SOCI 371 Final Flashcards
Who is Garry Bunt what did he study?
The connection between religion and cyberspace requires some forms of synthesis of various forms of the religious studies
When did digital study first emerge?
Alongside the studies of the internet, often called cyberspace in the 1990s and early 2000s
How does Campbell define digital religion
As a framework for articulating the evolution of religious practices online which are linked to online and offline contexts simultaneously
- The blending and integration of online ad offline religious sphere
What are the dimensions of focus?
Agency: whether or not it is transformative
Theoretical perspectives
Prognosis: what’s next?
Describe positive agency and give an example
Digitization of religion makes the expansion of religious activities possible
- accessibility of religions
-diversity and inclusivity
Example: Proliferation of online spiritualities and televangelisms
What are the negative agencies
Cynicism- Garr Bunt thought that religion in the cyberspace could be problematic because the motive for making religious material on the web varies considerably
What is the Mediazation Theory
- The main focus is the long term relationship between religion and media is directly implicative for cultural orientations
- Relies on the assumption that meanings are transferred through acts of receiving, consuming and interpreting
What is the third space
The media provides the platform through which people unpack religious beliefs and values (settings that go between offline and online)
What is Hypermediated Religious Spaces
According to Evolvi it is the intensification of practices in the cyber space
Religious social shaping technology
This theory was the works of Campbell
The main idea of this theory is that the performance of religion in the cyberspace is largely influenced by social interactions and not vice versa- technologies are negotiated in groups
What does the RSST bend towards and what are the four principles?
The theory negates technological determinism, it bends towards social determinism with these principles
1. tradition and history of a religious community
2. communal value and principles
3. Acceptance, rejection, and innovation of technology by a group
4. Discourse regarding the use of technology
What time period was there a monolithic view of religion in the country
Prior to 1960’s
How did colonial powers thrive
Through a system of conversion (religious conversion inclusive)
How many people identified as Christians in 1971 compared to 2021
1971 90% of people identified as Christians
2021 53.3% of people identified as Christian
Why has the belief in God decreased in modern society?
The impact of religion in a contemporary Canada has reduced partly because of a push towards multiculturalism and partly due to the Quite Revolution in Quebec
What made the shift to secularism?
The division between the Catholics and the Protestants
Define Secularization
Primarily stimulated by the Quite Revolution of the 1960’s, a shift away from supposed anachronistic traditionalism meant declining of mainstream religion. Thus, religion was no longer tenable factor for negotiating public discussions- privatization of religion
Define Revitalization
Traditional religions are optimistic about the probability of their comebacks
- Due partly to continued role of religion in the lives of many Canadians
Define Polarization
This is a term Billy used to portray the prevailing demographic pluralism in which people across different faiths, generations, cultures, and those who do not believe in religion, coexist in Canada
Did religion diversity in Canada predate colonialism?
yes
What is globalization according to Robertson
Roland Robertson described globalization as a multi-dimensional process the process being cultural, the social, the political
What is globalization from a critical lens
Jean Baudrillard sees globalization as closely linked to the creation of simulated realities, where these hyper-realities become more and more significant then actual reality itself
What does globalization fuse
globalization is a multi-layered and radical process of blurring borderlines by fusing
- culture
- trades
- practices
- etc
How does religion and globalization work together
While religion is a pervasive concept, globalization makes it more accessible
What enhances religious syncretism
Globalization trends
Define Fundamentalism
Refers to a belief, a movement, or an agitation for a return to foundational truth embedded in basic religious text
What does fundamentalism contradict with
Liberal ideology or modernity
According to Anson when did fundamentalism become popular
In 1910 after the publication of a series by two brothers who were businessmen- the Fundamentals
- the purpose was to promote biblical inerrancy
What do post modernist believe the rise the fundamentalism was due to
- a response to secularization especially a perceived decline of morality
- a response to social change (gender equality)
Their aim to re-affirm the true religion - a response to globalization, especially the increasing influence of consumerism whose decadence is seen by some members of less developed societies as a threat to their faith and identity
What are the characteristics of fundamentalism
1) Infallible interpretation of religious
texts and theology literally and selectively.
2) Aversion towards modern science.
3) Rejection of religious pluralism
and intolerance of other religions.
-Monotheism.
4) Patriarchal control is regarded as the norm.
5) Traditional and conservative is favoured at the expense of the modern and liberal which are interpreted as
morally corrupt
6) Probable world hegemony
What became established that broadened fundamentalism
The establishment of the Muslim brotherhood in Egypt in the late 1920s, then spread to Syria and Lebanon
What do Islamic fundamentalism favours
The marriage of faith, state, and patriarchy such that policies and social events reflect a “pan-Islam that must be proselytized abroad in order to create an ideal ummah
What are the cases of fundamentalist push pull forces
- Hinduist Fundamentalism
- Sikhist fundamentalisms
- Buddhist fundamentalism
How is globalization of fundamentalism a reversal process?
Aims at undoing the supposed ills of occidental civilization by
- resisting institutional differentiation
- Nationalist rebirth
How does fundamentalism view science
That science is not bad but must be used in accordance with traditional religious terms
- therefor they don’t reject but they are selective with the science they agree with and its soley on their terms
What are religious fundamentalist were driven to seek
to maintain a majoritarian position even at the price eliminating other small pluralities
How can violence be used in fundamentalism
As a tool of consolidation in the name of reinstating a sacred regime under such conditions like the Taliban is extremist functionalist
Define exclusion
sticking with strongly held traditional beliefs and othering non complaint canadian
Define assimilation
Rather than flagrantly rejecting people, they are enjoined to fit into the dominant religious status quo
Define Pluralism
This model suggests that all and sundry are not only welcomed but are also free to express their religious beliefs
According to the guest lecture, how does the adoption of the new media technologies by religious leaders translates to the performance of religion online?
enhancing traditional hierarchies
What does the “Bushirified” identity represent in the context of online religious communities
Expression of disagreement(dissent) towards authorities figure who are unsupportive of there religious figures
How does fundamentalism realign society theologically
Reclaiming and proclaiming authority over sacred affairs
What does the Kantian philosophy in Canada promote?
The idea that moral living is the core essence of true religion
What country hosts some of the biggest denominations in the world?
Nigeria
Why is Nigeria considered the most Pentecostal country
precarious economic situations of the country or a result of the political instability
What is one of the major forms of Pentecostal political activism in Nigeria
Christian students social movement of Nigeria
How does the Bushiri reinforce his religious authority
Bushiri in his appropriation Facebook reinforces his authority in creative ways. He uses “i” when discussing what God tells him to reinforce traditional hierarchies
