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Sierra guide to success > SOCI 377 Midterm One > Flashcards

SOCI 377 Midterm One Flashcards

1
Q

What is substantive definitions, and what are the drawbacks of this definition?

A

Focuses on what religion “is” or its essential nature
For example to define religion as a belief in a spiritual beings
Substantive definitions tend to be too exclusive and they draw a clear line between religious and non religious beliefs e.i. religous definitions must include a belief in god or the supernatural

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2
Q

What is functional definitions and what are drawbacks from this definition?

A

Focuses on what a religion “does” or how it functions in society
They are often too too inclusive and too many things then become religious

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3
Q

What are examples of “world religions”

A

Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism

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4
Q

What are examples of the “lesser religions”

A

Inuit aboriginal beliefs

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5
Q

Define what Ontology is?

A

is a systematic approach to unraveling the nature of things- for example asking question like what is religion?
a branch of philosophy

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6
Q

What does empiricism mean?

A

the objectification of things

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7
Q

What is religion of epistemology?

A

stems from ontology, and deals with relating to the processes involved in knowledge for example: how do we know what we know
Because people have different positions and perspectives of the same thing it becomes harder to define the concept therefor no consensus

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8
Q

What did Andre Droogers say about ontological?

A

Made a comparison to defining religion to two opposing party seek intervention with a judge, unaware of the fact that one of the two is disguised as a judge

Saying that people may being trying to be objective but they are still influenced by there biases

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9
Q

What is Durkheim perspective on religion in regards to epistemology

A

Religion is a moral entity the conscience of society that helps to maintain social order

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10
Q

Define Methodology and who is it posited by?

A

the approach or method that people use to understand and practice there religious beliefs
Peter Clarke sociological methods for providing a cognate definition are still evolving

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11
Q

How does Max Weber define religion in relation to substantive definition?

A

As a belief in a superior or supernatural power that is above nature and cannot be explained scientifically

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12
Q

What is substantive definition

A

They are exclusive and they draw clear line between religion and non-religious beliefs
they focus on the contents or the substance of religious beliefs

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13
Q

What is functional definition

A

Allow a wide range of beliefs and is inclusive can be too inclusive

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14
Q

What are the three things that can be adopted by methodology?

A

Categorization: clustering people based on there religious view
Religious organization: whether loosely of properly organized we can identify some semblance of structure
Academic patterns

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15
Q

What is the social constructionism approach a fallout from?

A

Interpretivism meaning that humans are not passive recipients of action but they are aware and also are participants in the events that shape their existence

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16
Q

What is the religion and social self graph

A

WORLD (world perception, events, self as seen by others) interacts with SELF with contain components that all interact with eachother being (social self, central self, striving) which creates religious self

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17
Q

What is the meaning behind the quote “if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” thomas and thomas

A

That “facts” do not have uniformity their original meaning lies with the interpreters

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18
Q

In regards to ontology, how are elements projected?

A

elements of religion are projected in symbolic representations

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19
Q

How are religious elements interpreted by the thomas theorem

A

religious elements are variegated based on divergent social constructions

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20
Q

According to Durkeimian analysis in regards to shared experiences?

A

it engenders collective consciousness

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21
Q

How did Kenet Granholm described the shared experience

A

the shared experiences and ritual activities of the group produce and transmit the collective sense of identity and belonging

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22
Q

What can the shared experience build

A

Shared identity, including religious identity

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23
Q

Define esoteric

A

unique and subject to debate because not all religions have organized structures like traditional religions
Are meant to be understood by certain group of people whether that is teachings or practices

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24
Q

What do rituals reaffirm

A

the total commitment of adherents and reinforce their beliefs in the sacredness of the object being worshiped

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25
Q

What are rituals

A

religious acts, ceremonial practices and customs that are geared towards the worship of the sacred

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26
Q

Define belief

A

Refers to the strongly held conviction by the people who are adherents to a religion that their object of worship can solve their problems

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27
Q

Are all religions organized?

A

No

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28
Q

What are the demographic aspects of religion

A
  • Age
    o Race
    o Gender
    o Population
    o Immigration
    o Nature of work
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29
Q

What are the objectives of religion, give example?

A

religions are goal oriented, there are needs that need to be met
New Age spiritualities are usually concerned with holistic healing- both collective and individual levels

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30
Q

What is the definition of socialization

A

the process by which new members of a society learn how to behave in a way that is deemed generally acceptable

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31
Q

How does religion relate to socialization

A

is an important agent through which people
are either socialized or resocialized (having to relearn or unlearn)

32
Q

Are all element of religion esoteric

A

Yes

33
Q

What are the two categories that the role of religion calls under

A
  1. conservation force
  2. as a force for social change
34
Q

how is religion a conservation force

A

That religion serves to reinforce and maintain the social order and serves as a force for stability in the society

35
Q

Sociologists such as Karl Marx, functionalist theorists, feminist
theorists argue in regards to the conservative force?

