Small Animal Reproduction Flashcards
definition of fertility
the ability to reproduce in a regular and normal manner
superfetation definitions
different ages of fetuses.
this only happens in queens. It happens because of being pregnant and going into estrus again
superfecundation
more than one sire
happens in dogs
All in the same estrus period
When is puberty for large and small breed dogs?
s - 6-10 months
l - 18-24 months
effects on age of puberty in dogs
breed, coat length, presence of male or other dogs, synchrony with other dogs, free-roaming, et.
What is the normal estrous cycle of a dog and how is basenji different?
basenji - single estrus, seasonal
generally, canids are monestrous but non-seasonal too
How long is the dog’s interestrous period?
average of 7-8 months
Characteristics of proestrus
follicles showing up, edema, hemorrhagic vaginal discharge (this is when they bleed), see some behaviour
All this for about 9 days
Characteristics of estrsu
is follicular and luteal
there is edema of the vulva and it’s flaccid
hemorrhage dies down but there is still behaviour changes
All this for about another week
Characteristics of the met-diestrus phases
luteal phase and still some behaviour, but this lasts for 70-80 days. THe vulva goese back to normal but the discharge from the vagina won’t be the nicest
How do you tell if the bitch is going through pseudo-pregnancy or not?
the P4 is a little higher mid-diestrus with pseudo-pregnancy.
How long does it take for a uterus on a bitch to involute?
90 days post-partum
110-130 after pro-estrus
3 stages of the canine ejacualte
preseminal fraction 1
sperm-rich fraction 2 - when tied
prostatic fluid fraction 3 - 2nd stage coitus
How many mls are each of the fractions?
1 - 0.5 to 2
2 - 0.5 to 3.5
3 - 2-30 mls
How do we know when a bitch is ovulating?
LH surge **
vaginal cytology
P4
How long is the LH surge for?
about 24 hours
WHen is the optimal time to breed?
4-5 days after the LH surge, which is 2-3 days after ovulation
INdications for vaginal cytology
fertile period is over
send to stud
when whelping
when to begin termination of preggo protocol
What is the best protocol for termination of pregnancy
PGF2a and bromociptine BID PO for 6-10 days after diestrus
Physiology that helps with the vaginal cytology
E2 stimulate growth of epithelium, and vaginal cells are a lot more sensitive to hormonal changes
WHat is the tipping point for cells to exfoliate?
20-30 cells deep
Which of the epithelial cells are exfoliated, cornified?
all but the basal cells are exfoliated
the cornified cells are just the superficial cells
Which cells are non-cornified that can be exfoliated?
parabasal cells intermediate cells (small and large)
What are metestrum cells?
intermediate cells with phago wbcs
What are foam cells?
intermediate cells with cyto vacuoles
Which methods for vaginal smear are the best?
cotton swab with speculum***
pipette or dropper collection
microscope slide collection
cotton swab
what are the problems in taking the vaginal cytology smear?
need to get cells from the vagina not vestibule.
need to stay away from the clitoral fossa because of keratinized cells there.
What are the cell layers
basal
parabasal
intermediate (small then large)
superficial cells
Features of the parabasal cell?
large nucleus, dark cytoplasm
Features of the intermediate cell
large and small, vesicular nucleus, and round to polygonal. The further into estrus, the larger they are
What does the superficial cell look like?
small, pyknotic nucleus to anuclear and poylgonal
What is the basis of the SCI and the KPI?
SCI - all superficial cell types
KPI - only anuclear and pyknotic nucleated cells allowed
The KPI tells us the optimal time to breed which is
when KPI >= 85%
Early proestrus on vaginal cyt looks like
10% KPI, 25-30% SCI
Late proestrus or early estrus on vag cytology looks like
100% SCI and 80-90 % KPI
What is the cell distribution in early pro-estrus
more IM and more round cells. occl wbc and rbc
What is cytology cel distribution in estrsu?>
maximal cornified cells and highly pyknotic
some will have lots of RBCs
definition of diestrus from a vaginal cytology point of view
when a decline of 20% or more in superficial cells from one day to the next
whats the problem with estimating heat in bitches with vaginal smear
even going serially, the time of maximal cornfication in comparison to the LH surge is variable and from 1-7 days.
Based on the LH surge, when should we breed and when will they whelp
a single breeding - 4-6 days after the surge
expect whelping 64-66 days after the LH surge
Based on Ovulation, when to breed and when to expect the whelping
2-4 days after ovulation, and 62-64 days after ovulation will whelp
Based on oocyte maturation, when to breed and when to expect whelping
2 days on either side of oocyte maturation –> then will whelp 60-62 days later
When to breed and epect whelping based on cytological diestrus
breed 2-5 days before and expect pups 56-58 days after that
How do we practically use the progesterone test?
once the P4 levels go above 2, we are very close to ovulation, so breed in the next 2,3 days and expect pups in 63
What Progesterone tests do we have?
Progresteron RIA
Progesterone ELISA
How does P4 relate to the LH surge?
the first rise above 2 ng/ml of P4 is the LH surge.
How do we use vaginal cytology and progesterone together?
use vaginal cytology to tell when to start the P4 tests
