SM_144b: Nutrition Flashcards
Vitamins are ____
Vitamins are organic compounds involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- Natural component of foods: usually present in minute amounts
- Do not yield energy themselves
- Cannot substitute for each other
- Are not synthesized by the body in amounts adequate to meet physiological needs
Most nutrients are absorbed in ____
Most nutrients are absorbed in the first 100-150 cm of the small intestine
____ is a common dietary therapy in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
Six food elimination diet is a common dietary therapy in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
Describe nutrient deficiencies in eosinophilic esophagitis
Nutrient deficiencies in eosinophilic esophagitis
Celiac disease is an ____ with a ____ haplotype, environmental trigger of ____, and autoantigen of ____
Celiac disease is an autoimmune related enteropathy with a positive DQ2/DQ8 haplotype, environmental trigger of gluten, and autoantigen of tissue transglutaminase
(gluten-free diet is the treatment)
In a patient with celiac disease, villi ____, so ____
In a patient with celiac disease, have been damaged by inflammation, so fewer nutrients pass into the bloodstream
Medical nutrition therapy of celiac disease involves ____
Medical nutrition therapy of celiac disease involves strict, lifelong gluten free diet
- Eliminate all grains containing wheat, rye, and barley
Nutritional complications of celiac disease include ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Nutritional complications of celiac disease include iron deficiency anemia, lactose intolerance, osteopenia / osteoporosis, folate deficiency, and B12 deficiency
People with IBD, especially Crohn’s disease have low serum levels of ____, ____, ____, and ____
People with IBD, especially Crohn’s disease have low serum levels of iron, B6 / B12, Vitamin D and A, and Zn
Zinc deficiency presents as ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Zinc deficiency presents as impaired growth, hypogonadism, skin rashes, diarrhea, immune deficiency, hair loss, and anorexia
- Zinc-containing proteins catalyze reactions and have structural and regulatory roles
Summarize the role of nutrients in various disorders
Role of nutrients in various disorders
Nutrients at risk in normal digestion are ____, ____, and ____
Nutrients at risk in normal digestion are iron, B vitamins, and fat soluble vitamins (A and D)
Weight loss GI surgery can result in ____
Weight loss GI surgery can result in iron deficiency
Iron deficiency presents with ____, ____, and ____
Iron deficiency presents with hypochromic microcytic anemia, pica, and koilonychia
Microcytic hypochromic anemia may result from ____
Microcytic hypochromic anemia may result from iron deficiency
Koilonychia (spoon nails) are seen in ____
Koilonychia (spoon nails) are seen in iron deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency results in ____ and ____
Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia
- Function: regulation of Ca and P metabolism in the bone, intestine, and kidney
- Receptors: Vitamin D receptor is present in many cells, Vitamin D affects gene transcription and appears to have a role in cellular proliferation / differentiation
Describe biosynthesis and metabolism of Vitamin D
Biosynthesis and metabolism of Vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency presents with ____ and ____
Vitamin D deficiency presents with bony abnormalities (rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults) and muscle weakness/ pain
This is ____ due to ____
This is rickets / osteomalacia due to Vitamin D deficiency
In LMICs, ____ is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children
In LMICs, Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children
Vitamin A deficiency presents with ____, ____, and ____
Vitamin A deficiency presents with night blindness, conjunctival changes (Bitot spots), and corneal ulceration
- Vitamin A assists with vision and gene expression / cellular differentiation
These are ____ caused by ____
These are Bitot’s spots caused by Vitamin A deficiency
- Buildup of keratin - Vitamin A deficiency and drying up of cornea
Rice fortified with ____ reduces infant mortality and prevents blindness
Rice fortified with Vitamin A reduces infant mortality and prevents blindness
(recommended to consume 700 ug/day)
Thiamine (B1) deficiency results in ____ and ____
