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Year 1- Respiratory > Pathology of RTI's > Flashcards

Pathology of RTI's Flashcards

1
Q

Lung infections might be the outcome of which opposing factors?

A

Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population at risk

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2
Q

What can impact the capacity to resist infection?

A

State of host defence mechanisms
Age of patient

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3
Q

What are the three subdivions of microorganism pathogenicity?

A

Primary
Facultative
Opportunistic

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4
Q

What UTRI causes the common cold?

A

Coryza

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5
Q

Wat is another name for acute laryngotracheobronchitis?

A

Croup

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6
Q

Why is acute epiglottititus particular troubling in very young children?

A

Epiglottis will swell and may prevent breathing.
Child may suffocate.

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7
Q

Which bacteria causes acute epiglottitus?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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8
Q

How does the upper resp. tract act as a filter?

A

If breathing through the nose, the nasal hair can trap any particles than would otherwise end up in your lungs.

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9
Q

What does the upper resp. tract do to the air?

A

Warms and moistens it for the lower resp. tract

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10
Q

What happens if the air from the upper resp. tract is not warm/moist?

A

The macrophage-mucociliary escalator system will not work.

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11
Q

What role do alveolar macrophages do?

A

-Tissue homeostasis
-Host defence
-Clearance of surfactant and cell debris
-Pathogen recognition
-Initiation and resolution of lung inflammation
-Repair of damaged tissue

->basically they hoover up anything that has got past the URT into the LRT

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12
Q

Describe how sterile the LRT is.

A

Completely sterile in normal individuals

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13
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

Beat in tandem motion to transport a layer of fluid- mixture of cellular secretions and mucus- out of the cell

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14
Q

What do viral infections do to airways?

A

Damage the lining of airways

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15
Q

What are most deaths from influenza because of?

A

Exposure to a secondary infection

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16
Q

What three areas of medicine are required to classify and understand pneumonia?

A

Anatomical
Aetiological (circumstances)
Microbiological

17
Q

Name the six aetiological classifications of pneumonia.

A

-Community acquired pneumonia
-Hospital acquired pneumonia
-Pneumonia in the immunocompromised
-Atypical pneumonia
-Aspiration pneumonia
-Recurrent pneumonia

18
Q

How do individuals get Hospital Acquired Pneumonia?

A

In hospital for another reason and pick up pneumonia as a complication

19
Q

What is one of the dangers about HAP?

A

In hospitals, more pathogenic organisms have a higher antibiotic resistance.

20
Q

Who gets affected by aspiration pneumonia?

A

Those who have difficulty swallowing as infection is related to food/gastric content

21
Q

What happens in bronchopneumonia?

A

Causes inflammation in the alveoli
Accumulation of pus- alveoli filled w pus

22
Q

Discuss what you would see in a CXR or CT of a chest w bronchopneumonia.

A

Bilateral, base of lungs, white fluffy shadows

23
Q

What does lobar pneumonia involve?

A

Whole lobe of the lung becomes consolidated.

24
Q

How does the body try to eradicate lobar pneumonia but in doing so, makes it worse?

A

Host has hypersensitivity response so produces lots of fluid and exudate to wash out the organisms but instead, spreads them over the region.

25
Q

What are some complications seen in those with pneumonia?

A

Lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
Pleurisy/ pleural effusion/ empyema
Organisation

26
Q

What is meant by organisation?

A

Development of fibrous tissue/fibrosis.

27
Q

What can organisation lead to?

A

Necrotic lung tissue and then a lung abscess.

28
Q

What can an obstructed bronchus lead to?

A

Tumour

29
Q

RECAP- what is bronchiesctasis?

A

Abnormal dilating of bronchi

30
Q

RECAP-what are some of the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

Cough
Abundant purulent, foul sputum
Haemoptysis
Coarse crackles
Clubbimg

31
Q

What are some treatment options for those with bronchiesctasis?

A

Postural drainage
Antibiotics
Surgery

32
Q

What may cause a recurrent lung infection if the form of local bronchial obstruction?

A

Tumour
Foreign body

33
Q

What may cause a recurrent lung infection if the form of local pulmonary damage?

A

Bronchiectasis?

34
Q

What may cause a recurrent lung infection if the form of generalised lung disease?

A

Cystic fibrosis
COPD

35
Q

What may cause a recurrent lung infection in terms of non-respiratory diseases?

A

Immunocompromised
HIV
Aspiration

Year 1- Respiratory (36 decks)

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