Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > SM_150b: Liver Histology and Basic Pathology > Flashcards

SM_150b: Liver Histology and Basic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Liver receives dual blood supply from the ____ and ____

A

Liver receives dual blood supply from the portal vein and hepatic artery

  • Portal vein: 60-70%
  • Hepatic artery: 30-40%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This is the ____

A

This is the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe general features of the liver

A

General features of the liver

  • Large functional reserve
  • Extensive capacity to regenerate
  • 80-90% of damage occurs before liver failure: disease often detected late / in chronic phase, by screening lab tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanisms of liver injury and repair include ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Mechanisms of liver injury and repair include hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis, inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis

  • Hepatocyte degeneration (potentially reversible): intracellular accumulation of fat (steatosis) and bile (cholestasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hepatocyte degeneration and intracellular accumulation involves ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Hepatocyte degeneration and intracellular accumulation involves balloon degeneration, fat accumulation, lymphoid aggregation, nacrosis, and apoptosis

  • Ballooning degeneration: clumping organelles and cytoskeleton
  • Necrosis (group of ghost cells, coagulative necrosis): hepatic artery thrombosis, ischemic injury
  • Apoptosis (individual mummified hepatocyte): viral hepatitis, programmed cell death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Liver inflammation + hepatocytes may result from ____ or ____

A

Liver inflammation + hepatocytes may result from chronic viral hepatitis or immune-mediated processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stellate cells ____ and ____ in chronic damage

A

Stellate cells proliferate and undergo fibrosis in chronic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chronic liver damage involves ____, ____, and ____

A

Chronic liver damage involves hepatic stellate cell activation and proliferation, deposition of scar matrix, and Kupffer cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe liver damage (such as due to fibrosis)

A

Liver damage (such as due to fibrosis)

  1. Ischemic hepatocytes, obstructed veins
  2. Contiguous hepatocytes die
  3. Scars form
  4. Scars in regions of extinction contract and condense -> become fibrous septa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of fibrosis in the liver include ____, ____, and ____

A

Types of fibrosis in the liver include portal fibrosis, pericellular fibrosis, and bridging fibrosis (early nodule formation)

  • Scarring: fibrosis
  • Hepatocyte regeneration: nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Categories of liver dysfunction include ____, ____, and ____

A

Categories of liver dysfunction include acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, and hepatic dysfunction without overt necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe acute liver failure

A

Acute liver failure

  • Acute onset liver illness
  • Results in encephalopathy (defining condition of liver failure)
  • Within 6 months: fulminant liver failure (time course < 2 weeks before the onset of jaundice), sub-fulminant liver failure (within 3 months of the onset of jaundice)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acute liver failure mechanism is ____

A

Acute liver failure mechanism is massive hepatocyte necrosis

  • Most commonly due to drugs, toxins, viral, autoimmune
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acute liver failure is most commonly caused by ____

A

Acute liver failure is most commonly caused by acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This is ____ due to ____

A

This is acute liver failure due to acetaminophen overdose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chronic liver disease results from ___ or ___

A

Chronic liver disease results from continuous injury or repeated injuries over time

  • Continuous injury (chronic hepatitis)
  • repeated injuries over time end in liver failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chronic liver disease mechanism is ____ -> ____ -> ____

A

Chronic liver disease mechanism is fibrosis -> cirrhosis -> liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe fibrosis to cirrhosis progressive in chronic liver disease

A

Fibrosis to cirrhosis progressive in chronic liver disease

  1. Portal fibrosis
  2. Pericellular fibrosis
  3. Bridging fibrosis (nodule formation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hepatic dysfunction with overt necrosis is when ____ and results from ____ or ____

A

Hepatic dysfunction with overt necrosis is when the liver is viable but unable to perform metabolic function and results from tetracycline toxicity or acute fatty liver of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This is ____

A

This is cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
A
22
Q

Fatty liver disease can be ____ or ____

A

Fatty liver disease can be non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or alcoholic fatty liver disease

  • Different etiology
  • Same mechanism
  • Same pathology
23
Q

Describe fatty liver disease pathophysiology

A

Fatty liver disease pathophysiology

  1. Steatosis: accumulation of fat in hepatocytes
  2. Steatohepatitis: inflammation associated with steatosis
  3. Fibrosis (progressive): cirrhosis
  4. Liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
24
Q

Fatty liver will show ____, ____, and ____

A

Fatty liver will show mallory bodies, acute hepatitis, and lipogranulomas

25
Q

Alcoholic fatty liver disease results from ___

A

Alcoholic fatty liver disease results from alcohol

26
Q

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease results from ____ and ____

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease results from obesity / metabolic syndrome and diabetes

  • Metabolic syndrome: central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension
27
Q

