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Year 1- Respiratory > Sleep Apnoea and Narcolepsy > Flashcards

Sleep Apnoea and Narcolepsy Flashcards

1
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome?

A

Recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction leading to apnoea during sleep

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2
Q

Define apnoea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep.

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3
Q

What is sleep apnoea usually associated with?

A

Heavy snoring

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4
Q

What can sleep apnoea lead to during the day?

A

Difficulty concentrating
Sleepiness

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5
Q

Which factors may lead to the upper airway become closed repeatedly/obstructed?

A

Muscle relaxation
Narrow pharynx
Obesity

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6
Q

What can the repetitive closing/obstruction of the upper airway cause?

A

Snoring
Oxygen desaturation

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7
Q

What is it called when the airway is obstructed for ten seconds or more?

A

Apnoea

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8
Q

What is is called the airway is nearly obstructed for ten seconds or more?

A

Hypopnea

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9
Q

What is meant by a micro arousal?

A

Switching from deep sleep to light sleep

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10
Q

Why is sleep apnoea an issue?

A

Impaired quality of life
Marital disharmony- due to heavy snoring, lack of engagement during evenings etc
Increase risk of road traffic accidents

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11
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome associated with?

A

Hypertension
Increased risks of stroke
Increased risks of heart disease

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12
Q

Name the three parts of a diagnosis of sleep apnoea.

A

Clinical history and examination
Epworth Questionnaire
Overnight sleep study

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13
Q

Briefly describe what happens during an Epworth questionnaire.

A

The patient gives themselves a score from 0 (no chance) to 3 (high chance) of them falling asleep in eight different situations

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14
Q

Above which score in the Epworth Questionnaire is considered to be abnormal?

A

11 or above

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15
Q

Give some examples of the situations patients are asked if they would fall asleep in.

A

Sitting and reading
Watching TV
Sitting inactive in a public place (meeting, cinema, etc.)
As a passenger in a car for more than an hour
Lying down to rest in the afternoon
Sitting and talking to someone
Sitting quietly after lunch without any alcohol
In a car stopped for a few minutes in traffic

->btw I just put these in for interest, idk if we need to know them but maybe if you just get the general picture :)

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16
Q

What is the most basic form of sleep study carried out?

A

Overnight oximetry

17
Q

What does overnight oximetry measure?

A

Oxygen saturation and pulse throughout the night

18
Q

Name the most sophisticated sleep study

A

Polysomnography

19
Q

Is polysomnography usually required?

A

No, often simpler studies are just as useful

20
Q

Name the way that obstructive sleep apnoea can be graded by severity

A

Desaturation rate or AHI (apnea-hypopnea index)

21
Q

What is the apnea-hypopnea index?

A

Total number of apnoea’s and hypopneas divided by the total hours of sleep

22
Q

What would a AHI score of 0-5 indicate?

A

Normal

23
Q

What would a AHI score of 5-15 indicate?

A

Mild

24
Q

What would a AHI score of 15-30 indicate?

A

Moderate

25
Q

What would a AHI score of >30 indicate?

A

Severe

26
Q

Name some of the management factors of OSA that a patient can do for themselves.

A

Weight reduction
Avoidance of alcohol

27
Q

Which endocrine disorders may be present in those w OSA?

A

Hypothyroidism and acromegaly

28
Q

What is the main treatment offered for OSA?

A

Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP)

29
Q

If a patient cannot tolerate Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP), what is an alternative treatment?

A

Mandibular repositioning splint

30
Q

What is it important to advise patients w OBA to do?

A

Avoid/restrict driving and let the DVLA know of their condition

31
Q

When could someone w OBA be allowed to drive?

A

After satisfactorily treated

32
Q

What is narcolespy?

A

A rare long-term brain condition that can prevent a person from choosing when to wake or sleep.

33
Q

List some of the clinical features of narcolepsy.

A

Cataplexy
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Hypnagogic / hynopompic hallucinations
Sleep paralysis

34
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Sudden muscular weakness, often triggered by emotions like crying or laughing

35
Q

What are some investigations used to diagnose narcolepsy?

A

PSG
MSLT (multiple sleep latency test)
Low CSF orexin

36
Q

Briefly describe what goes on in a MSLT test

A

Put the patient in a darkened room about five times a day and advise them to try and fall asleep while measuring their brain waves and the time it takes them to fall asleep

Year 1- Respiratory (36 decks)

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