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Year 1- Respiratory > Clinical Features of COPD > Flashcards

Clinical Features of COPD Flashcards

1
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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2
Q

Is COPD reversible?

A

No.

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3
Q

COPD is an umbrella term for which two diseases?

A

Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis

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4
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Long-term inflammation of the airway

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5
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Damage to the alveoli in the lungs

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6
Q

What must you have had in order to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis?

A

Cough and sputum for at least three months, present in two consecutive years,

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7
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

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8
Q

In developing countries, what can contribute to the development of COPD?

A

Biomass fuel cooking and heating

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9
Q

What are the non-modifiable factors which contribute to COPD?

A

Increase in age
Female
Lower socioeconomic status
Asthma / airway hyper-reactivity
Chronic bronchitis
Childhood infection

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10
Q

What is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?

A

Rare, inherited disease, presents with early onset COPD <45yrs

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11
Q

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin?

A

Protease inhibitor made in the liver

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12
Q

What does alpha-1 antitrypsin do?

A

Limits damage caused by activated neutrophils releasing elastase in response to infection/cigarette smoke

->neutrophils engulf toxins from smoking

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13
Q

How does smoking impact the foetus of pregnant women?

A

May affect foetal lung growth and priming of the immune system

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14
Q

What are the main symptoms of COPD?

A

Cough
Breathlessness
Sputum
Frequent chest infections
Wheezing

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15
Q

What are some other, less common, symptoms of COPD?

A

Weight loss
Fatigue
Swollen ankles

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16
Q

List some examination findings of individuals with COPD.

A

Cyanosis (blue discolouration of hands/lips)
Raised JVP
Cachexia
Wheeze
Hyperinflated chest
Use of accessory muscles
Peripheral oedema
Pursed lip breathing

17
Q

What scale helps to quantify breathlessness?

A

mMRC scale

18
Q

What does a grade 0 on the mMRc scale mean?

A

Only breathless after strenuous exercise

19
Q

What does a grade 4 on the mMRC scale mean?

A

Breathless when dressing
Too breathless to leave the house

20
Q

What diagnostic test is required to confirm diagnosis of COPD?

A

Post-bronchodilator spirometry

21
Q

What post-bronchodilator spirometry value suggests COPD?

A

FEV1/FVC <0.7

22
Q

What should be carried out in any smoker complaining of respiratory symtoms?

A

Chest xray to screen for malignancies

23
Q

In Xrays, what is shwon in hyperinflation?

A

More than 6 anterior ribs showing or more than 10 anterior ribs showing

24
Q

Describe the breathlessness of COPD compared to asthma

A

COPD-continuous and progressive
Asthma- variable

25
Q

Describe common results of pulmonary function tests in individuals with emphysema.

A

Lung volumes:
↑ residual volume
↑ total lung capacity
RV/TLC > 30%

26
Q

What type of radiography can be helpful in diagnosing COPD?

A

High resolution CT

27
Q

What part of the lungs is emphysema more common in?

A

Upper part as it is an inhalation injury to the lungs.

28
Q

What are some of the triggers of acute exacerbation?

A

Viral/bacterial infection (most common)
Sedative drugs, pneumothorax, trauma

29
Q

What tests may be taken if in hospital w an acute exacerbation?

A

Chest xray
Blood gases
FBC
U&E (kidney function)
Sputum culture
Viral throat swab

30
Q

What is the severe endpoint for those with COPD?

A

Respiratory failure

31
Q

Describe ventilation and perfusion in COPD.

A

Reduction in both ventilation and perfusion

32
Q

What can happen to individuals if they retain CO2?

A

Become drowsy, develop a flapping tremour

33
Q

What can severe ventilation problems lead to?

A

Reduced sensitivity of CO2 chemoreceptors in medulla therefore some COPD patients develop a “hypoxic drive”

34
Q

What is cor pulmonare?

A

Right sided heart failure due to lung disease

35
Q

How does cor pulmonare come about?

A

From smoking or hypoxia

36
Q

What can happen to haemoglobin levels in those with COPD?

A

Raised levels of haemoglobin.
Body produces more erythropoietin in response to low O2

37
Q

Name some public health measures which can reduce the numbers of COPD.

A
  1. Increasing age of buying tobacco products raised from 16 to 18
  2. Picture warnings included on cigarette packaging
  3. Ban on smoking in cars carrying children

Year 1- Respiratory (36 decks)

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