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Sierra guide to success > SOCI 365 Midterm Two > Flashcards

SOCI 365 Midterm Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is the different pre-industrial societies and western industrialization for the children?

A

In pre-industrial societies age brought authority and attention over young people
In western industrialized society young people are ready to enter the workforce and do not rely on the good opinion of the parents to “get ahead”

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2
Q

What is a common belief in Canada regarding seniors? How is this incorrect?

A

That they are frail and ailing and need to be in full time case in nursing homes
in reality there is only 7.1% of seniors 65 years or older living in special care facilities

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3
Q

What is the most common cognitive disease in older people?

A

Alzheimer’s is the most common form of neurological dementia

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4
Q

Where does society learn there negative attitude towards aging and older people

A

Mass media, Jokes, ad Cartoons

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5
Q

Define life course

A

A patterned sequence of individual age-linked experience over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influence

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6
Q

What analysis is the best way to understand people especially old people?

A

Longitudinal analysis

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7
Q

What is longitudinal analysis

A

An observational method in which data are gathered for the same subjects over a period of time often over the years or decades

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8
Q

Who is Glen Elder and what does he study?

A

He is considered to be an important studying this topic which is the life course approach rests of 5 main assumptions

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9
Q

What does Glenn Elder consider to be the 5 main assumptions of aging?

A
  1. Human development and aging are lifelong processes
  2. It makes a difference at what age you make key life transitions- whether you divorce at 25 or 55, because the age that people make these transitions effect how they view themselves
  3. Since our lives are embedded in social relationships, we may find ourselves entering new statuses because of the actions of others not through our own choosing
  4. Life courses of individuals is embedded in and shaped by the historical times and places they experience over their lifetime
  5. individuals construct their own life courses through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities of history and social circumstances
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10
Q

What does senescence mean?

A

from birth onwards an individual’s physical and mental abilities gradually improve, then decline in a biological process

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11
Q

How can the age pyramid in Canada be defined as?

A

A diamond shape, a triangle slowly turning into a rectangle as the birth rates slows

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12
Q

What does age stratification theory focus on?

A

The way social structures affect individual aging and the stratification, or vertical segregation

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13
Q

What is ageism?

A

Prejudice or
discrimination,
mostly against older
Canadians, but by
implication against
any member of
society, based on
their age.

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14
Q

How does ageism affect people psychologically?

A

Makes people feel rejected, excluded, and degraded

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15
Q

Define structural functionalism in regards to disengagement theory?

A

The theory that as
people age, they
voluntarily and
normally remove
themselves from
activities and social
contacts, to ease their
passage into a less
active lifestyle.

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16
Q

Name the key points of conflict theory in regards to age theory

A
  • Conflict and change are features of social life.
  • Age-related discrimination doesn’t benefit society.
  • Older people don’t disengage; they’re pushed out
    of the workforce.
  • The most powerful groups in society command
    resources and are the decision-makers.
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17
Q

Name the key factors of symbolic interactionalism

A
  • Social life involves continued interaction.
  • Socially constructed definitions of age and aging
    affect one’s experience of growing old.
  • People take on new roles as they age (they don’t
    disengage).
  • Media portrayals reflect and reinforce society’s
    stereotypes about older people.
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18
Q

Name the key factors of feminist theory

A
  • Aging affects men and women differently.
  • Women, because they live longer than men on
    average, are more likely to suffer the hardships
    associated with aging.
  • Generally, women provide care in aging while men
    receive it.
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19
Q

Name the key parts or social constructionism

A
  • Views of aging are shaped by moral
    entrepreneurship.
  • Popular beliefs about aging are propagated by the
    mass media and don’t reflect reality
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20
Q

What are the two ways that that Canadians support themselves after retiring?

A

through public or private pensions, more of the working age will need to help pay through taxes for the pensions and benefits received by a growing number of elders

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21
Q

Despite disengagement theory older people shouldnt be discouraged from doing what?

A

continue working for economic reasons

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22
Q

How have most people earned an income

A

through paid work

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23
Q

Define intragenerational mobility

A

Mobility between labour-market positions within individuals careers

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24
Q

What are the three reasons that intragenerational mobility has changed over the years?

A
  1. the lengthening of the average lifespan
  2. a decline in economic growth
  3. the elimination of mandatory retirement
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25
Q

What are aspects that have pushed older people out of the careers

A
  • technology
  • compulsory retirement
  • self-employed professionals
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26
Q

Define compulsory retirement

A

The legal right of an employer to forcibly retire an employee ad the accompanying eligibility of an employee to receive private and public pensions

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27
Q

Define self-employed professionals

A

Had much more choice about when to retire. And since they’d receive
no organizational or union pension benefits when they retired, they had little incentive
to retire at age 65 or earlier. Likely, their standard of living and quality of life would be
higher if they continued to work

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28
Q

Define primogeniture

A

A system of
inheritance in which
only one child, the
oldest son, inherits all
the family property
on the death of his
parents

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29
Q

Define filial responsibility

A

The sense of personal
obligation or duty that
adult children often
feel for protecting,
caring for, and
supporting their aging
parents; filial piety

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30
Q

Define sandwich generation

A

Middle-aged adults caring for both older parents and their own young children

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31
Q

What does SES mean?

