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Sierra guide to success > SOCI 327 - Midterm Two > Flashcards

SOCI 327 - Midterm Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Monty Robinson and Daniel Tschetter case and how and why were they treated differently?

A

Both were intoxicated and both were in accidents that caused death
Monty Robinson served no time in jail but was also a police officer
Daniel Tschetter killed 5 people and got 8 years

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2
Q

When was there no regular police force?

A

Prior to the 11th century

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3
Q

What is the frankpledge system and what did it form?

A

Peace pledge, it formed hundreds which turns into shires (counties)

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4
Q

What is the top law enforcement officer known as?

A

shire-reeve (sheriff)

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5
Q

How long did London not have a policing system for?

A

Till the mid 1700’s

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6
Q

What did Henry Feilding do and what year?

A

In 1748, he created a professional law enforcement organization

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7
Q

What did Sir Robert Peel do and what did it entail?

A

He passed the London Metropolitan Police act in 1829 which established a 3,200 person professional police force

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8
Q

What were “Bobbies” expected to do?

A
  • Reduce tension and conflict
  • Use non-violence means with violence as last resort
  • Relieve the military from controlling crime
  • Be judged based of the absence of crime
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9
Q

Where was “Bobbies” policing form used in?

A

England, Australia, the United States, and Canada

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10
Q

What are the 4 eras of policing in Canada and what are the time frames?

A
  1. Pre-Modern era (prior to 1820)
  2. Political era (1820- 1940)
  3. Professional era (1940-1980)
  4. Community era (1980-present)
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11
Q

In the 1700 and 1800s what did the English establish?

A

Constables and justices to maintain justice
Some private policing also did exist (HBC)

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12
Q

What are the nine principles of policing?

A
  1. To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force
  2. To recognize always that the power of the police to fulfill there function and duties is dependent on public approval
  3. To be willing of the cooperation of the public
  4. The necessity to use force and physical force and compulsion
  5. Constantly demonstrating absolute impartial law to law
  6. To only use physical force only when everything else doesnt work
  7. To maintain at all times relationship with the public
  8. Always need for strict adherence to police executive functions
  9. To recognize always that the test of of police efficiency is the absence of crime
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13
Q

When was the North-West Mounted Police(RCMP) established, and what did it follow?

A

1920, and it followed the paramilitary structure

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14
Q

What is the professional era also known as?

A

Traditional model, focuses on objectivity, science, and freedom of political influences

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15
Q

What was the ruling of the 2015 RCMP SCC decision?

A

SCC found the Federal gov ban on unionization was unconstitutional

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16
Q

What is the goal of the community Era?

A

Focus on getting the public to help with regulation
Citizen involvement- not attacking crime
Problem solving
Decentralization

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17
Q

What was the goal of Municipal policing?

A
  • maintaining public order
  • preventing and controlling crime
  • providing community services
    Essentially they used police runners to communicate
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18
Q

What was the municipal system replaced with?

A

call boxes
bell system
telephones
patrol vehicles
fingerprinting
criminal record system
toxicological analyses post

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19
Q

What was the most important development of the municipal system?

A

officers were separated from the community and more specialized

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20
Q

How many police were there in 2015, how many worked in each force?

A

68,777
47,668 in municipal
9,692 provincial
4,249 in RCMP

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21
Q

How many RCMP, officers, and volunteers were there in 2015?

A

25,000 RCMP, 18,000 officers and 75,000 volunteers

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22
Q

What is the population to officer ratio in Alberta, and in 1996?

A

190 for every 100,000 people in Alberta
296 officers for every 100,000 people in 1996

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23
Q

What are police forces considered as?

A

Bureaucracies

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24
Q

What does the professional model include in the the 30s to 70s?

A
  • Hierarchical differentiation
  • Functional differentiation
  • Routinization
  • Centralization of command
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25
Q

Where is the roots of Canadian police?

A

England

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26
Q

What did the London Metropolitan Police Act establish?

A

3,200 persons professional police force

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27
Q

What are the population to police ratio used for?

A

Allocate police services

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28
Q

What weapon has become most common in the RCMP and other police services?

A

Tasers

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29
Q

In 2002 which government said that Tasers are not safe?

A

British government

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30
Q

What is the social contract perspective?

A

The importance of the neutrality in policing society, the key is to protect society and enforce the law

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31
Q

What is the radical perspective?

A

Perceives the police as acting on the part of the ruling class, they are considered a repressing instrument in society

32
Q

When did racial profiling become a bigger issue?

A

post 9/11

33
Q

In 1988 what did the supreme court of Canada rule involving discretion?

A

That it is apart of an officers unique position, it should not be used arbitrarily

34
Q

What are the three factors used when an officer decides to intervene?

A
  • the seriousness of the crime
  • the attitude of the citizen
  • Departmental policies that specify how discretion is applied
35
Q

What are the 5 situational variables?

A
  1. Seriousness of the crime
  2. Strength of evidence
  3. Preference of the victim
  4. relationship between victim and the suspect
  5. Demeanour of the suspect
36
Q

What are the positive and negative aspects of police subculture?

A

Positive- sense of collectiveness which helps officers deal with stress and inappropriate actions
Negative- resistance to change, support of violations, misuse of authority, and resistance to accountability

37
Q

What are the 6 values of police subculture?

