SOCI 365 Midterm Two Flashcards
What is the different pre-industrial societies and western industrialization for the children?
In pre-industrial societies age brought authority and attention over young people
In western industrialized society young people are ready to enter the workforce and do not rely on the good opinion of the parents to “get ahead”
What is a common belief in Canada regarding seniors? How is this incorrect?
That they are frail and ailing and need to be in full time case in nursing homes
in reality there is only 7.1% of seniors 65 years or older living in special care facilities
What is the most common cognitive disease in older people?
Alzheimer’s is the most common form of neurological dementia
Where does society learn there negative attitude towards aging and older people
Mass media, Jokes, ad Cartoons
Define life course
A patterned sequence of individual age-linked experience over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influence
What analysis is the best way to understand people especially old people?
Longitudinal analysis
What is longitudinal analysis
An observational method in which data are gathered for the same subjects over a period of time often over the years or decades
Who is Glen Elder and what does he study?
He is considered to be an important studying this topic which is the life course approach rests of 5 main assumptions
What does Glenn Elder consider to be the 5 main assumptions of aging?
- Human development and aging are lifelong processes
- It makes a difference at what age you make key life transitions- whether you divorce at 25 or 55, because the age that people make these transitions effect how they view themselves
- Since our lives are embedded in social relationships, we may find ourselves entering new statuses because of the actions of others not through our own choosing
- Life courses of individuals is embedded in and shaped by the historical times and places they experience over their lifetime
- individuals construct their own life courses through the choices and actions they take within the opportunities of history and social circumstances
What does senescence mean?
from birth onwards an individual’s physical and mental abilities gradually improve, then decline in a biological process
How can the age pyramid in Canada be defined as?
A diamond shape, a triangle slowly turning into a rectangle as the birth rates slows
What does age stratification theory focus on?
The way social structures affect individual aging and the stratification, or vertical segregation
What is ageism?
Prejudice or
discrimination,
mostly against older
Canadians, but by
implication against
any member of
society, based on
their age.
How does ageism affect people psychologically?
Makes people feel rejected, excluded, and degraded
Define structural functionalism in regards to disengagement theory?
The theory that as
people age, they
voluntarily and
normally remove
themselves from
activities and social
contacts, to ease their
passage into a less
active lifestyle.
Name the key points of conflict theory in regards to age theory
- Conflict and change are features of social life.
- Age-related discrimination doesn’t benefit society.
- Older people don’t disengage; they’re pushed out
of the workforce. - The most powerful groups in society command
resources and are the decision-makers.
Name the key factors of symbolic interactionalism
- Social life involves continued interaction.
- Socially constructed definitions of age and aging
affect one’s experience of growing old. - People take on new roles as they age (they don’t
disengage). - Media portrayals reflect and reinforce society’s
stereotypes about older people.
Name the key factors of feminist theory
- Aging affects men and women differently.
- Women, because they live longer than men on
average, are more likely to suffer the hardships
associated with aging. - Generally, women provide care in aging while men
receive it.
Name the key parts or social constructionism
- Views of aging are shaped by moral
entrepreneurship. - Popular beliefs about aging are propagated by the
mass media and don’t reflect reality
What are the two ways that that Canadians support themselves after retiring?
through public or private pensions, more of the working age will need to help pay through taxes for the pensions and benefits received by a growing number of elders
Despite disengagement theory older people shouldnt be discouraged from doing what?
continue working for economic reasons
How have most people earned an income
through paid work
Define intragenerational mobility
Mobility between labour-market positions within individuals careers
What are the three reasons that intragenerational mobility has changed over the years?
- the lengthening of the average lifespan
- a decline in economic growth
- the elimination of mandatory retirement
What are aspects that have pushed older people out of the careers
- technology
- compulsory retirement
- self-employed professionals
Define compulsory retirement
The legal right of an employer to forcibly retire an employee ad the accompanying eligibility of an employee to receive private and public pensions
Define self-employed professionals
Had much more choice about when to retire. And since they’d receive
no organizational or union pension benefits when they retired, they had little incentive
to retire at age 65 or earlier. Likely, their standard of living and quality of life would be
higher if they continued to work
Define primogeniture
A system of
inheritance in which
only one child, the
oldest son, inherits all
the family property
on the death of his
parents
Define filial responsibility
The sense of personal
obligation or duty that
adult children often
feel for protecting,
caring for, and
supporting their aging
parents; filial piety
Define sandwich generation
Middle-aged adults caring for both older parents and their own young children
What does SES mean?
socio-economic status
What are the differences between people with lower SES and higher SES
People with lower SES have greater disability association impairments then higher SES counterparts
What is higher social inequality over life course associated to?