A

socio-economic status

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32
Q

What are the differences between people with lower SES and higher SES

A

People with lower SES have greater disability association impairments then higher SES counterparts

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33
Q

What is higher social inequality over life course associated to?

A

A higher likehood of disability during there senior years

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34
Q

Which gender tends to be more resilient to the effects of social inequalities experienced over the life course

A

Woman

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35
Q

What are ADL and IADL disabilities?

A

ADL Involve being unable to do simple tasks
IADL disabilities involves an inability to perform tasks like managing money or using the telephone

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36
Q

What are factors associated with SES?

A

Not owning a house or a car, increase the likelihood that ADL- associated disabilities and functional limitations will develop

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37
Q

What was the study done on SES detriments on the effect on disabilities

A

people who were over the age of 75 and had the perception that their income was inadequate
experienced the onset of an ADL-associated disability, on average, seven years earlier
than those who didn’t consider their income inadequate

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38
Q

What is elder abuse typically?

A

the older person is mistreated in their own home by a spouse,
sibling, child, friend, or trusted caregiver. Other seniors are mistreated by staff and professional caregivers in facilities for older people.

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39
Q

Who are most likely to report elder abuse?

A

Relatives but they are also most likely to to perpetrate abuse and neglect

40
Q

What are the four types of social support?

A

—informational, tangible, emotional, and integrating

41
Q

Are men more likely to remarry after being widowed

A

Yes

42
Q

What is the largest lobby group for the older people?

A

Canadian Association for retired persons

43
Q

Define ascribed statuses

A

Statuses assigned to people because of certain traits beyond their control

44
Q

Define achieved statuses

A

Social statuses that aren’t inborn but are the result of effort and accomplishment such as education or occupational attainment

45
Q

Define social mobility

A

The movement—
usually of individuals
but sometimes of
whole groups—
between different
positions within the
system of social
stratification in
any society. Most
sociological attention
has focused on
intergenerational
mobility by comparing
parents and their
children.

46
Q

What do most people and sociologist believe in regarding education?

A

Educational attainment should be an achieved, not an ascribed

47
Q

Define generational occupational mobility

A

Changes in someone’s
occupational mobility
throughout the course
of their lifetime.

48
Q

Define segmented labour market theory

A

A theory that the
labour market is
stratified and that
entry and upward
mobility are difficult
for people with only a
high school education

49
Q

Define human capital theory

A

A theory proposing
a linear relationship
between education
and job attainment:
more education gets
people better jobs.

50
Q

Define signalling theory

A

A theory referring to
symbolic meanings
attached to different
attainments on a
person’s resumé; it also
refers to the employer’s
decoding of signals in
assessing the potential
worth and trainability
of a young employee

51
Q

Define network theory

A

A theory noting the
importance of social
networks and social
capital in gaining
employment—
especially, the
importance of friends
and acquaintances
who vouch for
the quality of the
potential employee

52
Q

Define primary labour market

A

High-paying jobs that
provide good chances
to get ahead and that
offer job security

53
Q

Define secondary (marginal) labour market

A

High-turnover,
low-paying, and
unstable or insecure
employment. These
jobs offer little chance
to get ahead and little
job security.

54
Q

Define Intergenerational elasticity

A

Elasticity, an
economic term, is
the degree to which
changing one variable
changes another. A
low intergenerational
income elasticity (as
in Denmark) means
that social class is less
persistent and more
amenable to change
from one generation
to the next

55
Q

What is a large part of social mobility due to?

A

Education

56
Q

What has been known to happen when woman enter more jobs

A

the prestige and pay get lowered

57
Q

Does formal education close the traditional gender gap

A

Yes

58
Q

Define racialization

A

AN imposition of unwanted racial identities on minorities

59
Q

What did david johnsons study of ontario schools suggest

A

That economic equality may be less decisive for schools and students then previously thoughts.These findings show that “good schools” aren’t only to be found in “good” neighbourhoods, and vice versa. No matter where the students live, the schools they attend
have the potential to provide a quality education

60
Q

Define socialization

A

The process by which
people internalize and
learn their culture,
much of which occurs
during childhood.

61
Q

Define meritocracy

A

The holding of power
or authority by people
selected because of
their ability.

62
Q

What is structuralism functionalism theoretical perspective on education

A

The function of schooling is to give people the human capital society
needs for economic growth

63
Q

What’s conflict theories perspective on education

A

The myth of upward mobility through merit at school is used by the
ruling class to justify social inequality

64
Q

What is symbolic interactionalism perspective on education

A

Schools help people develop identities that are appropriate to the social
roles they’ll play as adults

65
Q

What is feminist theory on perspective on education

A

Schools have historically treated boys and girls differently, subtly
reinforcing sexism

66
Q

What is social constructionism perspectives on education

A

Public issues around schooling are connected to a variety of concerns
about class, race, and income inequality.

