SOCI 327 - Midterm Two Flashcards
What are the Monty Robinson and Daniel Tschetter case and how and why were they treated differently?
Both were intoxicated and both were in accidents that caused death
Monty Robinson served no time in jail but was also a police officer
Daniel Tschetter killed 5 people and got 8 years
When was there no regular police force?
Prior to the 11th century
What is the frankpledge system and what did it form?
Peace pledge, it formed hundreds which turns into shires (counties)
What is the top law enforcement officer known as?
shire-reeve (sheriff)
How long did London not have a policing system for?
Till the mid 1700’s
What did Henry Feilding do and what year?
In 1748, he created a professional law enforcement organization
What did Sir Robert Peel do and what did it entail?
He passed the London Metropolitan Police act in 1829 which established a 3,200 person professional police force
What were “Bobbies” expected to do?
- Reduce tension and conflict
- Use non-violence means with violence as last resort
- Relieve the military from controlling crime
- Be judged based of the absence of crime
Where was “Bobbies” policing form used in?
England, Australia, the United States, and Canada
What are the 4 eras of policing in Canada and what are the time frames?
- Pre-Modern era (prior to 1820)
- Political era (1820- 1940)
- Professional era (1940-1980)
- Community era (1980-present)
In the 1700 and 1800s what did the English establish?
Constables and justices to maintain justice
Some private policing also did exist (HBC)
What are the nine principles of policing?
- To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force
- To recognize always that the power of the police to fulfill there function and duties is dependent on public approval
- To be willing of the cooperation of the public
- The necessity to use force and physical force and compulsion
- Constantly demonstrating absolute impartial law to law
- To only use physical force only when everything else doesnt work
- To maintain at all times relationship with the public
- Always need for strict adherence to police executive functions
- To recognize always that the test of of police efficiency is the absence of crime
When was the North-West Mounted Police(RCMP) established, and what did it follow?
1920, and it followed the paramilitary structure
What is the professional era also known as?
Traditional model, focuses on objectivity, science, and freedom of political influences
What was the ruling of the 2015 RCMP SCC decision?
SCC found the Federal gov ban on unionization was unconstitutional
What is the goal of the community Era?
Focus on getting the public to help with regulation
Citizen involvement- not attacking crime
Problem solving
Decentralization
What was the goal of Municipal policing?
- maintaining public order
- preventing and controlling crime
- providing community services
Essentially they used police runners to communicate
What was the municipal system replaced with?
call boxes
bell system
telephones
patrol vehicles
fingerprinting
criminal record system
toxicological analyses post
What was the most important development of the municipal system?
officers were separated from the community and more specialized
How many police were there in 2015, how many worked in each force?
68,777
47,668 in municipal
9,692 provincial
4,249 in RCMP
How many RCMP, officers, and volunteers were there in 2015?
25,000 RCMP, 18,000 officers and 75,000 volunteers
What is the population to officer ratio in Alberta, and in 1996?
190 for every 100,000 people in Alberta
296 officers for every 100,000 people in 1996
What are police forces considered as?
Bureaucracies
What does the professional model include in the the 30s to 70s?
- Hierarchical differentiation
- Functional differentiation
- Routinization
- Centralization of command
Where is the roots of Canadian police?
England
What did the London Metropolitan Police Act establish?
3,200 persons professional police force
What are the population to police ratio used for?
Allocate police services
What weapon has become most common in the RCMP and other police services?
Tasers
In 2002 which government said that Tasers are not safe?
British government
What is the social contract perspective?
The importance of the neutrality in policing society, the key is to protect society and enforce the law
What is the radical perspective?
Perceives the police as acting on the part of the ruling class, they are considered a repressing instrument in society
When did racial profiling become a bigger issue?
post 9/11
In 1988 what did the supreme court of Canada rule involving discretion?
That it is apart of an officers unique position, it should not be used arbitrarily
What are the three factors used when an officer decides to intervene?
- the seriousness of the crime
- the attitude of the citizen
- Departmental policies that specify how discretion is applied
What are the 5 situational variables?
- Seriousness of the crime
- Strength of evidence
- Preference of the victim
- relationship between victim and the suspect
- Demeanour of the suspect
What are the positive and negative aspects of police subculture?
Positive- sense of collectiveness which helps officers deal with stress and inappropriate actions
Negative- resistance to change, support of violations, misuse of authority, and resistance to accountability
What are the 6 values of police subculture?
- Police are the only real crime fighters
- No one else understands the real nature of policing
- Loyalty to colleagues is paramount
- Rules need to be bent
- The public is unreasonable and unsupportive
- Detective work is better then patrol work
What is the police personality?