A higher likehood of disability during there senior years
Which gender tends to be more resilient to the effects of social inequalities experienced over the life course
Woman
What are ADL and IADL disabilities?
ADL Involve being unable to do simple tasks
IADL disabilities involves an inability to perform tasks like managing money or using the telephone
What are factors associated with SES?
Not owning a house or a car, increase the likelihood that ADL- associated disabilities and functional limitations will develop
What was the study done on SES detriments on the effect on disabilities
people who were over the age of 75 and had the perception that their income was inadequate
experienced the onset of an ADL-associated disability, on average, seven years earlier
than those who didn’t consider their income inadequate
What is elder abuse typically?
the older person is mistreated in their own home by a spouse,
sibling, child, friend, or trusted caregiver. Other seniors are mistreated by staff and professional caregivers in facilities for older people.
Who are most likely to report elder abuse?
Relatives but they are also most likely to to perpetrate abuse and neglect
What are the four types of social support?
—informational, tangible, emotional, and integrating
Are men more likely to remarry after being widowed
Yes
What is the largest lobby group for the older people?
Canadian Association for retired persons
Define ascribed statuses
Statuses assigned to people because of certain traits beyond their control
Define achieved statuses
Social statuses that aren’t inborn but are the result of effort and accomplishment such as education or occupational attainment
Define social mobility
The movement—
usually of individuals
but sometimes of
whole groups—
between different
positions within the
system of social
stratification in
any society. Most
sociological attention
has focused on
intergenerational
mobility by comparing
parents and their
children.
What do most people and sociologist believe in regarding education?
Educational attainment should be an achieved, not an ascribed
Define generational occupational mobility
Changes in someone’s
occupational mobility
throughout the course
of their lifetime.
Define segmented labour market theory
A theory that the
labour market is
stratified and that
entry and upward
mobility are difficult
for people with only a
high school education
Define human capital theory
A theory proposing
a linear relationship
between education
and job attainment:
more education gets
people better jobs.
Define signalling theory
A theory referring to
symbolic meanings
attached to different
attainments on a
person’s resumé; it also
refers to the employer’s
decoding of signals in
assessing the potential
worth and trainability
of a young employee
Define network theory
A theory noting the
importance of social
networks and social
capital in gaining
employment—
especially, the
importance of friends
and acquaintances
who vouch for
the quality of the
potential employee
Define primary labour market
High-paying jobs that
provide good chances
to get ahead and that
offer job security
Define secondary (marginal) labour market
High-turnover,
low-paying, and
unstable or insecure
employment. These
jobs offer little chance
to get ahead and little
job security.
Define Intergenerational elasticity
Elasticity, an
economic term, is
the degree to which
changing one variable
changes another. A
low intergenerational
income elasticity (as
in Denmark) means
that social class is less
persistent and more
amenable to change
from one generation
to the next
What is a large part of social mobility due to?
Education
What has been known to happen when woman enter more jobs
the prestige and pay get lowered
Does formal education close the traditional gender gap
Yes
Define racialization
AN imposition of unwanted racial identities on minorities
What did david johnsons study of ontario schools suggest
That economic equality may be less decisive for schools and students then previously thoughts.These findings show that “good schools” aren’t only to be found in “good” neighbourhoods, and vice versa. No matter where the students live, the schools they attend
have the potential to provide a quality education
Define socialization
The process by which
people internalize and
learn their culture,
much of which occurs
during childhood.
Define meritocracy
The holding of power
or authority by people
selected because of
their ability.
What is structuralism functionalism theoretical perspective on education
The function of schooling is to give people the human capital society
needs for economic growth
What’s conflict theories perspective on education
The myth of upward mobility through merit at school is used by the
ruling class to justify social inequality
What is symbolic interactionalism perspective on education
Schools help people develop identities that are appropriate to the social
roles they’ll play as adults
What is feminist theory on perspective on education
Schools have historically treated boys and girls differently, subtly
reinforcing sexism
What is social constructionism perspectives on education
Public issues around schooling are connected to a variety of concerns
about class, race, and income inequality.