Fatty liver involves ____ which is ____

A

Fatty liver involves hepatic steatosis which involves triglyceride storage

  • Liver is the check-point for fat: accumulates fat when adipocytes are overwhelmed -> ectopic triglyceride deposition -> steatosis
28
Q

____ store energy as triglycerides

A

Adipocytes store energy as triglycerides

29
Q

Describe pathology of fatty liver disease

A

Pathology of fatty liver disease

  1. Fatty liver (steatosis)
  2. Steatohepatitis
  3. Fibrosis -> cirrhosis
  4. Liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma
30
Q

Alcohol consumption of ____ is required for alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

Alcohol consumption of > 20 g daily is required for alcoholic fatty liver disease

31
Q

Alcohol consumption of ____ is required for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

A

Alcohol consumption of less than 20 g weekly is required for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

32
Q

Excess energy results in ____, ____, and ____ that lead to fatty liver

A

Excess energy results in increased fatty acid uptake in the liver, increased fatty acid synthesis, and increased triglyceride synthesis that lead to fatty liver

33
Q

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease two-hit hypothesis involves ____ and ____

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease two-hit hypothesis involves fat accumulation (steatosis) and oxidative stress to hepatocytes

34
Q

Steatosis can be ____ or ____

A

Steatosis can be macrovesicular or microvesicular (with lipogranuloma)

35
Q

Macrovesicular steatosis is ____

A

Macrovesicular steatosis is large droplet

36
Q

Steatohepatitis involves ____ and ____

A

Steatohepatitis involves lipogranulomas and lipoapoptosis

  • Cell death by apoptosis
  • Exposure of non-adipose tissues (liver) to an excess of long-chain fatty acids
37
Q

Alcohol consumption -> ____ -> ____ -> ____

A

Alcohol consumption -> alcoholic fatty liver disease -> cirrhosis -> end-stage liver disease

38
Q

Alcohol metabolites such as ____ cause liver injury

A

Alcohol metabolites such as acetaldehyde cause liver injury

  • Liver metabolizes 7-10 gram / EtOH / hour
39
Q

Metabolism of alcohol is an ____ process involving ____

A

Metabolism of alcohol is an oxidative process involving conversion of 95% of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate

40
Q

Alcohol metabolizing enzyme systems include ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Alcohol metabolizing enzyme systems include ADH / ALDH2 system, microsomal CYP2E1 system, and peroxisomal catalase

  • Resulting increase in NADH/NAD+ ratio favors hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides -> causing fatty liver
41
Q

Describe hepatotoxic effects of acetaldehyde

A

Hepatotoxic effects of acetaldehyde

  • Increases lipid peroxidation
  • Binds plasma membranes
  • Interferes with mitochondrial electron transport chain
  • Inhibits nuclear repair
  • Interferes with microtubule function
  • Increases collagen synthesis: stellate cell activation
42
Q

Alcoholic fatty liver disease is morphologically divided into 3 types in order of severity: ____, ____, and ____

A

Alcoholic fatty liver disease is morphologically divided into 3 types in order of severity: fatty liver steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

43
Q

___ stage of alcoholic fatty liver disease starts in centrizonal area (zone 3) and extends towards portal area (zone 1)

A

Fatty liver steatosis stage of alcoholic fatty liver disease starts in centrizonal area (zone 3) and extends towards portal area (zone 1)

44
Q

____ stage of alcoholic liver disease involves ballooning cell change and Mallory bodies, inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils), and pericellular and perivenular fibrosis

A

Alcoholic steatohepatitis stage of alcoholic liver disease involves ballooning cell change and Mallory bodies, inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils), and pericellular and perivenular fibrosis

45
Q

These are ____ in the ____ stage of alcoholic liver disease

A

These are lipogranulomas in the alcoholic steatohepatitis stage of alcoholic liver disease

46
Q

These are ____ in ____ stage of alcoholic liver disease

A

These are Mallory bodies in the alcoholic steatohepatitis stage of alcoholic liver disease

47
Q

Liver cell regeneration becomes ___ in alcoholic hepatitis

A

Liver cell regeneration becomes 2 cell thick plates in alcoholic hepatitis

48
Q

Describe the progression of alcoholic liver disease to cirrhosis

A

Progression of alcoholic liver disease to cirrhosis

  • Alcohol -> liver cell death -> hepatocyte regeneration -> regenerative nodules -> distortion of liver architecture -> functional problems
  • Alcohol -> inflammation -> stellate cell activation -> fibrous scars -> distortion of liver architecture -> functional problems
49
Q

This is ___

A

This is pericellular fibrosis

50
Q

This is ___ in ___

A

This is fibrous septa in alcoholic steatohepatitis

51
Q

This is ____

A

This is alcoholic cirrhosis

(with residual steatosis)

GI (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions