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American History - Ben > Social (1865-90) > Flashcards

Social (1865-90) Flashcards

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1
Q

3

Describe urbanisation from 1865-90

A
  • Chicago population grew from 30k (1850) to 1m (1890)
  • Chicago a railroad centre that served upper-Midwest as hub for lumber, meat and steel production
  • Cities evolved from commercial centres for rural areas to urban centres in themselves after the CW
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2
Q

3

Describe living conditions from 1865-90

A
  • Rapid urban growth led to poor quality housing
  • Those with wealth soon moved from slums to suburbs
  • Development of ‘boss’ system
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3
Q

2

Describe the ‘boss system’

A
  • Corrupt mayor who would sell rights to basic utilities (housing, transport, etc) to highest bidder
  • Provide employment and housing for immigrants and AA from South in return for vote in election (vote buying)
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4
Q

7

Describe some key aspects of the North 1865-90

A
  • Forefront of Civil Rights
  • Home of banking and commerce
  • Railroads connected national trade
  • Urbanisation fuelled by immigration and industrial expansion
  • 1860’s to 1890’s = 10 million immigrants
  • Fears of a socialist revolution
  • No/few trade unions
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5
Q

7

List some reasons for division within the North

A
  • Divisions between old and new immigrants and ethnic tensions
  • Class divisions with emerging Robber Barrons
  • Railroad tensions
  • Urbanisation
  • Disunity of working class
  • Gang tensions
  • Radical fringe
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6
Q

5

Describe how immigration caused divisions in the North

A
  • Between ‘districts’ of immigrants
  • Between ‘new’ and previous generation immigrants
  • Divisions immigrants brought with them
  • ‘Nativism’ = protection of ‘traditional’ American values from foreign influence
  • ‘Yellow Peril’ = immigrants from China, didn’t speak English, hardworking and cheap labour; Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
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7
Q

2

Describe how railroad tensions caused divisions in the North

A
  • ‘Freight rates’ (the amount charged by the railroad corporations to move goods)
  • Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, enables ICC to regulate railroads and freight rates
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8
Q

2

Describe how urbanisation caused divisions in the North

A
  • Overcrowding, poverty, poor housing and poor hygiene
  • Immigrants from all over forced to live in close quarters, exacerbating violence
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9
Q

2

Describe how disunity of the working class caused divisions in the North

A
  • Fledgling but divided trade union movement
  • Serious divisions due to immigration and competitive labour prices
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10
Q

2

Describe how the radical fringe caused divisions in the North

A
  • Fears of a socialist revolution
  • Haymarket Bomb 1886
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11
Q

4

List some key aspects of the South 1865-90

A
  • New South emerged - modernising and embracing new technologies
  • Greater industrialisation encouraged by railroads
  • Focus on cotton market
  • Limited black education/rights + little land redistribution
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12
Q

5

Describe the cotton market in the South

A
  • Britain made other arrangements for cotton during the Civil War
  • USA’s market share in 1867 smaller than 1857
  • Lack of cash in the economy for cotton production
  • Yet Southern industrialisation remained focused on cotton in textile factories in the South
  • 1870s glut
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13
Q

2

Describe black education in the South

A
  • Government-sponsored education fell through very quickly when money ran out
  • Prevented black leadership in business or politics
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14
Q

5

Describe black rights in the South

A
  • 1873 Slaughter House cases (14th Amendment did not prevent states setting their own citizens rights rules)
  • 1883 Civil Rights cases
  • 1883 the Court struck down 1875 Civil Rights Act
  • Jim Crow laws
  • Rise of racial violence and populism
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15
Q

4

Describe the divisions within the South

A
  • Divisions between white plantation owners and black sharecroppers
  • Land class division
  • Divisions among black citizens over whether to be radical or moderate in pursuing goals
  • Colfax Massacre 1873 exposed violent divisions
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16
Q