A

argue that religion is importantly traditional and serves to uphold the society’s traditional customs and beliefs particularly in terms of how society should be run
(e.g. gender roles, feminist see religion as a oppressive tool used by men)

36
Q

How does Emile Durkheim and Bronisław Malinowski see conservative force

A

religion is used to
reinforce societal norms and values, as well as to encourage social
solidarity

37
Q

What is Marx view on conservative force

A

That religion does not have a positive outlook
He argues that religion contributes to maintaining the class structure by discouraging people from making demands that could lead to social change

38
Q

What is Malinowski view on conservative force

A

While supporting Marx that religion drives social
solidarity, he argues that religion importantly serves psychological
functions which help people deal with emotional stress that could otherwise threaten social order and stability.

39
Q

What is Calvinism and what does it mean

A

Advocates the principle of predestination which is the idea that God has already pre-decided whether one would go to heaven or not, even before the person was born

40
Q

Did max weber think that religion was a force for social change

A

Yes, he argued that we could not understand the development of
capitalism without a comprehensive analysis of the Protestant ethic

41
Q

How is the Arab Spring movement show that religion is a driver for social movement

A

It saw several religious groups calling for change against undemocratic rule and other social injustices

42
Q

Define juggernaut

A

Refers to a metaphorical
huge force or an object with enormous (yet sometimes
destructive) power to crush anything that will hinder its movement or flow.

43
Q

How does juggernaut relate to religion

A

religion remains a powerful force that impacts all ramifications of life across times and space

44
Q

What is the flipside of universality

A

Diversity, religious diversity gives rooms creativity and innovation

45
Q

What does diversity breed

A

Syncretism

46
Q

Define Syncretism

A

This process by which religion is adapted appropriated to meet specific needs in a blended manner

47
Q

Whats a example of syncretism

A

Christlam (expression of Christianity and Islam in many ways)

48
Q

What is postmodernism

A

Is a historical phase characterized by meta-narratives (multiple stories) as against dominant worldviews of preceding eras

49
Q

What does the optic of postmodernism show?

A

while it is erroneous to claim that religions across the globe consensually embrace the philosophy of postmodernism, contemporary religious practices fit into
postmodern analytical
framings

50
Q

What are religious cultural blending triggered by?

A

-Simulacra
* Othering
* Secularization
* Desacralization and resacrelization
* Humanism
* Transcendence
* Renaissance

51
Q

What does it mean when idealism ushered in personalization and cosmetic religiosity

A

People are
now religious consumers rather than being glued or committed to
religions.

52
Q

What did the cosmetic religiosity lead to

A

Religious fundamentalism, a form of backlash on perceived decline in religion or religious emptiness

53
Q

Is religion universal and diverse

A

Yes

54
Q

is the religious world pluralistic

A

Yes, its responding to the increased diversity of need

55
Q

Define mechanical solidarity

A

The strong collective consciousness in this
type of solidarity, people commit suicides based o their love for the common
good – altruistic suicide

56
Q

Define organic solidarity

A

life is competitive and individualistic or solitary as a result of burgeoning global capitalism. People commit fatalistic or anomic type
of suicide because of the stress in the social system.

57
Q

Define functionalism

A

Religion is a distinction between sacred and the profane
In worshiping the totem, individuals are worshiping society

58
Q

What are the criticism of functionalism

A

religion cannot socialize us if we do not believe, church attendance is declining many people rather worship privately then as a collective this does not reaffirm group identity

59
Q

Define Marxism

A

Religion is an ideological apparatus; an instrument of social control and exploitation

60
Q

How does religion act as “opium of the people”

A

A pacifying drug that numbs the pain

61
Q

What are three points of Marx and Engels functions religion

A
  • Legitimating social inequality
  • Disguising the true nature of exploitation
  • Keeps the working classes passive and resigned to their fate
62
Q

What did max Weber believe in

A

That global capitalism is a product of calvinism

63
Q

Define Denominations

A

Are national, with professional clergy and have a lifespan of over a
century. They are seen as a basis of non-conformist views and require stronger commitment

64
Q

Define Sects

A

These are small in smaller in size and often have a charismatic leader

65
Q

Define Jurgen Habermas linguification of the sacred

A

Norminalization of the sacred through new forms of communicative structure

66
Q

What are criticisms of Jurgen habermas

A

Overgeneralization: ignoring multiplicity of public spheres
Secularism: laying too much emphasis on secularism

67
Q

Explain Pierre Bourdieu: religious habitus

A

Power is symbolic in how it is used to establish social order - the creation of social realities

68
Q

Explain Michel Foucault: knowledge and power

A

The central focus in the work of Foucault is the role of knowledge in power relations

69
Q

Define the docile body:

A

through a system of confession, region revives guilts

70
Q

Explain Peter Berger: dialectics

A

Its the idea that humans are born unfinished lacking biological programming to survive
Human activity becomes very regular and predictable

71
Q

What are the three Dialect aspects

A

Externalization: How thoughts become embodied in the things we make of the world
Objectification
Internalization

72
Q

Define modernization

A

The process by which societies are transformed from traditional, rural, and industrial spaces

73
Q

Define secularization

A

The process whereby religious thinking, practices and institution lose social significance

74
Q

Explain how modernity and secularization relate

A

How social change brings about a decline of religion
Disengagement is a key role of secularization

75
Q

Define sacralization

A

the opposite of the secularization, the process of deifying

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