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American History - Ben > FP (1890-1920) > Flashcards

FP (1890-1920) Flashcards

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1
Q

2 - (3) (2)

List FP developments during the 1890s

A
  • Pacific
    • Samoa
    • Hawaii
    • Phillipines
  • LA
    • Venezuela
    • Spanish-American War (Cuba and Puerto Rico)
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2
Q

2 - (4) (2)

List FP developments during the 1900s

A
  • LA
    • Cuba
    • Panama Canal
    • DR
    • Nicaragua
  • Far East
    • China
    • Japan
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3
Q

7

List the motives behind a more expansionist FP 1890-1913

A
  • Accidental Empire
  • Progressive Imperalism
  • Need for markets
  • End of Westward Expansion
  • Preclusive Imperalism
  • Monroe Doctrine 1823
  • Roosevelt Corollary 1904
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4
Q

3

Explain accidental empire as a motive for American expansionism 1890-1913

A
  • Argument USA never sought empire
  • USA did not need empire due to huge economic trade with Britain
  • Annexation of Phillipines due to deciding vote of VP Hobart
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5
Q

4

Explain Progressive Imperalism as a motive for American expansionism 1890-1913

A
  • sense of moral obligation
  • e.g. removal of yellow fever in Cuba
  • linked to WASP missionaries and ideals of civilisation
  • became ‘moral diplomacy’ in 20th century
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6
Q

3

Explain Preclusive Imperalism as a motive for American expansionism 1890-1913

A
  • countries took colonies to prevent others from doing so
  • copy European power model in Africa/Asia
  • used Monroe Doctrine to expand in Central America and Caribbean
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7
Q

5

Describe America’s involvement in Samoa in the 1890s

A
  • First began in 1872 when the King of Samoa offered the US the naval base of Pago Pago on island - refused
  • Strong British and German interest as trading post
  • Samoan CW 1898 - British/America supported opposing side to Germany
  • 1899, abolished Samoan monarchy and signed Tripartite Convention
  • USA established protectorate in Eastern Samoa and Western Samoa became German colony

protectorate - state controlled and protected by another

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8
Q

6

Describe America’s involvement in Hawaii in the 1890s

A
  • Important stopping station to Japan/China
  • Major naval prescence
  • By 1890s, there were 3k American sugar growers out of 90k Hawaiians living on island
  • 1890, McKinley Tariff raised import prices on foreign sugar, so Hawaiian growers lost trading advantage
  • 1891, Hawaiian Queen Liluiokalani led rebellion - surrendered in 3 days
  • 1898, McKinley annexed Hawaii
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9
Q

3

Describe American expansion into the Phillipines in the 1890s

A
  • US purchased Philippine Islands for $20m in Treaty of Paris (1898)
  • Various reasons for purchase
  • Subsequent Phillipine-American War
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10
Q

3

Describe the reasons for the purchase of the Phillipine Islands

A
  • ‘Civilise’ islanders through teaching of democracy and christianity
  • Filipinos seemed incapable of ruling themselves effectively
  • Preclusive - prevent islands being taken by Britain, Germany or Japan
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11
Q

4

Describe the Phillipine-American War 1899-1902

A
  • Strong opp to annexation of islands in both Philippines and USA - Filipinos had fought for ind
  • USA had to fight 3.5yr war of subjugation
  • War cost $600m
  • By 1904, 126k troops stationed in Philippines
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12
Q

5

Describe American involvement in Venezuela in the 1890s

A
  • 1895, dispute over Venezuela’s border with British colony of Guiana
  • Pres Cleveland demanded that Britain send dispute to arbitration
  • rejected by PM Salisbury
  • British backed down when USA threatened to send 54 vessels to disputed area
  • Arbitration eventually decided in favour of USA/Venezuela
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13
Q

3

Describe American involvement in Puerto Rico in the 1890s

A
  • Former spanish colony (with some autonomy)
  • US invaded in 1898 during Spanish-American War
  • Organic Act 1900 - Puerto Rico to be administered by USA
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14
Q

