Arky Midterm Two Flashcards
What is L’anse aux Meadows and where is it located
northernmost tip of Newfoundland and it represents that only undisputed archaeological evidence of the Norse presence in north america
When and who discovered the Kensington Runestone
was discovered in 1898 by a Swedish immigrant Olof Ohman who unearthed the find in a field in central Minnesota
Explain the European in the new world before Columbus (navigatio)
The Irish priest St. Brendan was supposed to have embarked on a seven year trip westward into the atlantic ocean sometime in the late fifth and early sixth centuries
who is Barry Fell
Provides ostensible evidence not just for the discovery but also for the exploration and colonization of the Americas by Iberians
what is the Mound Builder
Does not refer to a specific people or archaeological culture but characteristics mound earth works constructed by emerging complex societies and chiefdoms
Who discovered the Kensington Runestone
Swedish immigrant Olof Ohman
Where did they think that the so called Land Promised to the Saints
North America
Who is Barry Fell
Harvard marine biologist provides Ostensible evidence not just for the exploration and colonization of the Americas by Iberians
What is the Cahokia
The largest and best known Mississippian centers, currently located in Illinois
What is Monks Mound
Largest architectural monument north of Mexico built in several stages 5.6 hectares at its base
Who is Lewis Henry Morgan
Ancient society who suggested the idea that culture evolves in progressive and linear stages, each stage corresponding to certain types of technology
What are the stages of the cultural evolution in the 19th century
Savagery: Fishing, bow and arrow (aboriginals)
Barbarism: Ceramics, domestication of plants and animals (native americans)
Civilizations: writing, phonetic alphabet, creation of laws (greeks)
What are the assumptions that comes along with cultural evolution in the 19th century
Implied racialized worldveiw races are more superior
What is the grave creek stone
a small sandstone disc was inscribed with 25 alphabetical and Pseudo-alphabetical characters on one side
Who was the first to examine the grave creek stone
Henry rows schoolcraft
Who discovered the bat creek stone
John W. Emmert during excavation of Tipton Mound 3 eastern tennessee
What and who discovered the Newark holy stones
David Wyrick, and was a keystone inscribed with Hebrew contains the phrases “Holy of
Holies”, “King of the Earth”, “The Law of God”, and “The Word of
God”.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, many Americans accepted the notion that First
Nations peoples were NOT connected with the Mound Building culture. Five basic
arguments were presented:
) Indians were too primitive to have built the mounds and produced the works in
stone, metal, and clay attributed to the mound-builder culture. * 2) The mounds and associated artifacts were much more ancient than even the
earliest remnants of Indian culture. * 3) Stone tablets were found in the mounds that bore inscriptions in European,
Asian, or African alphabets. * 4) Native people were not building mounds when they were first contacted by
European explorers and settlers, and local groups were ignorant of mound
construction and use when asked. * 5) Metal artifacts made of iron, silver, ore-derived copper, and various alloys had
been found in the mounds, beyond the technological knowledge of Native groups
Who is Thomas Jefferson what did he do
a USA president and he advocated for the advancement of the
sciences and Enlightenment ideals
Jefferson’s investigation, part of Notes on the State of Virginia
(1787), was the first example of scientific archaeology in the
United States
Who is Cyrus Thomas
: Tennessee ethnologist,
entomologist, and archaeologist
* Thomas’ research became a cornerstone of
modern scientific archaeology and laid to
rest the myth of a Lost Race of Mound
Builders..
Oversaw the Bat creek Stone excavations where he concluded that the inscriptions were from the Cherokee alphabet which concluded that the Cherokee built many of there mounds in eastern USA
what did Thomas believe in regards to Natives
it was clear that Native groups
were responsible for the construction of
earthworks across the United States
Who attributed to atlantis
Plato
What dialogue did Atlantis appear in
Timaeus and Critias
How was Platos Dialogues used for
type of interrogation to explore moral and
philosophical problems between participants as an
application of the Socratic method
How was Atlantis plot used in Platos writing
a device in a story about athens, Atlantis, the antagonist, is an empire gone bad
What did frank Drake do
) was
instrumental in scientific applications for the search
for extraterrestrial life (SETI). * He is best known for the Drake Equation, an attempt
to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations
in the Milky Way Galaxy
Who is Carl Sagan
first met Drake in the early 1960s
while working as a graduate student at
Berkeley. He was impressed by Drake’s ideas
about extraterrestrial life, and the two would
work closely together during their careers
wrote “Contact among Galactic Civilizations by
Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight”
What are some of the explanations for the paradox
Extraterrestrial life is rare or nonexistent
Periodic extinction by natural events
E.T. exists but has not developed
interstellar space travel technologyIt is the nature of intelligent life to
destroy itself/others
Civilizations only broadcast detectable
signals for a brief period of time
Alien life may be too alien
No thanks, Earth peoples…get your
sh*t together and we’ll talk
what is the Dendera Light
is a motif found in the Hathor temple, which is a Egyptian creation myth with associated text
describing lotus-flower, water, Horus,
and snake imagery
Who is K’inich Janaab Pakal I
(“ruler”) of the Maya city-state of
Palenque during the Late Classic
Period.
