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Theriogenology > Small Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Small Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

definition of fertility

A

the ability to reproduce in a regular and normal manner

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2
Q

superfetation definitions

A

different ages of fetuses.

this only happens in queens. It happens because of being pregnant and going into estrus again

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3
Q

superfecundation

A

more than one sire
happens in dogs
All in the same estrus period

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4
Q

When is puberty for large and small breed dogs?

A

s - 6-10 months

l - 18-24 months

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5
Q

effects on age of puberty in dogs

A

breed, coat length, presence of male or other dogs, synchrony with other dogs, free-roaming, et.

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6
Q

What is the normal estrous cycle of a dog and how is basenji different?

A

basenji - single estrus, seasonal

generally, canids are monestrous but non-seasonal too

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7
Q

How long is the dog’s interestrous period?

A

average of 7-8 months

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8
Q

Characteristics of proestrus

A

follicles showing up, edema, hemorrhagic vaginal discharge (this is when they bleed), see some behaviour
All this for about 9 days

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9
Q

Characteristics of estrsu

A

is follicular and luteal
there is edema of the vulva and it’s flaccid
hemorrhage dies down but there is still behaviour changes
All this for about another week

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10
Q

Characteristics of the met-diestrus phases

A

luteal phase and still some behaviour, but this lasts for 70-80 days. THe vulva goese back to normal but the discharge from the vagina won’t be the nicest

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11
Q

How do you tell if the bitch is going through pseudo-pregnancy or not?

A

the P4 is a little higher mid-diestrus with pseudo-pregnancy.

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12
Q

How long does it take for a uterus on a bitch to involute?

A

90 days post-partum

110-130 after pro-estrus

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13
Q

3 stages of the canine ejacualte

A

preseminal fraction 1
sperm-rich fraction 2 - when tied
prostatic fluid fraction 3 - 2nd stage coitus

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14
Q

How many mls are each of the fractions?

A

1 - 0.5 to 2
2 - 0.5 to 3.5
3 - 2-30 mls

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15
Q

How do we know when a bitch is ovulating?

A

LH surge **
vaginal cytology
P4

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16
Q

How long is the LH surge for?

A

about 24 hours

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17
Q

WHen is the optimal time to breed?

A

4-5 days after the LH surge, which is 2-3 days after ovulation

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18
Q

INdications for vaginal cytology

A

fertile period is over
send to stud
when whelping
when to begin termination of preggo protocol

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19
Q

What is the best protocol for termination of pregnancy

A

PGF2a and bromociptine BID PO for 6-10 days after diestrus

20
Q

Physiology that helps with the vaginal cytology

A

E2 stimulate growth of epithelium, and vaginal cells are a lot more sensitive to hormonal changes

21
Q

WHat is the tipping point for cells to exfoliate?

A

20-30 cells deep

22
Q

Which of the epithelial cells are exfoliated, cornified?

A

all but the basal cells are exfoliated

the cornified cells are just the superficial cells

23
Q

Which cells are non-cornified that can be exfoliated?

A 
parabasal cells
intermediate cells (small and large)
24
Q

What are metestrum cells?

A

intermediate cells with phago wbcs

25
Q

What are foam cells?

A

intermediate cells with cyto vacuoles

26
Q

Which methods for vaginal smear are the best?

A

cotton swab with speculum***
pipette or dropper collection
microscope slide collection
cotton swab

27
Q

what are the problems in taking the vaginal cytology smear?

A

need to get cells from the vagina not vestibule.

need to stay away from the clitoral fossa because of keratinized cells there.

28
Q

What are the cell layers

A

basal
parabasal
intermediate (small then large)
superficial cells

29
Q

Features of the parabasal cell?

A

large nucleus, dark cytoplasm

30
Q

Features of the intermediate cell

A

large and small, vesicular nucleus, and round to polygonal. The further into estrus, the larger they are

31
Q

What does the superficial cell look like?

A

small, pyknotic nucleus to anuclear and poylgonal

32
Q

What is the basis of the SCI and the KPI?

A

SCI - all superficial cell types

KPI - only anuclear and pyknotic nucleated cells allowed

33
Q

The KPI tells us the optimal time to breed which is

A

when KPI >= 85%

34
Q

Early proestrus on vaginal cyt looks like

A

10% KPI, 25-30% SCI

35
Q

Late proestrus or early estrus on vag cytology looks like

A

100% SCI and 80-90 % KPI

36
Q

What is the cell distribution in early pro-estrus

A

more IM and more round cells. occl wbc and rbc

37
Q

What is cytology cel distribution in estrsu?>

A

maximal cornified cells and highly pyknotic

some will have lots of RBCs

38
Q

definition of diestrus from a vaginal cytology point of view

A

when a decline of 20% or more in superficial cells from one day to the next

39
Q

whats the problem with estimating heat in bitches with vaginal smear

A

even going serially, the time of maximal cornfication in comparison to the LH surge is variable and from 1-7 days.

40
Q

Based on the LH surge, when should we breed and when will they whelp

A

a single breeding - 4-6 days after the surge

expect whelping 64-66 days after the LH surge

41
Q

Based on Ovulation, when to breed and when to expect the whelping

A

2-4 days after ovulation, and 62-64 days after ovulation will whelp

42
Q

Based on oocyte maturation, when to breed and when to expect whelping

A

2 days on either side of oocyte maturation –> then will whelp 60-62 days later

43
Q

When to breed and epect whelping based on cytological diestrus

A

breed 2-5 days before and expect pups 56-58 days after that

44
Q

How do we practically use the progesterone test?

A

once the P4 levels go above 2, we are very close to ovulation, so breed in the next 2,3 days and expect pups in 63

45
Q

What Progesterone tests do we have?

A

Progresteron RIA

Progesterone ELISA

46
Q

How does P4 relate to the LH surge?

A

the first rise above 2 ng/ml of P4 is the LH surge.

47
Q

How do we use vaginal cytology and progesterone together?

A

use vaginal cytology to tell when to start the P4 tests

Theriogenology (14 decks)

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