7

List causes behind the Spanish-American War

A
  • Yellow Press
  • Economic interests
  • De Lome letter
  • President McKinley
  • Monroe Doctrine
  • Cuban rebellion 1895-98
  • The ‘Maine’ incident
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15
Q

1

Explain how the yellow press was a cause of the Spanish-American War

A

Sensationalist and patriotic press campaigns inflamed public opinion e.g. Maine incident

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16
Q

3

Explain how the De Lome letter was a cause of the Spanish-American war

A
  • Stolen private letter from Spanish Ambassador to US (De Lome)
  • Criticsed US FP under Pres McKinley
  • accused McKinley of being ‘weak bidder for the admiration of the crowd’
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17
Q

3

Explain how President McKinley was a cause of the Spanish-American War

A
  • Elected with pledge to protect US interests
  • Trad resistant to war - persuaded by Congress
  • USA could easily defeat Spain
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18
Q

2

Explain how economic interests were a cause of the Spanish-American War

A
  • demand for Cuban sugar and greater investment
  • distraction from Depression of 1890s
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19
Q

2

Explain how the Cuban Rebellion 1895-98 was a cause of the Spanish-American war

A
  • Cuban revolutionaries demanded independence from Spain
  • Spain offered concessions that were rejected
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20
Q

3

Explain how the Monroe Doctrine was a cause of the Spanish-American war

A
  • Spain held Cuba - contravened MD
  • Essential to maintain stability in Cuba (for sugar)
  • In direct sphere of influence
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21
Q

3

Explain how ‘the Maine incident’ was a cause of the Spanish-American war

A
  • Feb 1898, explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbour, killing 266
  • False accusations Spanish had caused explosion
  • Yellow press - ‘Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain’
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22
Q

4

Describe the Spanish-American War

A
  • April 1898, US forces launched double attack on Cuba and Philippines (Spanish territories)
  • Naval blocade at Santiago (North) and South of island
  • Surrender in Santiago after less than 3 weeks
  • Roosevelt’s ‘rough riders’ became media frenzy
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23
Q

4

Describe the Treaty of Paris 1898

A
  • Signed Aug 1898, ended war
  • Cuban independence recognised but USA allowed possession of Guantanamo Bay
  • Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to USA
  • USA purchased Philippines for $20m
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24
Q

3

Describe the long-term significance of the Spanish-American War

A
  • 1st major foreign conflict post-CW
  • USA entered Great Powers
  • Elevated status of Roosevelt
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25
Q

4

Describe American involvement in Cuba in the 1900s

A
  • Teller Amendment 1898 collapsed
  • Platt Amendment 1901
  • Cuban-American Treaty 1903
  • US forces occupation: 1898-1902, 1906-1909 (unrest after 1905 Pres elecs), invasion in 1912 (put down revolt of former slaves)
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26
Q

2

Describe the Teller Amendment 1898

A
  • Cuba would be given independence after war
  • Opinion shifted to believing Cuba could not govern itself and that US commercial interests on the island were threatened
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27
Q

3

Describe the Platt Amendment 1901

A
  • Gave US control over Cuban foreign financial and commercial affairs
  • Limited Cuban sovereignty
  • Gave US certain naval bases
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28
Q

3

Describe the Cuban-American Treaty 1903

A
  • imposed new political system in country
  • made its economy heavily dependent on USA e.g. Cuban sugar and tobacco tied to US market through preferential tariffs
  • US goods entered Cuba at reductions varying from 25-40%
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29
Q

4

Describe America’s involvement in the Colombia (earlier canal attempts)

A
  • Avoid dangerous route around SA
  • ‘New Panama Canal Company’ set up to build canal
  • Colombia demanded $15m from US Govt and $10m from company to build canal
  • TR refused
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30
Q

