  • Marriner Eccles, Chairman of Fed Reserve, sought to repeal Federal Reserve Act 1913 to reduce Wall St power
  • Centre of financial management shifted from NY to Washington DC
  • Control of banking transferred from private banks to central govt
58
Q

2

Describe agricultural measures of the 2nd New Deal

A
  • Rural Electrification Administration 1935
  • Farm Security Administration (FSA) 1937
59
Q

2

Describe the Rural Electrification Administration 1935

A
  • Provided loans for cheap rural electricity
  • Farms with electricity increased 10% in 1935 to 40% in 1940
60
Q

1

Describe the Farm Security Administration (FSA) 1937

A
  • Gave guaranteed loans to small farmers to buy property or to improve farms
61
Q

3

Describe the limitations of agricultural measures in the 2nd New Deal

A
  • Did little to help those struggling due to dust bowl
  • Over 1/3 of 80k Okies returned to Eastern plains
  • ‘Cash and carry’ of WW2 needed to increase demand for surplus grain
62
Q

3

Describe the ‘Roosevelt Recession’

A
  • 1937
  • ND projects cut to balance budget and offset reduction in private sector spending
  • Ran deficit of $89m in 1938 compared with $2.2bn in 1937
63
Q

2

Describe the 3rd New Deal

A
  • Focussed on deficit spending to stimulate economy
  • Fair Labor Standards Act 1938
64
Q

5

Describe the Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

A
  • introduced minimum wage of 40c an hour
  • ‘Time and a half’ (1.5x) overtime pay
  • Prohibited oppressive child labour employment
  • Raised wages of 12m workers by 1940
  • Applied to only interstate commerce
65
Q

4

List opposition from the left to the ND

A
  • EPIC (End Poverty in California)
  • ‘Share our Wealth’ - Huey Long
  • Old Age Revolving Pensions - Dr Francis Townsend
  • The ‘Radio Priest’: Father Charles Coughlin
66
Q

4

Describe ‘End Poverty in California’

A
  • Headed by novelist Upton Sinclair
  • unemployed would be put to work in state-run co-operatives
  • Paid in currency which they could spend in other co-operatives
  • Sinclairs ‘ideas gained credibility and proved useful recruitment for more serious alternative movements
67
Q

5

Describe ‘Share our Wealth’

A
  • In February 1934 senator Huey Long from Louissiana moved onto the national scene with his ‘share our wealth’ programme
  • He advocated that all private fortunes over $3 million should be confiscated and every family should be given enough money to buy a house, a car and a radio
  • There should also be old-age pensions, minimum wages so that every family would be guaranteed $2000-3000 per year and free college education for all suitable candidates
  • 27k share share wealth clubs
  • 4.6m members spread across the states.
68
Q

3

Describe the political opposition of Huey Long

A
  • held strong local political machine through social policy, patronage and intimidation
  • posed presidential challenge for 1936
  • assassinated 1935
69
Q

5

Describe Townsend’s ‘Old Age Revolving Pensions Incorporated’

A
  • Francis Townsend was a retired doctor who advocated old-age pensions with a difference
  • Over 60s not in paid employment should be given $200 per month on the understanding that every cent of it was spent and none saved
  • Idea that it would boost consumption and production and pull the US out of depression
  • Encouraging people to retire at 60 would provide more jobs for the young
  • Soon Townsend Clubs had 500k members and Congress was being lobbied to put the plan into operation
70
Q

2

Describe the problems with Townsend’s Old Age Revolving Pensions scheme

A
  • Payments to recipients would have amounted to 50% of national income
  • Huge numbers of bureaucrats needed to ensure pensioners were spending all their money
71
Q

4

Describe the ‘radio priest’

A
  • Father Charles Coughlin hosted the influential 1930’s radio show ‘The Golden Hour of the Little Flower’
  • Had an audience of 30-40m
  • Listeners contributed more than $5m a year to his parish in Detroit
  • In 1934, Coughlin founded the National Union for Social Justice with the aim of monetary reform and redistribution of wealth
72
Q

2

Describe the threat Father Charles Coughlin posed to FDR?

A
  • FDR wary of Coughlin influence, esp when alliance with Huey Long was mooted
  • Coughlin’s credibility and support damaged as he became increasingly anti-semitic - accused Jews of controlling Wall St
73
Q

2

List opposition from the right to the ND

A
  • Liberty League
  • 1937 Special Congressional Session
74
Q

2

Describe how the right-wing opposed the New Deal

A
  • The rich began to turn against Roosevelt once economic situation stabilised
  • Felt increased taxes were levied too hardly on them (E.g. AAA) and that intervention was too extensive
75
Q

5

Describe the Liberty League

A
  • Founded April 1934 by various Republicans and Conservative Democrats
  • Promoted private property and enterprise unregulated by law
  • Attacked FDR throughout ND for inc govt involvement
  • Formed basis of RW opp to ND
  • By July 1936, it had 125k members
76
Q

4

Describe the 1937 Special Congressional Session

A
  • Republicans opposed Revenue Acts which raised taxes and furthered growing govt interference
  • Nov 1937, FDR called a special congressional session to pass various measures that had been delayed due to debates on judicial procedures reform bill
  • included anti-lynching legislation
  • not one passed (fillibustered?)
77
Q

3

Describe the failure of right-wing opposition to the ND

A
  • Still associated with failures during early 1930s
  • Failed to field strong candidate in 1936 - Alf Landon
  • 1936 elec, FDR won highest share of electoral vote and popular vote since 1920
78
Q