Anne Stine Ingstad
nstads wife and archeaologist that directed the excatvation of Norse turf houses in L’Anse aux Meadows
Matest Agres
suggested that certain Biblical passages
(including the Old Testament reference of
Nephilim “falling” from the sky) represent actual
eyewitness accounts of contact with E.T.s,
interpreted from the viewpoint of a technological
primitive people.
Erich von Däniken
proposed that there was indisputable and copious archaeological support for his claim that extraterrestrial aliens had visited Earth in prehistory and had played a significant role in the development of humanity.
What is the Bimini road
Three lost halls of records (under the
Sphinx, in the Bahamas near Bimini,
and in Piedras Negras, Guatemala)
contain the written history of
Atlantis.
Ignatius Donnelly
Donnelly’s theories are considered the
source for many modern-day concepts of
Atlantis, including the idea that an
advanced Ice Age civilization was the
single origin for all races and past
technological achievements across the
globe.
Donnelly lays out his arguments in
extreme detail, and presents 13
distinct claims
Helena Blavatsky
Co-founded Theosophical Society in New York City in 1875
Theosophy: a new occult movement emphasizing “ancient wisdom” underlying world religions
Believed in a pre-flood knowledge held by a secret brotherhood in Tibet
Davenport Tablets
Three slate tablets found by Rev. Jacob Gass near Davenport, Iowa, in 1877 and 1878
Found with human burials, copper axes, and copper beads
Adena Culture
Adena Culture (500 B.C. to A.D. 100)
Related Native American societies with shared burial complex and ceremonial system
Geographic range focused on central and southern Ohio, with additional sites in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Indiana
Hopewell Tradition
Hopewell Interaction Sphere (A.D. 100-500)
Not all sites had earthworks, but the tradition extended from Lake Ontario to Florida
Who and what is Moai
were carved by the Rapa Nui people
Paro is the tallest Moai erected
Approximately 900 individual moai have
been recorded across the island. Nearly
half are still at Rano Raraku, the main
quarry on the island. The remaining moai
were transported from there and set on
stone platforms called ahu around the
island’s perimeter.
Chiefdom
archaeologists suggest the emergence
of leaders or “big-men” within
Hopewell society, who likely
developed influence through the
creation of reciprocal obligations
within and between groups. This was a
step towards the development of
highly structured and stratified
sociopolitical organizations
Theosophy
was a new occult
movement which argued an “ancient
wisdom” of a true, pre-flood knowledge
underlying the world’s religions. This
knowledge was held by a secret
brotherhood centered somewhere in
Tibet
Southeastern
Ceremonial Complex
southern cult
Platonic Dialogue
were used as
a type of interrogation to explore moral and
philosophical problems between participants as an
application of the Socratic method
Mastaba
During the Early Dynastic Period (ca.
3150-2686 B.C.), Egyptians with
sufficient means (not just pharaohs)
were buried in single level, bench-
like structures
Icelandic Sagas
Icelandic Sagas are medieval narratives written in Old Norse that recount the history, legends, and heroes of Iceland and other Nordic regions, weaving together tales of family, honor, and adventure.
Bureau of American Ethnology.
In 1882, Thomas was hired to direct the
Division of Mound Exploration within the
Bureau of American Ethnology. Prior to this
appointment, he had believed the mounds
were built by an advanced race that no longer
existed. But he abandoned this type of
thinking for a more empirical approach
Natchez
town as containing a larger mound more
than 30 meters around its base, with the houses of leaders supported on
other low mounds in the vicinity.
Poverty Point
Located in Louisiana, near Watson Brake, Poverty Point was recently the oldest known earthwork construction in North America.
Newark
Earthworks
A set of artifacts discovered by David Wyrick in 1860 within a
cluster of Hopewell mounds in central Ohio known as the Newark
Earthwork
Cahokia
cahokia, the largest Mississippian center, was occupied from approximately A.D. 1000-1350 and is now located in Illinois.
Rapa Nui
is a small island in the
southeastern Pacific Ocean. Extremely
remote, the nearest inhabited island is
located over 2,000 km away, and the
nearest continental point lies in central
Chile, 3,500 km away
Palenque
commissioned some of the Maya
civilizations finest art and architecture,
including his famous sarcophagus.
Ivan Van Sertima
African presence in the pre columbian new world