Define credentialism
A process of social
selection that gives
class advantage
and social status to
people who possess
academic advantage.
Define credential inflation
The tendency of
schools to provide and
employers to demand
ever-more schooling
and ever-higher
credentials for work
that hasn’t become
more demanding or
complex
Define professionalization
The process by
which an occupation
raises its standing
by limiting the
number of entrants
and regulating their
behaviour.
Define overeducation
Education beyond
what’s actually
needed to perform
employment roles and
functions successfully
What is the dropout theory
focus on students who
find themselves unable to cope intellectually (or cognitively) with school materials
What is pullout theories
Are class-based and focus on students who withdraw from schooling because
of financial troubles
What are pushout theories
focus on the school and community as
contextual factors that influence high school dropout rates
Define suffrage movement
The effort to gain the right for woman to vote in elections which was the central aim of many during the first wave of the woman’s movement. When women could
vote, other goals, like
social reform and
legal rights, would
be more readily
attainable
Define sexism
Discrimination and
derogatory attitudes
and beliefs directed
against people
because of their
gender. Sexism and
gender stereotyping
are problems for both
men and women,
and are most often
experienced in
institutions and social
relationships
Define gender inequality
The differential
success of men and
women in gaining
access to valued
rewards. This tends to
stem from structural
arrangements,
interpersonal
discrimination, and
cultural beliefs.
Define sex
A biological concept
that differentiates
female and male.
Most people are
(primarily) male or
(primarily) female
from the moment
of conception, with
biological differences
between the sexes
that are anatomic,
genetic, and
hormonal.
Define gender
Refers to culturally learned notions of masculinity and femininity
Define masculinity
A socially constructed
idea of how boys
and men should act;
qualities that people
in our society expect
to find in a typical
man
Define gender roles
The patterns of
behaviour that society
expects of men and
women and that all
members of society
learn, to a greater or
lesser extent, as part
of the socialization
process.
Define femininity
A socially constructed
idea of how girls and
women should act,
qualities that people
in our society expect
to find in a typical
female
Define gender socialization
The process by
which people learn
their gender-based
behaviour. This
socialization process
links gender to
personal identity in
the form of gender
identity and to distinct
activities in the form
of gender roles.
The major agents
of socialization all
serve to reinforce
cultural definitions
of masculinity and
femininity.
How are masculine stereotypes having a negative influence on social behaviors
Men are far more likely to commit violent crimes
and to be victimized in violent crimes
They’re more
likely to work in dangerous work settings and to be victims of occupational accidents
How is household work split up in cohabit relationships
Woman do much less household work than those who are legally married
What is The Reproduction of Mothering
It explains
women’s subordination by the fact that women mother. If women and men shared
equally in parenting, gender inequality would diminish
When did the job market for woman shift from teachers, nurses and other claimed feminine jobs to a wider ranges
The World War II, when woman entered factory jobs while men were away at war
Define the glass ceiling
A metaphor that
describes the
situation of many
women having
considerable success
in the workplace, but
few reaching and
entering the topmost
positions because of
structural barriers to
advancement.
Define feminization of poverty
A concept expressing
the fact that
women are over-represented among
the impoverished
populations of
the world. In the
West, economic
liberalization and the
dominance of the
market have meant
that those with the
least earning power—
single mothers with
children—have
suffered most
What was the first major superhero film with a female lead
Wonder Woman
What is structuralism functionalism perspective of gender relations
Gender inequality stems from what was at one time an effective household
arrangement, which has failed to develop with the times.
What is conflict theory on gender relations
Gender inequality results from struggle for economic and social power
What is symbolic interactionism perspective on gender relations
Socialization and labelling shape gender identities.
What is feminist theory on gender relation
The creation of gender equality is a social process.
What does the marxist theory assume in regards to gender relations i contract to feminist theory?
The Marxist approach assumes that working-class men and women are on the same
side, both equally victims of the capitalist class
By contract feminist theory believes that women have a different experience from men and may be exploited by men
of their own class as well as by capitalists
What are symbolic interactionalism concerned with in regards to gender?
the ways that gender differences become gender inequalities
How much more likely are woman to be victimized
11 times more likely to be victimized then men