2

Describe the SC opposition to the New Deal

A
  • In 140 years to 1935, the SC had only found 60 federal laws to be unconstitutional
  • In first 18 months after 1935, it found 11 laws to be unconstitutional
79
Q

5

Describe ‘Black Monday’

A
  • 27th May 1935
  • The SC attacked the New Deal
  • Fund the Farm Mortgage Act unconstitutional
  • It argued that the removal of a trade commissioner, which Roosevelt sought, was not the job of the President but of Congress
  • It also found the NRA to be unconstitutional through the ‘sick chicken’ case
80
Q

5

Describe the ‘sick chicken’ case, 1935

A
  • Case involved Schechter Brothers, a firm of butchers in NY who were selling chickens unfit for human consumption
  • NIRA prosecuted for breaking its code of practice
  • SC decided prosecution should be matter for NY courts, not Fed Govt
  • Declared NRA poultry code illegal
81
Q

2

Describe the signficance of the sick chicken case 1935

A
  • Recognised Fed Govt had right to interfere in inter-state commerce - but not to internal commerce
  • Though Act set to expire one month later
82
Q

3

Describe the terms of the Judiciary Reform Bill 1937

A
  • None of 9 justices were FDR appointments
  • Proposed that the president could appoint a new justice whenever an existing judge reached 70 and failed to retire within 6 months
  • He also wanted to appoint up to 6 new justices, increasing the total to 15
83
Q

3

Describe opposition to the Judiciary Reform Bill 1937

A
  • Many congressmen feared he may next want them to retire at 70
  • Roosevelt also underestimated the popular support and respect for the SC and was viewed as dictatorial
  • In July the Senate rejected the bill by 70 votes to 20
84
Q

2

Describe the economic positives of the ND

A
  • Unemployment halved from 18m in 1933 to 9m in 1939
  • 1932 - GDP shrank by 14.7%; 1934 - GDP grew by 11%
85
Q

3

Describe the economic negatives of the ND

A
  • National total income declined by $13bn (1933-1939) despite population increase of 9m
  • ‘Roosevelt Recession’ 1937 saw unemployment climb to 19% by 1938
  • Eventual recovery arguably due to 1935 Neutrality Act to allow cash and carry
86
Q

1

Describe the economic impact of the 1936 Neutrality Act

A
  • Within year there were orders for 10.8k aircraft and 13k aeroplane engines
87
Q

4

Describe the political effects of the ND

A
  • Huge change in government intervention unlike 1920s
  • Expansion in state and local govts in welfare provision (local FERAs)
  • Labour unions strengthened - previously lacked legal voice
  • Presidential-SC tension
88
Q

3

Describe the effects of the ND on welfare

A
  • Most signifcant change
  • Creation of relief agencies like WPA and FERA
  • Social Security Act 1935 created first system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance
89
Q

2

Describe limits of the ND welfare provision

A
  • Roosevelt saw it as temporary measure and cut in 1937
  • Righ-wing argued it prolonged depression
90
Q

3

Describe the positives of the ND for women

A
  • Eleanor Roosevelt very politically active as First Lady
  • Frances Perkins became first female cabinet minister (Sec of Labor 1933-45)
  • Ruth Bryan Owen became first female ambassador to Denmark
91
Q

5

Describe the negatives of the ND for women

A
  • Did note vote as electoral bloc, unlike AA - so politicians did not cater programmes towards them
  • Economy Act 1933
  • NRA codes allowed for unequal wages on basis of gender
  • Some agencies, such as the CCC, barred women entirely
  • During 1930s earned $525 per annum on average - less than half of men’s
92
Q

2

Describe the Economy Act 1933

A
  • forbade members from same family from working for federal govt
  • 75% of those who lost job due to this measure were women
93
Q

3

Describe the positives of the ND for AAs

A
  • Civil service’s black employment tripled from 50k in 1932 to 150k in 1941 - more than ever before
  • Mary McLeod Bethune served as president of ‘negro division’ of National Youth Administration (NYA)
  • AAA ended sharecropping
94
Q

6

Describe the economic negatives of the ND for AAs

A
  • AAA ended sharecropping, plunging many AAs into deeper poverty
  • First to be let go and last to be taken up
  • Menial jobs previously reserved for them now given to white
  • NRA codes allowed racial disparity in wages
  • NRA dubbed the ‘Negro-run-around’
  • CCC director Robert Fencher a prominent Southern racist who enforced strict segregation
95
Q

3

Describe the political negatives of the ND for AAs

A
  • No civil rights legislation (e.g. 1937 Congressional special session) due to Southern Democrat opposition
  • FDR did little to support anti-lynching bills of 1934 and 1937
  • Talk of ‘African-American Cabinet’ a clear exaggeration - no black cabinet ministers until LBJ
96
Q

2

Describe the positives of the ND for Native Americans

A
  • Commissioner for Bureau of Indian Affairs, John Collier, determined to abolish assimilation
  • Indian Reorganisation Act 1934
97
Q

4

Describe the Indian Reorganisation Act 1934

A
  • tribes reorganised into self-governing bodies
  • could vote to adopt constitutions and have own police and legal system
  • new tribal corporations established to manage tribal resources
  • abandoned assmiliation and recognised NA culture
98
Q

3

Describe the negatives of the ND for Native Americans

A
  • 75/245 tribes vetoed measures of Indian Reorganisation Act 1934 when voting for them
  • Could not take advantage of agencies such as PWA or CCC
  • Senate inquiry in 1943 found widespread poverty among NAs on reservations

American History - Ben (22 decks)

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