SOCI 365: Final Exam Flashcards
What is structural functionalism
views society as a set of interconnected elements that work together to preserve the stability and the well-being of society
- everything in society has a purpose therefor poverty and inequality has its purpose in society
What are manifest functions
the obvious and intended goals or effects of social structures and institutions
example: formal schooling is to provide student with the necessary skills and knowledge ad skills to work effectively in society
What is the latent functions?
Hidden, unstated, and unintentional consequences of activities in an organization
Example: bringing students together to make friends and relationships
What are the main social approaches
- Structural functionalism
- Conflict theory
- Symbolic interactionism
- Social constructionism
- Feminism
- Post-Modernism and Post-structuralism
- Population health perspective
Who do conflict theory criticize
Functionalist sociologists for ignoring the inequality, conflict, and disagreement that exist among members of society
What is the difference between bourgeoisie and the proletariat
The bourgeoisie owns the means of production
The proletariat is the working class must sell there labor to the bourgeoisie in exchange for a living wage
What is symbolic interactionalism
Studies the ways people interpret and respond to the actions of other. Society and its problems are the products of continuous face to face interaction
What are classes
People who share common economic condition or interest
What is post modernism
a school of thought that denies the validity of universal, sweeping statements about the world or groups of people within the world, and analyzes the motives behind such statements and the consequences of people believing them
What post- structuralism two essential reasons
- to help us think of new ways to solve old problems
- to make finding the truth seem impossible
What is the population health perspectives
a broad approach to improve the health of society and to reduce health inequalities between social groups
What is class consciousness
An awareness of ones place in the social class structure, particularly as it relates to political class struggle
What is false consciousness
An acceptance of the discourse and values of the dominant class and thus a willingness to believe arguments that promote individualistic solution to problems
What is intergenerational income elasticity
the correlation between a parents and a childs income where higher scores indicate that mobility is less common
What is absolute poverty in relation to relative poverty
Absolute poverty: doesn’t have basic requirements to survive ( food, shelter)
Relative poverty: can survive but there living standards are far below the general living standards of society
What are research using measures of low income and poverty, and what does this show in regards to seniors?
- Low income Measure (LIM)
- Low income Cut-Offs (LICO)
Shows that in Canada seniors have the lowest poverty rates among all OECD countries
What does the poverty line respond to?
the poverty line is elastic, and responds to changes in real income and to the success of advocates fighting to increase social welfare
What is the Market basket Measure (MBM)
Purpose is to define and measure poverty in absolute, non- relative terms
- it is based on the income that is needed to purchase a imaginary basket
What are the three areas of Human Development Index (HDI)
- Life expectancy at birth
- Literacy
- GDP per capita
What areas have been rising in poverty?
Urban areas
What cities in Canada have the lowest and highest poverty rates
Quebec has the highest rates of poverty
Southern Ontario have the lowest
What do progressive welfare states have?
Are more financially equal
What are welfare states
social system in which government undertakes the responsibility of providing social and economic security to its citizens
What is the alienation in labor under capitalism
Distancing of the worker from other human beings as well as from the product and act of their labor
What does structural functionalist argue in regards to poverty
that poverty and inequality serves important functions in society
What does conflict believe in regards to poverty
That by exploiting workers through poverty working conditions and poor pay owners amass more wealth for themselves
What does Symbolic interactionalism believe in regards to poverty
focuses on labels like “poor” and “lazy” or “wealthy” and “egotistical”
What does relative income hypothesis proposes
that income inequality alone is enough to bring on various health problems
What is Canadian society described as?
Vertical mosaic which is were english and french canadians live at the top and everyone else lives at the bottom
What is entrance status
the occupational status a group enters when it first immigrates to Canada
What is institutional completeness?
A measure of the degree to which an immigrant ethnic group gives its own members the services they need through their own local institutions
What does diaspora mean
The global spread of migrants of any ethnic group and their culture
What does prejudice mean
A hostile or aversive attitude toward a person because of their membership in a particular group
Who experiences lower than average employment and pay rates in most regions of Canada
Minorities
What is internalized racism
The most destructive form of racism, where members of an racial group accepting and sometimes behaving according to imposed stereotypes
What MBM measure?