Personality is marked by cynicism, hostility, dogmatism, and conservatism
- socialized into them, therefor can be socialized out of them
What did Niederhoffer argue?
New officers were the least cynical, became cynical a couple months in, then became less cynical right before retirement
What do personality test demonstrate in the officers?
That educational backgrounds affects personality differences
Therefor less educated officers were more likely to be authoritarian, conservative, and rigid.
Having a degree results in professionalism, initiative, and fewer complaints
What is the definition of deadly force?
Force used with the intent to cause bodily injury or death
When were police allowed to shoot a “fleeing felon”
Up until 1995
What does the section 25 of the CC state?
When a officer believes that it is on reasonable grounds, force is necessary to protect themselves or others from death or other bodily harm
What are the two mechanism to control deadly force by police?
- The reasonableness standard
- Legislation to use force cooperation in cases of death, injury, or other force
Which province has the highest rate of deadly force? Which province has the most incidents reported
Northwest territories has the highest rate of deadly force
Ontario/ Quebec has the most incidents reported
What are the three variables that determine whether police choose to arrest?
- Situational
- Community
- Extralegal
How is police efficiency measured?
The response times and arrest rates
- Or identifying the number of arrest that lead to prosecutions
- Or Fear reduction
What was the decrease of domestic violence over covid?
25%
What did Muir note as the different of policing?
Professionals
Enforcers
Reciprocators
Avoiders- lack passion and perspective
What did Wilson identify as the four styles?
Social Agent- policing style that seems likesocial workers
Watchmen
Law Enforcers
Crime Fighter
What role is the backbone for policing? What is the goal of this role and who introduced it?
Patrolling
Peel introduced it in 1829
Its purpose is to:
Deter crime
Maintain public order and sense of security
Provide 24 hour services
How many calls involves incidents like neighborhood disputes, animal control, noice complaints and lost children?
80%
What are incident- driven policing known as?
Reactive policing, when people react to calls for help
When does Proactive policing occurs?
When police crack down on street drug trade, prostitutions, ext.
Interacting with criminals before crime occurs
Is it unclear whether patrol officers arrest actually deter crimes?
yes
When do directed patrols occur?
When a police officers time is spent in certain locations
Define hot spots
Areas where high volume of crime takes place
Did the flint neighborhood foot patrol program reduce crime?
Slightly, but it generated greater confidence in the police and reduce the fear of crime
What are the three types of patrols?
- Reactive
- Proactive
- Control
Did the different types of patrol affect crime rates? What were the three reasons that they were ineffective?
No
1. Police patrol are spread out
2. Many crime cannot be prevented by police
3. Some criminals are simply not affected by patrols (displacement)
Do criminal investigation generally include a preliminary investigation and follow up investigation?
yes
How many arrest are made by patrol officers rather than detectives?
8/ 10
What is the broken window model?
Created by Kelling and Wilson in 1982, the police need the community to fight against crime, the zero tolerance approach
What is community policing?
Concentrate on building stronger communities thta police place themselves, includes mini- stations,
Embraces issues of disorder, neighborhood decay, fear of crime, and order maintenance
What does zero- tolerance focus on?
Order maintenance
Embraces the “crime- attack” model
Concentrates on specific type of crimes
What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of Traditional model?
Focus- Enforcement
Culture- Inward, rejecting community
Organization- centralized
Measurement of success- Arrest and crime rates
What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of Community model?
Focus- Community building
Culture- Outward, building partnerships
Organization- Decentralized
Measurement of success- Varied- Crime calls, fear reduction
What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of the problem-oriented model?
Focus- Law, order, and fear problems
Culture- Mixed, analysis focused
Organization- decentralized, with local command
Measurement of success- Varied- problems solved, displaced, minimized
What is the focus, culture, organization, measurement of the Zero tolerance model?
Focus- Order problems
Culture- Inwards, focused on attacking the problem
Organization- Centralized or decentralized with internal focus
Measurement of success- Arrest, field stops, activity, location-specific, reductions
Is it hard to validly and reliably measure the efficiency of police?
Yes, and there is no consensus regarding the most effective policing style
What is the basic function of the police?
To patrol and investigate crime
Did zero tolerance policing in new York in the 1900s reduce the criminal victimization significantly?
Yes
Which type of policing regards higher rates of reported crime as a positive sign for police?
Community policing
What type of policing is known to incorporate sophisticated software to help monitor society?
Intelligence led policing
Do police officers have the ability to arrest and charge citizens?
No
What did the police claim Robert Dziekanski was exhibiting?
Antisocial personality disorder