6

Describe America’s involvement in the Panama Canal in the 1900s

A
  • 1903, Panamanians stage a revolt for independence from Colombian rule
  • Revolt supported by US - sent a battleship and a regiment
  • Panama achieves independence
  • Panama accepted $10m from USA to build canal
  • Completed in 1914 with passage of SS Ancon through it
  • Within a year, 1k ships were using it annually
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31
Q

5

Describe America’s involvement in the Dominican Republic in the 1900s

A
  • 1903, DR defaulted on American loans worth $40m
  • 1904, TR reluctant to invade and instead took control of customs revenue of Republic
  • Used revenue to pay off debts
  • TR described it as ‘big stick’ policy, negotiating peacefully whilst threatening strong defence (esp navy)
  • ‘dollar diplomacy’ replaced war subjugation with investment
32
Q

5

Describe America’s involvement in Nicaragua in 1909

A
  • Importance to USA because of proximity and high levels of econ investment
  • 1909, anti-American Pres Zelaaya cancelled economic privileges previously granted to US mining interests
  • Pres Taft sent in marines to install pro-American pres, Adolfo Diaz
  • Sec of State, Philander C. Knox extended American influence in nation by providing huge loans
  • In return, USA controlled Nicagurana National Bank
33
Q

2

Describe America’s involvement in Nicaragua in 1912

A
  • 1912 - USA had to send in 3k troops when position of Diaz was threatened by revolution
  • USA now set up protectorate and occupied country which didn’t formally end until 1933
34
Q

4

Describe America’s involvement in China in the 1900s

A
  • 1899, Hay (Sec of State) introduced Open Door policy
  • Frst open door note proposed all nations maintained free and equal access to China’s ports
  • Boxer Rebellion 1900 aimed at foreigners and America sent in small n of troops to rescue embassy workers
  • At same time Hay extended OD policy w/ 2nd OD note, calling to protect China’s territorial integrity
35
Q

6

Describe America’s involvement in Japan in the 1900s

A
  • Tense relations at start: Japan threatened by annexation of Phillipines; US threatened by Japanese ambitions in China
  • TR helped negotiate Treaty to end Russo-Japanese War
  • Root-Takahira Agreement 1908
    • agreed to respect each others interests in China
    • maintain current situation in the Pacific
    • Recognised Japan’s claim to Korea
36
Q

4

Explain the Roosevelt Corollary 1904 as a motive for American Expansionism

A
  • 1904, TR announced corollary to Monroe Doctrine
  • sanctioned US armed intervention in LA to prevent collapse
  • Set up US as de facto police force
  • Used by TR and successors

corollary - statement that suceeds another

37
Q

3

List examples of Accidental Empire as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Phillipines (1890s)
  • Puerto Rico (1890s)
  • Nicaragua (1900s)
38
Q

2

List examples of Progressive Imperialism as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Phillipines (1890s)
  • Cuba (1900s)
39
Q

4

List examples of economic interests as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Hawaii (1890s)
  • Spanish-American War (1890s)
  • Panama Canal (1900s)
  • China (1900s)
40
Q

1

List examples of the End of Westward Expansion as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Hawaii (1890s)
41
Q

3

List examples of Preclusive Imperialism as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Samoa (1890s)
  • Phillipines (1890s)
  • Japan (1900s)
42
Q

2

List examples of the Monroe Doctrine as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • Venezuela (1890s)
  • Spanish-American War (1890s)
43
Q

2

List examples of the Roosevelt Corollary as a motive 1890-1913

A
  • DR (1900s)
  • Nicaragua (1900s)
44
Q

4

List reasons for American WW1 neutrality

A
  • Public opinion
  • Wilsonianism (moral attitudes)
  • Econ interests
  • Cultural ties
45
Q

4

Describe public opinion as a reason behind WW1 neutrality

A
  • Prevailing mood that European war had nothing to do with them
  • 1916 election campaign
  • 1915 Gallup poll found 54% Americans favoured neutrality
  • Sec of State Bryan organsied anti-war campaigns
46
Q

