COMS 369 Midterm Flashcards
What does the term “universals” mean?
regardless of the language that you speak interdependent parts will be present in any communication transaction
According to DeVito, what is communication context?
all communication has four parts: the time, place, and social and psychological aspects of the event
What does the psychological mood depend on?
how friendly or hostile the setting appears
What is the source known as and what is there purpose?
is also known as the speaker and is the person that encodes or creates the message , which they hope to send to the receivers
According to DeVito, what is essential to understanding encoding-decoding messages?
concepts of language competence and performance and of communication competence and performance
DeVito’s understanding of field of experience?
his sensitivity to communication as a human endeavor, because the more common ground the sources and the receivers have, the more probable they will like and understand one another
What is psychological noise?
values, attitudes, and beliefs that have taught us to hate or fear other types of people
What does it mean when someone encodes a message
He or she performs a complicated act of putting thoughts into symbols that must be decoded, in other words, interpreted or deciphered by the receiver or intended audience
What is the most intimate way to send a message?
Face to face
What is known as noise?
anything that interferes with the transmission or reception of a message
What is feedback?
is the response given to the message that informs the source that the idea was transmitted successfully and interpreted and understood by the receiver
What is a likely response for unethical rhetorical tactics like political tactics
Cynicism aka mistrust and suspicion
What is credibility based on
The reputation of the speaker and includes many components such as expertise, trustworthiness, and similarity to the audience and past performances
How far back does leadership in persuasive discourse go back till?
Julius Caesar
How does Aristotle define rhetoric
the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion
Does rhetoric have its own subject matter?
No, it involves ideas about any field of inquiry
What does McCarthyism reflect?
Abuses of power when blacklists and witch-hunts existed because of the ranting of one man and his cohorts in government against communist spies and infiltrators
What is a demagogue?
Someone who tries to stir up the people to achieve his own selfish ends generally for power or wealth
What is an example of demagogues?
After 9/11 demagogues was used to spread rumors and play upon the worst instincts of people
Are people more likely to embrace repression or there first amendment when faced with fear and demonization of the enemy
they are more likely to endorse repression
What did Aristotle say about Rhetor
That a public speaker should be a man of good character speaking well
What are non verbal factors?
Clothing, vocal qualities, posture, and facial expressions are all apart of the message
What are non verbal attributes
appearance and vocalics which are vocal qualities such as rate, pitch, inflection and dialect, are persuasive because they communicate control, power and status
What is the Socratic method
It employs leading questions to enable jurors, students, and other audiences to discover truth
Who created the cultivation theory, and what is it?
explains that heavy viewers of television believes the world to be a mean place because of the violence they saw regularly
What is Integrated marketing communication?
is an approach that includes all facets of communicating with consumers in a world cluttered with consumer goods and advertising intended to gain customer loyalty
What are public relations firms
Enlist professional who are expert in strategies for creating, maintaining, or repairing the image of government agencies, corporations, or individuals
What is the simplest communication model?
source-message-receiver
What is rhetorical discourse form of communication?
receiver- centered form of communication
What is informative speech
Instructs us of ideas, people, and events
Whats the difference between informative speech, persuasion, and propaganda?
informative: message- centered, critical thinking comprehension of ideas
Persuasion: receiver-centered with choice of advocacy of a position
Propaganda: Deception
What does sophia mean
wisdom, cleaverness, or skill
What is the difference between Sophists and Plato and Isocrates
Sophists claimed to teach there wisdom and virtue for a fee while Plato claimed that there motivation was mostly for the fee and the only philosophers could teach there truth or virtue
What were the two parts that the Isocrates taught the nature of man?
The body and mind
Who was Aristotle?
Plato’s student and he wrote The Rhetoric’s
How were Aristotles practices different then Plato
He addressed the practical application of ethics, reasoning, and communicating in everyday life in a methodical way to discover what was probably true
What are Aristotle three rhetoric categories?
Political, forensic, and epideictic forms of speech
What was political speech focused on?
ways and means, war and peace, national defense, imports and exports, and legislation
What is Epideictic speech?
Ceremonial in nature
Who was known as the next great rhetorician after Aristotle in the classical tradition?
Cicero
What is topos
a pigeonhole in the mind where the speaker could the find certain lines of arguments
What are the 5 canon taught by Cicero?
intervention: creating arguments
Arrangements: organization
Style: choosing language
Memorization: knowing the speech
Delivery: voice, gestures, and dress
What did Quintilian want to educate?
the child from infancy to bring out natural gifts but to continue learning into old age to produce the ideal orator- a “good man speaking well”
What was Quintilian focus in the book Institution?
Focus on the pedagogical process necessary to produce an orator who was both effective and virtuous
What does hermeneutics mean?
explanation and interpretation of scripture
What does homiletics mean?
the art of writing and preaching sermons
Who is George Campbell and what did he create and reject?
a philosophical study group to improve pulpit eloquence, elocution, and the connection of rhetoric with literature and criticism, and that logic alone would not persuade an audience
He rejected the notions of a universal grammar
What did Richard Whately move away from?
move sermons away from the rhetoric of belles letters and elocution
What did Richard Whatley believe in regarding persuasion?
that persuasion depended first on argument and second upon exhortation, which stirred passion
Believed its more important to have something worthwhile to say then to worry about how to say it
What did Kenneth Burke literature?
that all effective literature was rhetorical
What is Burke’s empirical definition of man?
- the symbol-using animal
- inventor of the negative
- separated from his natural condition by instruments of his own making
- and goaded by the spirit of hierarchy
Define paradigm
Is the accepted view of an idea or a thing
What did The Rhetoric dealt with?
With classification in its partisan aspects and showed how individuals are at odds with one another
What does Walter Fishers narrative theory combined?
Combines argumentative theme and literary, aesthetic theme
His work was based on the conception of man as a storytellers.
Literature has both a cognitive as well as an aesthetic dimension
What is needed for the narrative to have validity?
Fidelity and coherence, that means that the story must ring true and hang together to have power to explain a truth or serve as a moral precept
What is la technique
is an inseparable part of the technological society that totally immerses the individual continuously
What is Ellul beliefs on propaganda embraced in four areas
Psychological action: pursues a semi-educative and addresses himself to his fellow citizens
Psychological warfare: seeks to destroy psychological means so that the opponents begins to doubt the validity of his beliefs and actions
Re-education and brainwashing: complex methods of transforming and adversary into an ally, which can be used only on prisoners
Public and human relations: these must necessarily be used in propaganda
What is political propaganda
involves a techniques by the government to change the behavior of the public, and it can be either strategic or tactical
What is sociological propaganda?
allows the ideology to penetrate the masses through the economic and political system
What did Hugh Rank’s say intensifying communications are?
repetition, association, and composition
What did Hugh Rank’s say downplay model communications are?
Omission, diversion, and confusion
What did Calvin McGee study?
mass consciousness and ideology are formed
What are demographics?
Audience characteristics (age, income, education)
What are psychographics?
values, attitudes, and lifestyle
What is interpersonal communications?
two people talking face to face (dyads)
What are mass audiences?
they are large in numbers and have delayed feedback
Define mass media?
they have layers of organization to create newspapers, magazines etc to communicate with mass audiences
Define credibility?
The believability of the speaker
Define the different types of ethos
Initial ethos: before they address the audience
Derived ethos: during the presentation when listeners may change there mind
Terminal ethos: after the presentation is over when the listeners evaluate the performance
What is the pyramid of needs created by A.H. Maslow?
(being needs)
- self-actualization needs
- esteem needs
- Belonging needs
- Safety needs: shelter, order
Physiological needs: air, food, water, sex
(Deficit needs)
What is Vance Packard: eight hidden needs
- Emotional security
- Reassurance of worth: soap
- Ego gratification: feeling good about yourself
- Creative objects: life’s work
- Love objects: people, pets
- sense of power: obsession
- Sense of roots: strong needs
- Immortality: guarantee place in history
What are the three points of the attitude
affected component, behavioral components, and the cognitive component
What are values defined as?
End rather then the means to an end, so that they are societal conditions or life goals
What are consistency theories based on?
on the assumption that the individuals desire to have the consistency or agreement in beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
What is Milton Rokeach four levels on beliefs?
- beliefs about ones self
- shared beliefs
- beliefs derived from other beliefs
- beliefs concerning matters of taste are arbitrary
what are the definitions of values of instumental and terminal types?
Instrumental: means to an end (education)
Terminal: an end in itself (life)
What is free choice paradigm?
psych, doubt after making a decision- buyers remorse
What is belief- disconfirmation paradigm?
person confronted with info; inconsistent with held beliefs
What is Effort-justification paradigm?
Appreciate things more when we sacrifice or earn them
What is Induced- compliance paradigm?
forced choice that required action that is contrary to attitudes or self-image
Give an example of role playing in persuasion
when a couple in counseling exchange roles and make up a script, and there attitudes change
Define counterattitudinal advocacy?
presenting a message that was contrary to the subjects beliefs
Define mere exposure theory
Repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus can have a positive effect towards the stimulus
Familiarity tends to enhance liking
What are the two component of the theory of reasoned action?
- individuals attitudes toward behavior and evaluation of risks and benefits of behavior
- subjective norms: evaluation of significant other
What is the social judgment theory?
addressing how persuasive messages are evaluated by receivers and whether or not persuasion occurs
what are expectancy violations theories?
-Language expectancy theory
-Verbal expectancy model
-Reinforcement expectation theory
What is the elaboration likelihood model
Analyzed the manner in which receivers or audiences process messages
What is plato allegory of the cave?
that we are chained to the cave walland our ideas of good are distorted
- good world is formed of knowledge, truth and justice
- there is only one truth
What are the 3 dimensions of words?
Cognitive: thoughts
Affective: attitudes and feelings
Behavioral: action that is taken or halted because of messages
What were Burkes words?
1) words that describe nature, social political realm
2) the word from god
3) logology- words about words ( grammar)
4)words for the supernatural
What is George Herbert Mead theory of symbolic interaction?
concept of “self” construction through symbolic interaction of individuals in society
What did George lakeoff believe in?
Thoughts as language
- simple ideas are words
- complex ideas are sentences
Define denotative
meaning which you can find in the dictionary
What are fallacies?
are errors in reasoning that lead to incorrect conclusions
what are the common fallacies?
Ad hominem
Ad populum
Argumentum ad Misericordiam:
Argumentum ad absurdum:
Non sequitur
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
False dilemma
Slippery slope fallacy
What is the definition of Ad hominem and Ad populum?
Ad hominem: attacks on the person or character assassination
Ad populum: appeals to popular opinion as justification for the claim
What is the definition of Argumentum ad Misericordiam and Argumentum ad absurdum?
Argumentum ad Misericordiam: appeals to pity
Argumentum ad absurdum: an argument carried to absurd proportions
Define Non sequitur and Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Non sequitur: “it does not follow” contains an irrelevant claims or data that does not logically flow from the argument
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: “after this therefor because of this” a case of mistaken causation
Define false causation and slippery slope fallacy
False causation: a forced choice of either/ or reasoning
Slippery slope fallacy: one event that will lead to a series of events that will lead inevitably to a bad outcome
What was Aristotle view of emotions?
gains our belief of speaker-intelligence, character rand good will
what is the rapist, seducers, and lovers in Brockriede’s
rapist: who see there relationship with the audience as a unilateral one allowing them to objectify the audience, manipulate and put them down
Seducer: calm or deceit
Lover: who does not with no vanquish the receiver but to empower them through argument and to enlighten them so that they have significant choices