4

Describe the shifts in Northern immigration 1865-90

A
  • Shift in population to Northern and Eastern industrial/urban hubs of New York, Chicago, Pennsylvania, etc
  • Unlike earlier scandinavian and german immigrants who had settled into rural areas
  • Debate between optimistic ‘melting pot’ vision of America vs pessimists warning of strained ethnic relations
  • NY pop doubled 1860-90
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17
Q

2

Describe Northern Gang Violence 1865-90

A
  • Orange Riots in New York in 1870 and 1871 led to deaths of 8 and 60 people respectively
  • Irish gangs terrorised Italians, Jews and Poles in Chicago’s South Side in 1870s

Orange riots - conflict between Irish protestants and catholics

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18
Q

4

Describe evidence of the New South

A
  • railroad mileage doubled in 1880s
  • made it possible to develop new industries such as coal mining in West Virginia
  • City of Birmingham, Alabama had plentiful supplies of coal, iron and limestone nearby became centre of steel industry
  • James Buchanon Duke revolutionised tobacco industry through machinery - factories could produce 100k cigarettes a day
19
Q

4

Describe key aspects of the West 1865-90

A
  • Filled with pioneers, Native Americans and Cowboys
  • Rapid settlement and homesteaders
  • Development of cattle industry fed Eastern cities
  • Many Chinese immigrants worked in construction

pioneers - farmers who took advantage of natural resources in West

20
Q

1

Describe evidence of rapid settlement in the West

A

half pop of Nevada and Arizona were foreign born by last quarter of 19th century

21
Q

7

Describe reasons for divisions within the West

A
  • Native American policy - battles
  • Railroads cut through bull culls, cutting off NA food supplies
  • NA infringement encouraged by US army and Bureau of Indian Affairs, but also ordinary Americans
  • Homestead Act’s 160 acres not enough to make a living
  • Ghost Towns
  • Pioneer settlers vs ‘big agriculture’
  • The Granger movement
22
Q

5

Describe the Granger movement

A
  • Formed 1867
  • helped farmers with loans and advice
  • the ‘Grange’ was hostile to railroad companies
  • support peaked in 80s - led to ICC
  • support would shift to ‘Farmer’s Alliance’ movement, which was more openly political and demanded currency reform and lower tariffs
23
Q

3

Describe the North’s divisions with the South/West 1865-90

A
  • North continued to prosper as industrial, ethnic and urban hub
  • Remained the most influential
  • e.g. Chester Arthur’s attempts to reduce tariffs struggled as Congress raised as many as he cut down
24
Q

4

Describe the South’s divisions with the North 1865-90 (political divisions)

A
  • ‘New South’ still evokative of ‘Old South’
  • Still harboured feelings of defeat
  • Endless complaints against ‘carpetbaggers’ and ‘scalawags’
  • New redeemer governments increasingly distant from DC
25
Q

5

Describe the South/West’s divisions with the North 1865-90 (farming divisions)

A
  • Farmers in South and West regulary dependent on Northern borrowing
  • Borrowing based on expected levels of harvesting
  • Yet market instability and price falls plunged many into debts
  • Led to support of low interest rates and expanded money supply
  • Ideas vehemently opposed by industrial North
26
Q

5

Describe immigration 1865-90

A
  • 10m immigrants
  • Majority from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands and Switzerland
  • Open door policy until 1882
  • Statue of Liberty erected in 1886 - symbol of welcome and promise
  • 1890, 56% of labour force in manufacturing and mechanical industries were foreign born or of foreign parentage
27
Q

8

Describe pull factors for immigration 1865-90

A
  • Space - America had vast plains where farm settlements were far apart. Growing cities had plenty of room e.g. NYC largest city in world by 1900 and still growing
  • Natural resources - massive natural resources: oil, timber and minerals.
  • Land was cheap
  • Economic opportunity - rapid industrialisation, 2nd largest money market, entrepreneurism
  • Wages considerably higher in skilled trade
  • Freedom of religion
  • Pamphlets
  • Railroads
28
Q