6

Describe Wilsonianism as a reason behind WW1 neutrality

A
  • Wilson sought neutrality
  • Declaration of Neutrality 19th Aug 1914
    • claimed he wanted to mediate
    • warned citizens against taking sides
  • Guided by Chirstian morals
  • If US wanted to be peace-maker, it would have to remain neutral
47
Q

4

Describe economic interests as a reason behind WW1 neutrality

A
  • By 1917, US banks had loaned $2.3bn to Allies and $27m to Germany during war
  • American exports as % of GNP doubled between 1914-1916
  • Agri-boom
  • borrower to creditor nation
48
Q

4

Describe cultural ties as a reason behind US neutrality

A
  • By 1910, imms made up 15% of pop
  • 8m German Americans (largest ethnic group)
  • Irish Americans, many of whom had strong ties to Great Britain, also played a sig role in shaping public opinion on the war
  • Concern that entry into WW1 would lead to cultural conflict within USA
49
Q

1

Why did Bryan resign?

A

Resigned in 1915 as beleived loans/exports comprimised neutrality

50
Q

2

Described US entry into WW1

A
  • Feared Allied loss
  • April 1917 - WIlson asked Congress for authority to declare war on Germany
51
Q

7

List reasons for US entry into WW1

A
  • Pro-British feeling
  • Anti-German feeling
  • Trade
  • Sinking of Lusitania
  • Failure of US peace initiatives
  • Resumption of USW
  • Zimmerman Telegram

USW - unrestrcited submarine warfare

52
Q

5

Describe how pro-British feeling contributed to American entry into WW1

A
  • Wilson and allies preferred British
  • WIlson’s preference for British customs and values (had long-standing ties)
  • British propaganda ‘Bryce Report’ portrayed Germans as barbaric
  • Many American businesses e.g. JP Morgan had close ties to Britain
  • Pro-British politicians, such as TR, argued US had duty to protect its allies overseas
53
Q

5

Describe how anti-German feeling contributed to American entry into WW1

A
  • Samoa 1899
  • Wilson agreed with Lansling (Sec of State ,1915-20) that Germany posed threat to American interests
  • Sinking of Lusitania
  • In message to Congress Dec 1915, Wilson attacked German-Americans for disloyalty
  • Black Tom explosion 1916
54
Q

2

Describe the Black Tom explosion 1916

A
  • Sabotage by German agents
  • Munitions factory explosion in NJ, killing 4
55
Q

5

Describe how trade contributed to American entry into WW1

A
  • effective British blockade of German ports
  • By 1916, US Trade with Germany at 1% of 1914 figures
  • Trade with allies reached $3.2bn by 1916 (10x that of cnetral powers)
  • 40% of govt revenue made from tarriffs
  • Allies borrowed $7bn from USA during war (had to pay $10.5bn)
56
Q

4

Describe how the sinking of the Lusitania contributed to American entry into WW1

A
  • May 1915, passenger shop Lusitiania sunk
  • 128 US passengers died
  • Wilson called for German apology, despite Bryan’s calls for comprimise
  • Germany suspended USW after Arabic
57
Q

2

Describe Wilson’s early support for peace

A
  • As early as 1912, Wilson spoke of need to international organisation that guaranteed rights of all people for peaceful world
  • May 1916, spoke of mutual distrust that led to war
58
Q

3

Describe how the failure of US peace initiatives contributed to American entry into WW1

A
  • Wilson had sent envoy Colonel House twice to Europe in 1915 and 1916 to negotiate truce to little avail
  • Jan 1917 Congress, called for ‘peace without victory’
  • peace would not be imposed on the victor’s terms
59
Q

3

Describe blockades

A
  • Under international law, Britain blockaded German ports and confiscated ‘contraband’ items
  • Britian seized US ships and blacklisted firms who traded with Cental Powers
  • Wilson took little action due to his private support for Allies

contraband - loosely defined as anything useful to the enemy

60
Q

3

Describe the practice of USW

A
  • Germans bombed any ship headed for Britain
  • Used German U-boats
  • Suspended in Aug 1915 after Arabic sunk and killed 2 Americans
61
Q