Thiamine (B1) deficiency results in beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- Thiamine diphosphate is a cofactor for a number of enzymes involved in carbohydrates and amino acid catabolism, neurotransmitter formation, and DNA formation including alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and transketolase
Three forms of beriberi are ____, ____, and ____
Three forms of beriberi are wet (cardiac), dry (nervous), and Wernicke-Korsakoff (cerebral)
Wet beriberi presents with ____, ____, ____, and ____
Wet beriberi presents with high output heart failure, cardiomegaly, pitting edema, and neuropathy
- Mechanisms: peripheral vasodilation, increased cardiac output, kidneys sense volume change (fluid retention), and edema leading to cardiac fall out (tachycardia and venous pressure)
Dry beriberi presents with ____ consisting of ____, ____, ____, and ____
Dry beriberi presents with peripheral neuropathy consisting of foot / wrist drop, loss of deep tendon reflexes, loss of sensation of vibration and joint position, and parasthesias
Cerebral beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) presents with ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Cerebral beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) presents with ataxia, confusion, impaired memory, confabulation, disordered eye motility, and neuropathy
Riboflavin (B2) deficiency presents with ____, ____, ____, and ____
Riboflavin (B2) deficiency presents with weakness, sore red tongue (magenta tongue), angular stomatitis and cheliosis, and scaly dermatitis
Niacin (B3) deficiency results in ____
Niacin (B3) deficiency results in pellagra
Magenta tongue and angular stomatitis and cheilosis occur in ____ deficiency
Magenta tongue and angular stomatitis and cheilosis occur in riboflavin (B2) deficiency
Folate (B9) deficiency presents with ____ and ____
Folate (B9) deficiency presents with megaloblastic anemia and increased risk of NTDs in kids
Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
Vitamin B12 deficiency presents with
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Glossitis
- Neuropathy
- Parasthesias in feet
- Ataxia
- Memory impairment
- Personality changes
Megaloblastic anemia can result from ____ or ____ deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia can result from folate (B9) or cobalamin (B12) deficiency
(large immature and dysfunctional RBCs in the bone marrow)
____ may mask symptoms of megaloblastic anemia but not fix the underlying neurological damage
Folic acid supplementation without B12 may mask symptoms of megaloblastic anemia but not fix the underlying neurological damage
Ritualistic ice eating occurs in ____ which results from ____ deficiency
Ritualistic ice eating occurs in pica which results from iron deficiency
____ comes from shellfish, meat, nuts, legumes, and dairy products
Zinc comes from shellfish, meat, nuts, legumes, and dairy products
____ comes from meat, poultry, fish, legumes, tofu, and fortified cereal
Iron comes from meat, poultry, fish, legumes, tofu, and fortified cereal
____ comes from fatty fish (e.g. salmon, tuna, mackarel), cod liver oil, fortified foods (e.g. milk, soy milk), and egg yolks
Vitamin D comes from fatty fish (e.g. salmon, tuna, mackarel), cod liver oil, fortified foods (e.g. milk, soy milk), and egg yolks
Preformed ____ (retinoids) come from liver, eggs, and dairy products
____ carotenoids (beta-carotene) come from green leafy vegetables, orange and red fruits and vegetables
Preformed Vitamin A (retinoids) come from liver, eggs, and dairy products
Provitamin A carotenoids (beta-carotene) come from green leafy vegetables, orange and red fruits and vegetables
____ comes from legumes, yeast, pork, and whole grains
Thiamine (B1) comes from legumes, yeast, pork, and whole grains
____ comes from fortified cereal, milk, eggs, and oily fish
Riboflavin (B2) comes from fortified cereal, milk, eggs, and oily fish
____ comes from meat, fish, legumes, peanuts, cereal, coffee, and tea
Niacin (B3) comes from meat, fish, legumes, peanuts, cereal, coffee, and tea
____ comes from fortified cereal, legumes, greens, and orange juice
Folic acid (B9) comes from fortified cereal, legumes, greens, and orange juice
____ comes from animal products such as seafood, meat, poultry, and dairy products
Vitamin B12 comes from animal products such as seafood, meat, poultry, and dairy products