67
Q

Define credentialism

A

A process of social
selection that gives
class advantage
and social status to
people who possess
academic advantage.

68
Q

Define credential inflation

A

The tendency of
schools to provide and
employers to demand
ever-more schooling
and ever-higher
credentials for work
that hasn’t become
more demanding or
complex

69
Q

Define professionalization

A

The process by
which an occupation
raises its standing
by limiting the
number of entrants
and regulating their
behaviour.

70
Q

Define overeducation

A

Education beyond
what’s actually
needed to perform
employment roles and
functions successfully

71
Q

What is the dropout theory

A

focus on students who
find themselves unable to cope intellectually (or cognitively) with school materials

72
Q

What is pullout theories

A

Are class-based and focus on students who withdraw from schooling because
of financial troubles

73
Q

What are pushout theories

A

focus on the school and community as
contextual factors that influence high school dropout rates

74
Q

Define suffrage movement

A

The effort to gain the right for woman to vote in elections which was the central aim of many during the first wave of the woman’s movement. When women could
vote, other goals, like
social reform and
legal rights, would
be more readily
attainable

75
Q

Define sexism

A

Discrimination and
derogatory attitudes
and beliefs directed
against people
because of their
gender. Sexism and
gender stereotyping
are problems for both
men and women,
and are most often
experienced in
institutions and social
relationships

76
Q

Define gender inequality

A

The differential
success of men and
women in gaining
access to valued
rewards. This tends to
stem from structural
arrangements,
interpersonal
discrimination, and
cultural beliefs.

77
Q

Define sex

A

A biological concept
that differentiates
female and male.
Most people are
(primarily) male or
(primarily) female
from the moment
of conception, with
biological differences
between the sexes
that are anatomic,
genetic, and
hormonal.

78
Q

Define gender

A

Refers to culturally learned notions of masculinity and femininity

79
Q

Define masculinity

A

A socially constructed
idea of how boys
and men should act;
qualities that people
in our society expect
to find in a typical
man

79
Q

Define gender roles

A

The patterns of
behaviour that society
expects of men and
women and that all
members of society
learn, to a greater or
lesser extent, as part
of the socialization
process.

80
Q

Define femininity

A

A socially constructed
idea of how girls and
women should act,
qualities that people
in our society expect
to find in a typical
female

81
Q

Define gender socialization

A

The process by
which people learn
their gender-based
behaviour. This
socialization process
links gender to
personal identity in
the form of gender
identity and to distinct
activities in the form
of gender roles.
The major agents
of socialization all
serve to reinforce
cultural definitions
of masculinity and
femininity.

82
Q

How are masculine stereotypes having a negative influence on social behaviors

A

Men are far more likely to commit violent crimes
and to be victimized in violent crimes
They’re more
likely to work in dangerous work settings and to be victims of occupational accidents

83
Q

How is household work split up in cohabit relationships

A

Woman do much less household work than those who are legally married

84
Q

What is The Reproduction of Mothering

A

It explains
women’s subordination by the fact that women mother. If women and men shared
equally in parenting, gender inequality would diminish

85
Q

When did the job market for woman shift from teachers, nurses and other claimed feminine jobs to a wider ranges

A

The World War II, when woman entered factory jobs while men were away at war

86
Q

Define the glass ceiling

A

A metaphor that
describes the
situation of many
women having
considerable success
in the workplace, but
few reaching and
entering the topmost
positions because of
structural barriers to
advancement.

87
Q

Define feminization of poverty

A

A concept expressing
the fact that
women are over-represented among
the impoverished
populations of
the world. In the
West, economic
liberalization and the
dominance of the
market have meant
that those with the
least earning power—
single mothers with
children—have
suffered most

88
Q

What was the first major superhero film with a female lead

A

Wonder Woman

89
Q

What is structuralism functionalism perspective of gender relations

A

Gender inequality stems from what was at one time an effective household
arrangement, which has failed to develop with the times.

90
Q

What is conflict theory on gender relations

A

Gender inequality results from struggle for economic and social power

91
Q

What is symbolic interactionism perspective on gender relations

A

Socialization and labelling shape gender identities.

92
Q

What is feminist theory on gender relation

A

The creation of gender equality is a social process.

93
Q

What does the marxist theory assume in regards to gender relations i contract to feminist theory?

A

The Marxist approach assumes that working-class men and women are on the same
side, both equally victims of the capitalist class
By contract feminist theory believes that women have a different experience from men and may be exploited by men
of their own class as well as by capitalists

94
Q

What are symbolic interactionalism concerned with in regards to gender?

A

the ways that gender differences become gender inequalities

95
Q

How much more likely are woman to be victimized

A

11 times more likely to be victimized then men

96
Q
A

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