4

Describe how the resumption of USW led to US entry into WW1

A
  • 31 Jan 1917, Germany gave 8hr warning that it would sink all ships found within British waters
  • Hoped Allies would surrendered out of depleted foodstuffs before US arrived if it declared war
  • 3 Feb, Wilson severed German diplomatic relations
  • Feb-March 1917, several US ships sunk
62
Q

2

Describe German espionage

A
  • Rumours of German espionage in America
  • Exagurrated, but fueled further resentment
63
Q

4

Describe how the Zimmerman telegram contribited to US entry into WW1

A
  • 16 Jan 1917, telegram sent from Zimmerman (German FS) to von Eckhart (German Ambassador to Mexico)
  • Proposed military alliance where mexico would wage war on USA and reclaim TX, AZ and NM
  • Intercepted by US Ambassador in Britain
  • Created pre-text for war
64
Q

2

Describe doubts over the Zimmerman Telegram

A
  • Mexico in no position to wage war due to ongoing CW
  • Nontheless provoked anti-Mexican and anti-German feelings at time
65
Q

2

Describe WW1 for America

A
  • Cost $33bn
  • Lost 116k men
66
Q

Describe the ‘Inquiry’

A

Research project with 150 advisors to devise 14 point plan

67
Q

5

Describe the terms of Wilson’s 14 points

A
  • No secret treaties (e.g. Triple Entente/Triple Alliance)
  • Open diplomacy
  • Self determination (for colonies)
  • Return of Alsace Lorraine to France
  • 14th point: An international organisation to promote peace, international cooperation and collective security - The League of Nations
68
Q

3

Describe Wilson’s 14 points

A
  • Jan 1919, Congress
  • 3 categories: maintaining orderly relations, self-determination and LoN
  • Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1919
69
Q

4

Describe the Paris peace conference 1919

A
  • Jan 1919
  • Wilson made decision to go to Paris himself - momentous as no sitting president had left US while in office up until that point
  • ‘Big Three’ attitudes
  • Wilson’s main goal was creation of LoN - therefore compromised on self-determination and reparations concerns
70
Q

6

Describe the failure to join the League of Nations

A
  • A document condemning the LoN and suggesting it should be delayed was signed by 37 US Senators
  • ‘Collective secuity’ at odds with American neutrality
  • Wilson’s tour of US
  • Wilson’s refusal to comprimise
  • March 1920, original peace treaty passed by 49 to 35 votes in senate, yet 7 short of ⅔ supermajority
  • USA never joined LoN
71
Q

4

Describe Wilson’s tour of the US

A
  • Toured US in Sept 1919 to shore up support for LoN
  • 40 speeches in 22 days
  • Collapsed in Colorado - suffered stroke month later
  • Incapacitated for rest of term
72
Q

4

Describe Wilson’s refusal to compromise on the LoN

A
  • reservationist senators willing to compromise
  • Lodge (Rep, MA) introduced compromise bill to senate
  • Wilson instructed Dems to oppose
  • Bill failed by 53 votes to 38
73
Q

2

Describe Wilsonianism

A
  • Supported by Wilson and Bryan
  • Progressive imperialism
74
Q

2

Describe Wilson’s idealism

A
  • Would only cooperate with ‘just’ nations
  • Extension of Roosevelt Corollary
75
Q

4

Describe examples of Wilsonianism/idealism in Latin America

A
  • Gave Colombia $20m for role USA played in encouraging Panama rebellion in 1903
  • fought against special concessions
  • e.g. insisted Congress repeal 1912 act exempting US coastal shipping from paying tolls to Panama Canal
  • Built highways, hospitals, schools, etc throughout LA
76
Q

4

Describe limits to Wilsonianism/idealism

A
  • order intervention in Haiti in 1915 after revolution, remained until 1934
  • DR placed under US military govt in 1915 after several revolutions, troops remained until 1924
  • maintained US presence in Nicaragua
  • Continued policies of TR/Taft, which he had opposed

American History - Ben (22 decks)

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