3

Describe how railroad employment encouraged immigration 1865-90

A
  • provided loans at low rates of interest
  • classes in farming
  • building of churches/schools
29
Q

2

Describe a pamphlet that encouraged immigration 1865-90

A
  • Minnesota, The Empire State of the North-West (1878)
  • claimed it could support 5m people
30
Q

7

Describe push factors for immigration 1865-90

A
  • Overcrowding and shortage of land in Europe
  • Youngest in European families could expect little inheritance
  • Lack of opportunity - Europe was still a class-dominated society
  • Unemployment in Europe - economic depression, agricultural mismanagement and mechanisation
  • Religious persecution
  • Repeal of Japanese emigration ban in 1885
31
Q

2

Describe religious persecution in Europe 1865-90

A
  • Regular attacks against Jews in Russia triggered by the assassination of Alexander II in 1881
  • Number of Jewish immigrants rose from 5k (1880) to 90k (1900)
32
Q

1

Describe the impact of the Japanese repeal on emigration in 1885

A

Most went to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations

33
Q

5

Describe the economic reaction to immigration 1865-90

A
  • Economic fear of immigrants being a drain on natural resources bred a culture of ethnic intolerance, especially in NE with rapid social change
  • Trade unions, led by Samuel Gompers strongly opposed Chinese labourers
  • New tide of immigration closed off traditional escape route of discontented Easterners through closures of settlements of available land
  • Local Assembly 300
  • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 and Foran Act 1885
34
Q

2

Describe Local Assembly 300

A
  • Skilled Belgian and British glass workers brought under contract at lower wages in Kent, Ohio and Baltimore
  • 1882, 2 unions of skilled glass workers amalgamated to oppose contract labour
35
Q

2

Describe the Foran Act 1885

A
  • Banned foreign contract labour
  • Did not extend to skilled workers needed for new industries
36
Q

6

Describe wider social discrimination 1865-90

A
  • English workmen targeted by New York Herald Tribune
  • Many ethnicities stereotyped by Atlantic Monthly
  • Anti-semitism most prominent form of ethnic discrimination - Jews had been barred from voting until early-19th century in America
  • Some hotels and clubs displayed ‘no jews or dogs admitted here’ signs
  • Crowded tenement housing for immigrants
  • Speed and intensity accentuated discrimination
37
Q

4

Describe Nativism 1865-90

A
  • Policy of protecting interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
  • Led by trade unions, more extreme protestant christians, social reformers who saw immigration as exacerbating existing problems in cities
  • American Protective Association
  • Contradictonary feelings over assimmilation within communities
38
Q

3

Describe the American Protective Association

A
  • Protestant extremist group
  • Established 1887 in reaction to increasing enrolment in Catholic schools
  • Led by Henry Bowers
39
Q

5

Describe the growth of Chinese immigration 1865-90

A
  • Swelled in California after California Gold Rush 1849 and construction of Union Pacific Railroad in the 60s
  • Most worked on Central Pacific railways
  • Provided half of SFs workforce
  • Census data shows that Chinese immigration grew from 63k men (1870) to 106k (1880s)
  • They were known to be cheap, hard-working and caused few social problems
40
Q

3

Describe the fear of the ‘yellow peril’

A
  • Panic of 1873 accentuated fears of cheap Chinese labour
  • By 1879, President Hayes was warning of the ‘present Chinese invasion’
  • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
41
Q

3

Describe the Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

A
  • Prevented Chinese immigration for 10 years by denying right of citizenship (with exceptions)
  • Renewed in 1892 and continually thereafter
  • finally repealed in 1943
42
Q

2

Describe the National Woman Suffrage Association

A
  • Formed 1869
  • tied markedly less popular female suffrage to black vote movement
43
Q

Which territory granted women unrestricted franchise in 1869?

A

Wyoming territory

American History - Ben (22 decks)

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