Measure of poverty with absolute measure
What does longitudinal analysis
An observational method in which data are gathered for the same subjects over a period of time
What does senescence mean
The individuals mental and physical abilities gradually improve then decline with age
What is disengagement theory
That as people age they voluntarily and normally remove themselves from activities and social contact
What does intragenerational mobility mean
Mobility between labour markets positions within individual careers
What does primogeniture mean
Where the oldest son inherits all the family property on the death of his parents
What is filial responsibility
the moral responsibility of a grown child to look after their aging parent
What is the “sandwich generation”
Middle aged adults caring for both there older parents and their own young children
What is the suffrage movement
the effort to gain the right for women to vote in elections
What is gender inequality
Is any difference between men and women in gain access towards societal rewards
What is the glass ceiling
The metaphor that describes the situation of of many women having considerable success in the workplace but very few reaching the topmost positions because of structural barriers to advancements
What is the feminization of poverty
a concept expressing the fact that women are over represented among the impoverished populations of the world.
What is the quid pro quo sexual harassment
The blatant demand by employers for sexual favours in exchange for promotion opportunities, salary increases, and preferential treatment
What have manufacturing jobs been replaced with
lower paying part time service sector jobs (women of color)
What is sexual identity
how a person perceives their sexual self (gay, bi, queer)
What is sexual orientation
ones sexual attraction to people of a specific sex
What is heterosexism
Discrimination against homosexuals in favour of normalizing heterosexuality
What is medical sociology
Involves the social factors that promote illness and contribute to health inequalities
What is biomedical view of medicine
This medical perspective stresses western scientific principles and defines health as the absence of illness. According to this perspective the human body is a machine that sometimes needs repair and calls for the use of therapeutic intervention to cure disease and injury
Define biopsycholosocial view of health and illness
a medical perspective that considers health and disease as a product of the interaction body, mind, and environment
What is a epidemiology
Is an applied science that examines the causes, distribution and control of disease in a population
What is maternal mortality rate
the number of deaths of women due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or abortions, measured as deaths per year per 1000 live birth
What is co-morbidity
the susceptibility of an individual with an illness additional health problems
What are social determinants of health
the complex causal relationships between various social, economic, and political factors and population health outcomes
What is primary prevention
proactive steps taken to prevent a disease from occurring
What are social causation
common social factors are related to social determinants of health that produce widespread health problems
What does ascribed status mean
are social statuses assigned to people or groups because of certain traits beyond their control and without regard for there achieved merit
What are achieved statuses
are social statuses achieved or accomplished by the individual
What is intragenerational occupational mobility
changes in someone’s occupational mobility throughout the course of their lifetime
What is segmented labour market theory
that the labor market is stratified and that entry and upward mobility are difficult for people with only a highschool education
What is human capital theory
proposes a linear relationship between education and job attainment more education people better jobs
What is signalling theory
symbolic meanings attached to different attainments on a persons resume, the employers decoding of signals in assessing the potential worth and trainability of a young person
What are primary labour market compared to secondary labour market
High paying jobs that provide a good chances to get ahead and that offers job security
Compared to secondary were it is high turnover and unstable and very little chance to get ahead
What is intergenerational elasiticity
Elasticity, an
economic term, is
the degree to which
changing one variable
changes another. A
low intergenerational
income elasticity (as
in Denmark) means
that social class is less
persistent and more
amenable to change
from one generation
to the next
What is meritocracy
the holding of power or authority by people selected because of their ability
What does credentialism mean
A process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic advantage
Define credential inflation
The tendency of schools to provide and employers to demand evermore schooling and ever higher credentials for work that hasnt become more demanding or complex
Define professionalization
the process by which an occupations raises its standing by limiting the number of entrants and regulating their behaviour
Define overeducation
means of having more education than needed to carry out a particular job
What is the difference between dropout, pullout, and pushout
Dropout: focuses on students who find themselves unable to cope intellectually
Pullout: are class based and focuses on school and students who withdraw from schooling because of financial trouble
Pushout: focus on the school and community as contextual factors highschool dropout rates
What is immutability
the belief that under no circumstances can one change homosexuality
What is the belief of fundamentality
the belief that homosexuality is central to a persons entire character
What are social consequences of homophobia
- Same sex families
- Harrassment and hate crimes
- sexual assault
- workplace discrimination
What did bill c-250 implement
made it a crime in canada to spread hateful views about sexual orientation of another person