A
  1. Police are the only real crime fighters
  2. No one else understands the real nature of policing
  3. Loyalty to colleagues is paramount
  4. Rules need to be bent
  5. The public is unreasonable and unsupportive
  6. Detective work is better then patrol work
38
Q

What is the police personality?

A

Personality is marked by cynicism, hostility, dogmatism, and conservatism
- socialized into them, therefor can be socialized out of them

39
Q

What did Niederhoffer argue?

A

New officers were the least cynical, became cynical a couple months in, then became less cynical right before retirement

40
Q

What do personality test demonstrate in the officers?

A

That educational backgrounds affects personality differences
Therefor less educated officers were more likely to be authoritarian, conservative, and rigid.
Having a degree results in professionalism, initiative, and fewer complaints

41
Q

What is the definition of deadly force?

A

Force used with the intent to cause bodily injury or death

42
Q

When were police allowed to shoot a “fleeing felon”

A

Up until 1995

43
Q

What does the section 25 of the CC state?

A

When a officer believes that it is on reasonable grounds, force is necessary to protect themselves or others from death or other bodily harm

44
Q

What are the two mechanism to control deadly force by police?

A
  1. The reasonableness standard
  2. Legislation to use force cooperation in cases of death, injury, or other force
45
Q

Which province has the highest rate of deadly force? Which province has the most incidents reported

A

Northwest territories has the highest rate of deadly force
Ontario/ Quebec has the most incidents reported

46
Q

What are the three variables that determine whether police choose to arrest?

A
  1. Situational
  2. Community
  3. Extralegal
47
Q

How is police efficiency measured?

A

The response times and arrest rates
- Or identifying the number of arrest that lead to prosecutions
- Or Fear reduction

48
Q

What was the decrease of domestic violence over covid?

A

25%

49
Q

What did Muir note as the different of policing?

A

Professionals
Enforcers
Reciprocators
Avoiders- lack passion and perspective

50
Q

What did Wilson identify as the four styles?

A

Social Agent- policing style that seems likesocial workers
Watchmen
Law Enforcers
Crime Fighter

51
Q

What role is the backbone for policing? What is the goal of this role and who introduced it?

A

Patrolling
Peel introduced it in 1829
Its purpose is to:
Deter crime
Maintain public order and sense of security
Provide 24 hour services

52
Q

How many calls involves incidents like neighborhood disputes, animal control, noice complaints and lost children?

A

80%

53
Q

What are incident- driven policing known as?

A

Reactive policing, when people react to calls for help

54
Q

When does Proactive policing occurs?

A

When police crack down on street drug trade, prostitutions, ext.
Interacting with criminals before crime occurs

55
Q

Is it unclear whether patrol officers arrest actually deter crimes?

A

yes

56
Q

When do directed patrols occur?

A

When a police officers time is spent in certain locations

57
Q

Define hot spots

A

Areas where high volume of crime takes place

58
Q

Did the flint neighborhood foot patrol program reduce crime?

A

Slightly, but it generated greater confidence in the police and reduce the fear of crime

59
Q

What are the three types of patrols?

A
  1. Reactive
  2. Proactive
  3. Control
60
Q

Did the different types of patrol affect crime rates? What were the three reasons that they were ineffective?

A

No
1. Police patrol are spread out
2. Many crime cannot be prevented by police
3. Some criminals are simply not affected by patrols (displacement)

61
Q

Do criminal investigation generally include a preliminary investigation and follow up investigation?

A

yes

62
Q

How many arrest are made by patrol officers rather than detectives?

A

8/ 10

63
Q

What is the broken window model?

A

Created by Kelling and Wilson in 1982, the police need the community to fight against crime, the zero tolerance approach

64
Q

What is community policing?

A

Concentrate on building stronger communities thta police place themselves, includes mini- stations,
Embraces issues of disorder, neighborhood decay, fear of crime, and order maintenance

65
Q

What does zero- tolerance focus on?

A

Order maintenance
Embraces the “crime- attack” model
Concentrates on specific type of crimes

66
Q

What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of Traditional model?

A

Focus- Enforcement
Culture- Inward, rejecting community
Organization- centralized
Measurement of success- Arrest and crime rates

67
Q

What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of Community model?

A

Focus- Community building
Culture- Outward, building partnerships
Organization- Decentralized
Measurement of success- Varied- Crime calls, fear reduction

68
Q

What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of the problem-oriented model?

A

Focus- Law, order, and fear problems
Culture- Mixed, analysis focused
Organization- decentralized, with local command
Measurement of success- Varied- problems solved, displaced, minimized

69
Q

What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of the Zero tolerance model?

A

Focus- Order problems
Culture- Inwards, focused on attacking the problem
Organization- Centralized or decentralized with internal focus
Measurement of success- Arrest, field stops, activity, location-specific, reductions

70
Q

Is it hard to validly and reliably measure the efficiency of police?

A

Yes, and there is no consensus regarding the most effective policing style

71
Q

What is the basic function of the police?

A

To patrol and investigate crime

72
Q

Did zero tolerance policing in new York in the 1900s reduce the criminal victimization significantly?

A

Yes

73
Q

Which type of policing regards higher rates of reported crime as a positive sign for police?

A

Community policing

74
Q

What type of policing is known to incorporate sophisticated software to help monitor society?

A

Intelligence led policing

75
Q

Do police officers have the ability to arrest and charge citizens?

A

No

76
Q

What did the police claim Robert Dziekanski was exhibiting?

A

Antisocial personality disorder

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